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Zhao S, Deng P, Ma M, Xu Z, He A, Liu R. A type of self-assembled and label-free DNA-modified electrochemical biosensors based on magnetic α-Fe 2O 3/Fe 3O 4 heterogeneous nanorods for ultra-sensitive detection of CYP2C19*3. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 160:108792. [PMID: 39126818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
CYP2C19*3 enzyme plays a pivotal role in drug metabolism and is tightly regulated by the CYP2C19*3 gene. Therefore, quantification of CYP2C19*3 gene holds paramount importance for achieving personalized medication guidance in precision medicine. In this project, the magnetic electrochemical biosensors were constructed for the ultra-sensitive detection of CYP2C19*3 gene. Employing magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4@Au as the matrixes for signal amplification, CYP2C19*3 complementary chains (c-ssDNA) were bound to their surfaces through gold-sulfur bonds with subsequent specific sites blockade by bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form the α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4@Au/c-ssDNA/BSA biosensors. This design enabled efficient biosensors separation, target gene capture, and self-assembly on the electrode surface, enhancing the response signal. The biosensors exhibited excellent capture capabilities with a wide linear range (1 pM-1 μM), a low detection limit of 0.2710 pM, a quantitation limit of 0.9033 pM, reproducibility with an RSD value of 1.26 %, and stable storage for at least one week. The RSD value of CYP2C19*3 in serum samples consistently remained below 4.5 %, with a recovery rate ranging 95.52 % from 102.71 %. Moreover, the target gene could be accurately identified and captured in a mixed system of multiple nucleotide mutants of the CYP2C19*3 gene, suggesting a promising applicability and popularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Peng Deng
- The People's Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Zhenjiang 212300, PR China
| | - Mingyi Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Aolin He
- Affiliated Kunshan Hospital, Jiangsu University, Suzhou 215300, PR China
| | - Ruijiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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Rasool GS, Al-Awadi SJ, Hussien AA, Al-Attar MM. Genetic variation of CYP2C9 gene and its correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:105. [PMID: 38227154 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major enzyme that is responsible for Sulfonylureas (SUs) metabolism is hepatic cytochrome P-450 2C9 (CYP2C9). It is encoded by the polymorphic gene CYP2C9, which has many allelic variants, among those the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 are the most common and clinically significant allelic variations. People with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD), and their risk of dying from it is more than two times higher than that of people without the condition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of genetic variations in the CYP2C9 gene with cardiovascular risk factors by investigating CYP2C9*1, *2, *3, *5, *11, and *13 allelic variants. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 226 participants were enrolled in the current case-control study. Allele-specific amplification- PCR (ASA-PCR) was used to determine the allele of different variations and the results were confirmed by sequencing. The findings of this study showed the presence of the CYP2C9*2 allele in the T2DM group does not differ from its percentage in the control group. Also, CYP2C9*3 allele frequencies identified by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analysis law were not significant, p = 0.6593 and 0.5828 in T2DM and control groups. There is no statistically significant difference between the control and diabetes groups involving the distribution of CYP2C9 alleles and CYP2C9*5, *11, and *13 polymorphisms were absent in the Iraqi population. No carrier for the CYP2C9*3 homozygous state was found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS According to these results T2DM patients with the CYP2C9*2 and *3 variants have an increased risk of developing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S Rasool
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Salwa J Al-Awadi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Technologies, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Asmaa A Hussien
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Technologies, College of Biotechnology, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa M Al-Attar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Liu X, Zhang R, Li R, Wu Q, Pan C, Yu X, Liu Y, Wang B, Yu S. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ibrexafungerp in healthy Chinese subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0107523. [PMID: 37971243 PMCID: PMC10720486 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01075-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibrexafungerp (code name in China: HS-10366) is a first-in-class and orally active triterpenoid antifungal agent with broad antifungal activity against Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., and other fungal pathogens. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. The study aimed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of oral ibrexafungerp in healthy Chinese adults. A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single ascending dose (SAD, n = 42), and multiple ascending dose (MAD, n = 28) study was conducted in healthy Chinese subjects from March to October 2022. There were three cohorts in the SAD stage (300, 600, and 1,500 mg) and two cohorts in the MAD stage [450 mg once daily (QD) for 7 days; a loading dose of 750 mg twice daily (BID) for the first 2 days followed by a maintenance dose of 750 mg QD for consecutive 5 days]. Eligible participants in each cohort were randomly assigned in a 6:1 ratio to receive either ibrexafungerp or placebo orally. The primary objectives were to evaluate the safety and tolerability. The secondary objective was to evaluate PK parameters, including Cmax, AUC, and t1/2. A total of 70 healthy Chinese subjects were enrolled in the study. The mean (SD) age was 29.0 (6.32), and 55.7% were male. All treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild or moderate. There were no serious adverse events, and no subjects were discontinued from the study due to TEAEs. All TEAEs were recovered or resolved. The most common TEAEs were diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. In the SAD stage, Cmax, and AUC increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner in the dose range of 300-1,500 mg. The mean t1/2 was within 18.29-21.30 hours. In the MAD stage, an accumulation of exposure (Cmax and AUC) was observed following multiple doses. This phase 1 study demonstrates a favorable safety, tolerability, and PK profile of ibrexafungerp in healthy Chinese subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Phase 1 clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Phase 1 clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Phase 1 clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Chao Pan
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiangqing Yu
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Benjie Wang
- Phase 1 clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Phase 1 clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Nandar YM, Duangmano S, Lucksiri A, Sirikul C, Palacajornsuk P, Anukul N. Introduction of new alternative pipeline using multiplexed fast COLD‑PCR together with sequencing approach highlighting pharmacoeconomics by detection of CYP variants. Biomed Rep 2022; 17:99. [PMID: 36606140 PMCID: PMC9808490 DOI: 10.3892/br.2022.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In precision medicine, multiple factors are involved in clinical decision-making because of ethnic and racial genetic diversity, family history and other health factors. Although advanced techniques have evolved, there is still an economic obstacle to pharmacogenetic (PGx) implementation in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to provide an alternative pipeline that roughly estimate patient carrier type and prescreen out wild-type samples before sequencing or genotyping to determine genetic status. Fast co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature (COLD)-PCR was used to differentiate genetic variant non-carriers from carriers. The majority of drugs are hepatically cleared by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and genes encoding CYP enzymes are highly variable. Of all the CYPs, CYP2 family of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 isoforms have clinically significant impact on drugs of PGx testing. Therefore, five variants associated with these CYPs were selected for preliminary testing with this novel pipeline. For fast COLD-PCR, the optimal annealing temperature and critical denaturation temperature were determined and evaluated via Sanger sequencing of 27 randomly collected samples. According to precise Tc, to perform in a single-reaction is difficult. However, in this study, this issue was resolved by combination of precise Tc using 10+10+20 cycles. The results showed 100% sensitivity and specificity, with perfect agreement (κ=1.0) compared with Sanger sequencing. The present study provides a prescreening platform by introducing multiplex fast COLD-PCR as a pharmacoeconomic implementation. Our study just present in five variants which are not enough to describe patient metabolic status. Therefore, other actional genetic variants are still needed to cover the actual patient's genotypes. Nevertheless, the proposed method can well-present its efficiency and reliability for serving as a PGx budget platform in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Myat Nandar
- Master's Degree Program in Medical Technology (International Program), Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, CMU Presidential Scholarship, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suwit Duangmano
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Aroonrut Lucksiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Chonticha Sirikul
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Poonsub Palacajornsuk
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nampeung Anukul
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand,Correspondence to: Dr Nampeung Anukul, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 110 Intawaroroj Road, Sripoom, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Elsaid AM, Zahran RF, Elmetwaly SM, Wahba Y, Megahed H, Elshazli RM. The potential impact of CYP2D6 (*2/*4/*10) gene variants among Egyptian epileptic children: A preliminary study. Gene 2022; 832:146585. [PMID: 35597526 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes have an indispensable role in the metabolic phase of different medications during the treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. The foremost goal of this study is to evaluate the correlation of the allelic variants within CYP2D6 (*2/*4/*10) gene with the susceptibility for epileptic syndrome as well as the assessment the degree of resistance towards antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). METHODS This work was designed based on the involvement of 200 participants [100 unrelated healthy controls, 50 AEDs responsive, and 50 AEDs resistant]. Genomic DNA for the CYP2D6 variants was genotyped utilizing the T-ARMS-PCR technique. RESULTS The distributions of the CYP2D6*2 (rs16947; c.886C > T) and CYP2D6*4 (rs3892097; c.506-1G > A) variants were significantly correlated with elevated risk among epileptic patients compared to healthy controls (P-value < 0.05). Furthermore, the CYP2D6*2 variant was statistically associated with disease risk among AEDs responsive patients, while the CYP2D6*4 variant was statistically correlated with disease risk among AEDs resistant patients (P-value < 0.05). Interestingly, the allelic variants of the CYP2D6*4 (A allele) and CYP2D6*10 (T allele) were associated with elevated risk among AEDs resistant compared to AEDs responsive patients (P-value = 0.008 and 0.040, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The CYP2D6*2 and CYP2D6*4 variants were recognized as independent risk factors among epileptic patients, but not the CYP2D6*10 variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf M Elsaid
- Genetics Unit, Children Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rasha F Zahran
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Samar M Elmetwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Yahya Wahba
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hisham Megahed
- Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami M Elshazli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt.
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Kutuk MO, Tufan AE, Topal Z, Acikbas U, Guler G, Karakas B, Basaga H, Kilicaslan F, Altintas E, Aka Y, Kutuk O. CYP450 2D6 and 2C19 genotypes in ADHD: not related with treatment resistance but with over-representation of 2C19 ultra-metabolizers. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2022; 37:261-269. [PMID: 35218180 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a major enzyme system involved in drug metabolism as well as regulation of brain function. Although individual variability in CYP enzymes have been studied in terms of personality traits and treatment effects, no study up to now evaluated CYP polymorphisms in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to define the genetic profiles of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 relevant alleles in children with ADHD according to treatment status and compare the frequencies according to past results. METHODS Three hundred and seventeen patients with ADHD-Combined Presentation were enrolled; symptom severity was evaluated by parents and clinicians while adverse effects of previous treatments were evaluated with parent and child reports. Reverse blotting on strip assays was used for genotyping and descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted. A p-value was set at 0.05 (two-tailed). RESULTS Children were divided into treatment-naïve (n=194, 61.2%) and treatment-resistant (n=123, 38.8%) groups. Within the whole sample PM, EM and UM status according to 2D6 were 3.8% (n=12), 94.3% (n=299) and 21.9% (n=6); respectively. PM, IM, EM and UM status according to 2C19 were 2.5% (n=8), 19.8% (n=63), 48.6% (n=154) and 29.0% (n=92), respectively. No relationship with treatment resistance, comorbidity or gender could be found. Importantly, CYP2C19 UMs were significantly more frequent in ADHD patients compared to previous studies in the general population. CONCLUSIONS CYPs may be a rewarding avenue of research to elucidate the etiology and treatment of patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Ozlem Kutuk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, School of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Zehra Topal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Gulen Guler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahriye Karakas
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fethiye Kilicaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ebru Altintas
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University, Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Aka
- Department of Immunology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kutuk
- Department of Immunology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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Alali M, Ismail Al-khalil W, Rijjal S, Al-Salhi L, Saifo M, Youssef LA. Frequencies of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms in Arab populations. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:6. [PMID: 35123571 PMCID: PMC8817534 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D6 is a key drug-metabolizing enzyme implicated in the biotransformation of approximately 25% of currently prescribed drugs. Interindividual and interethnic differences in CYP2D6 enzymatic activity, and hence variability in substrate drug efficacy and safety, are attributed to a highly polymorphic corresponding gene. This study aims at reviewing the frequencies of the most clinically relevant CYP2D6 alleles in the Arabs countries. Articles published before May 2021 that reported CYP2D6 genotype and allelic frequencies in the Arab populations of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region were retrieved from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. This review included 15 original articles encompassing 2737 individuals from 11 countries of the 22 members of the League of Arab States. Active CYP2D6 gene duplications reached the highest frequencies of 28.3% and 10.4% in Algeria and Saudi Arabia, respectively, and lowest in Egypt (2.41%) and Palestine (4.9%). Frequencies of the loss-of-function allele CYP2D6*4 ranged from 3.5% in Saudi Arabia to 18.8% in Egypt. The disparity in frequencies of the reduced-function CYP2D6*10 allele was perceptible, with the highest frequency reported in Jordan (14.8%) and the lowest in neighboring Palestine (2%), and in Algeria (0%). The reduced-function allele CYP2D6*41 was more prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula countries; Saudi Arabia (18.4%) and the United Arab Emirates (15.2%), in comparison with the Northern Arab-Levantine Syria (9.7%) and Algeria (8.3%). Our study demonstrates heterogeneity of CYP2D6 alleles among Arab populations. The incongruities of the frequencies of alleles in neighboring countries with similar demographic composition emphasize the necessity for harmonizing criteria of genotype assignment and conducting comprehensive studies on larger MENA Arab populations to determine their CYP2D6 allelic makeup and improve therapeutic outcomes of CYP2D6- metabolized drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Alali
- Department of Oncology, Albairouni University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Wouroud Ismail Al-khalil
- Program of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Mezzeh Autostrad, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Sara Rijjal
- Program of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Mezzeh Autostrad, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Lana Al-Salhi
- Program of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Mezzeh Autostrad, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Maher Saifo
- Department of Oncology, Albairouni University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Lama A. Youssef
- Program of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Mezzeh Autostrad, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International University for Science and Technology (IUST), Ghabagheb, Daraa Syrian Arab Republic
- National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
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El-Tallawy HN, Abuhamdah S, Nassar AY, Farghaly WMA, Saleem TH, Atta SA, Sayed AA, Tohamy AM, Hassan MH. Gephyrin and CYP2C9 Genetic Polymorphisms in Patients with Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2021; 14:1133-1140. [PMID: 34526803 PMCID: PMC8437390 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s327808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gephyrin (GPHN) is an essential protein in the regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic density and polymorphism in the corresponding gene may have a role in the development of pharmacoresistant epilepsy (PRE). For the first time, we aimed to evaluate the association of rs928553T/C variants with PRE susceptibility. Moreover, we have analyzed the genetic polymorphism affecting CYP2C9 “rs12782374G/A” in the same population to detect the effect of SNP on the drug-metabolizing ability of patients with PRE. Patients and Methods This case-control study enrolled 100 patients (group A) and 100 healthy, age and sex-matched controls, unrelated to patients (group B). TaqMan™ assays using real-time PCR were run for genotyping of rs928553T/C and rs12782374G/A in all participants. Results GPHN T>C polymorphism revealed significant risk association with occurrence of PRE using dominant, recessive and codominant models as follows: TT vs (TC+CC): OR 0.23, 95%CI: 0.13–0.43, P<0.001. In addition, (TT+TC vs CC): OR 0.38, 95%CI: 0.18–0.77, P<0.001. Also, T vs C (OR 0.34, 95%CI: 0.22–0.51, P=<0.001). Similarly, CYP2C9 G>A polymorphism showed a significant increased risk of PRE (GG vs (GA+AA): OR 0.11, 95%CI: 0.05–0.23, P<0.001). Furthermore, (GG+GA vs AA): OR 0.18, 95%CI: 0.084–0.39, P<0.001. Also, G vs A (OR 0.24, 95%CI: 0.15–0.366, P=<0.001). Conclusion Mutation of both GPHN (rs928553) and CYP2C9 (rs1278237) genes may be implicated as a genetic mediators of resistance in patients with PRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy N El-Tallawy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sawsan Abuhamdah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Y Nassar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M A Farghaly
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Tahia H Saleem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sara A Atta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ayat A Sayed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal M Tohamy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
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Prevalence of five pharmacologically most important CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 allelic variants in the population from the Republic of Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 72:129-134. [PMID: 34187105 PMCID: PMC8265196 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily play a critical role in phase I drug metabolism. Among them, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are clinically important, as they can mediate severe toxicity, therapy failure, and increased susceptibility to cancer and other diseases caused by chemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of pharmacologically most important allelic variants of the CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genes in the general population of the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and to compare them with other populations. For this purpose we determined the genotype profile and allele frequency of 216 randomly selected healthy volunteers using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The prevalence of the CYP2C9 *2 and *3 alleles was 13.6 and 7.4 %, respectively. Based on these frequencies, of the 216 participants four (1.86 %) were predicted to be poor metabolisers, 78 (36.11 %) intermediate, and the remaining 134 (62.03 %) normal metabolisers. Based on the prevalence of CYP2C19 *2 and *17 variants – 16.2 and 20.4 %, respectively – nine (4.17 %) were predicted to be poor, 57 (26.39 %) rapid, and nine (4.17 %) ultra-rapid metabolisers. We found no significant differences in allele frequencies in our population and populations from other European countries. These findings suggest that genetically determined phenotypes of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 should be taken into consideration to minimise individual risk and improve benefits of drug therapy in the Republic of Srpska.
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Akkaif MA, Daud NAA, Sha’aban A, Ng ML, Abdul Kader MAS, Noor DAM, Ibrahim B. The Role of Genetic Polymorphism and Other Factors on Clopidogrel Resistance (CR) in an Asian Population with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Molecules 2021; 26:1987. [PMID: 33915807 PMCID: PMC8036376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is a widely-used antiplatelet drug. It is important for the treatment and prevention of coronary heart disease. Clopidogrel can effectively reduce platelet activity and therefore reduce stent thrombosis. However, some patients still have ischemic events despite taking the clopidogrel due to the alteration in clopidogrel metabolism attributable to various genetic and non-genetic factors. This review aims to summarise the mechanisms and causes of clopidogrel resistance (CR) and potential strategies to overcome it. This review summarised the possible effects of genetic polymorphism on CR among the Asian population, especially CYP2C19 *2 / *3 / *17, where the prevalence rate among Asians was 23.00%, 4.61%, 15.18%, respectively. The review also studied the effects of other factors and appropriate strategies used to overcome CR. Generally, CR among the Asian population was estimated at 17.2-81.6%. Therefore, our overview provides valuable insight into the causes of RC. In conclusion, understanding the prevalence of drug metabolism-related genetic polymorphism, especially CYP2C19 alleles, will enhance clinical understanding of racial differences in drug reactions, contributing to the development of personalised medicine in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.D.); (A.S.); (D.A.M.N.)
| | - Nur Aizati Athirah Daud
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.D.); (A.S.); (D.A.M.N.)
| | - Abubakar Sha’aban
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.D.); (A.S.); (D.A.M.N.)
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 13200, Malaysia;
| | | | - Dzul Azri Mohamed Noor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.D.); (A.S.); (D.A.M.N.)
| | - Baharudin Ibrahim
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.D.); (A.S.); (D.A.M.N.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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11
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Mutawi TM, Zedan MM, Yahya RS, Zakria MM, El-Sawi MR, Gaedigk A. Genetic variability of CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 among the Egyptian population. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 22:323-334. [PMID: 33789449 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study investigated major allelic variants of CYP2D6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in Egyptians, an Arabic population for which there is little information regarding these important pharmacogenes. Patients & methods: CYP2D6*2, *4, *5, *10, *41 and gene copy number variation, as well as CYP3A4*22 and CYP3A5*3 were determined with commercially available TaqMan assays in 145 healthy study participants. Results: The CYP2D6 alleles identified suggest that the prevalence of poor metabolizers is low as none were found among the 145 subjects investigated. The frequency for CYP3A5 nonexpressers was 74.5% and the CYP3A4*22 allele frequency was low at 2.0%. Conclusion: These preliminary findings indicate that pharmacogene variation in Egyptians is different from those of other Middle Eastern/Arabic populations and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuraya M Mutawi
- Department of Laboratories, Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Zedan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Raida S Yahya
- Department of Laboratories, Children Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Zakria
- The Urology & Nephrology Center, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R El-Sawi
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Kansas City & School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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12
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Naujokaitis D, Asmoniene V, Kadusevicius E. Cytochrome P450 2C19 enzyme, Cytochrome P450 2C9 enzyme, and Cytochrome P450 2D6 enzyme allelic variants and its possible effect on drug metabolism: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24545. [PMID: 33725937 PMCID: PMC7982200 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to assess the allelic variations of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes Cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), and Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) as they play a major role in drug metabolism. The interindividual genetic variabilities of these enzymes can account for different responsiveness as well as concentration fluctuations for a particular drug.During the period of 2017 to 2018 a total of 54 patients have received pharmacogenetic testing at the Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at Kaunas Clinics. According to the genotype-metabolic phenotypes of CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2C9 enzymes patients were classified according to the guidelines by Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC): normal metabolizers (NMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs), rapid metabolizers (RMs), ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs), and poor metabolizers (PMs).CYP2C19 enzyme allelic distribution: 18 patients (33.33%) with ∗1/∗1 genotype were NMs; 14 patients (25.93%) with ∗1/∗2; ∗2/∗17 genotypes were classified as IMs; 15 patients (27.78%) possessed ∗1/∗17 genotype and were RMs; 4 patients (7.4%) had ∗17/∗17 genotype with increased enzyme activity compared with RMs, were classified as UMs; 3 patients (5.56%) had ∗2/∗2 genotype and were marked as PMs. CYP2D6 enzyme allelic distribution: 26 patients (48.148%) contained ∗1/∗1,∗2/∗2,∗1/∗2,∗1/∗41,∗2/∗41 genotypes with normal enzymatic function so were accounted as NMs; 21 patients (38.89%) with ∗1/∗5, ∗2/∗4, ∗10/∗41, ∗1/∗4, ∗1/∗3, ∗2/∗5, ∗2/∗4, ∗2/∗6 genotypes were accounted as IMs; 2 patients (3.7%) possessed ∗2XN genotype and were accounted as UMs and 5 patients (9.26%) possessed ∗4/∗5,∗4/∗10,∗4/∗9,∗4/∗41 genotypes and had non-functional enzymatic activity so were accounted as PMs; CYP2C9 enzyme allelic distribution: 44 patients (81.48%) with∗1/∗1 genotype were NMs; 10 patients (18.52%) with ∗1/∗2;∗1/∗3 genotypes were IMs.The results of our study indicate that deviations from the normal enzymatic activity is common amongst Lithuanian people and combinatory genotyping of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 has to be promoted as an advanced method because of most commonly prescribed medicines like analgesics, antihypertensive, antidepressants are metabolized by multiple pathways involving enzymes in the CYP450 family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginija Asmoniene
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
| | - Edmundas Kadusevicius
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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13
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Elfaki I, Mir R, Abu-Duhier FM, Jha CK, Ahmad Al-Alawy AI, Babakr AT, Habib SAEH. Analysis of the Potential Association of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C19*3 Gene Variations With Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:1152-1160. [PMID: 33115391 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999201027200931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are drug-metabolizing enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of about 75% of drug in clinical use. CYP2C9 represents 20% CYP proteins in liver cells and is a crucial member of CYPs superfamily. CYP2C19 metabolizes very important drugs such as antiulcer drug omeprazole, the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel and anticonvulsant mephenytoin. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP genes have been associated with unexpected drug reactions and diseases in different populations. OBJECTIVE We examined the associations of CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) and CYP2C19*3 (rs4986893) with T2D in Saudi population. METHODS We used the allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and DNA sequencing in 111 cases and 104 controls for rs1057910, and in 119 cases and 110 controls for rs4986893. RESULTS It is indicated that the genotype distribution of rs1057910 in cases and controls were not significantly different (P=0.0001). The genotypes of rs1057910 were not associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (P>0.05). Whereas the genotype distribution of rs4986893 in cases and controls was significantly different (P=0.049). The AA genotype of rs4986893 may be associated in increased risk to T2D with OR=17.25 (2.06-143.8), RR=6.14(0.96-39.20), P=0.008. CONCLUSION The CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) may not be associated with T2D, while CYP2C19*3 (rs4986893) is probably associated with T2D. These findings need to be validated in follow-up studies with larger sample sizes and different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Elfaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashid Mir
- Prince Fahd Ben Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisel Mohammed Abu-Duhier
- Prince Fahd Ben Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Abdullatif Taha Babakr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Seidualy M, Blazyte A, Jeon S, Bhak Y, Jeon Y, Kim J, Eriksson A, Bolser D, Yoon C, Manica A, Lee S, Bhak J. Decoding a highly mixed Kazakh genome. Hum Genet 2020; 139:557-568. [PMID: 32076829 PMCID: PMC7170836 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We provide a Kazakh whole genome sequence (MJS) and analyses with the largest comparative Kazakh genomic data available to date. We found 102,240 novel SNVs and a high level of heterozygosity. ADMIXTURE analysis confirmed a significant proportion of variations in this individual coming from all continents except Africa and Oceania. A principal component analysis showed neighboring Kalmyk, Uzbek, and Kyrgyz populations to have the strongest resemblance to the MJS genome which reflects fairly recent Kazakh history. MJS's mitochondrial haplogroup, J1c2, probably represents an early European and Near Eastern influence to Central Asia. This was also supported by the heterozygous SNPs associated with European phenotypic features and strikingly similar Kazakh ancestral composition inferred by ADMIXTURE. Admixture (f3) analysis showed that MJS's genomic signature is best described as a cross between the Neolithic East Asian (Devil's Gate1) and the Bronze Age European (Halberstadt_LBA1) components rather than a contemporary admixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Seidualy
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Asta Blazyte
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjune Bhak
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsu Jeon
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute (PGI), Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Anders Eriksson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
- cGEM, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Dan Bolser
- Geromics Ltd, Office 261, 23 Kings Street, Cambridge, CB1 1AH UK
| | - Changhan Yoon
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Andrea Manica
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Semin Lee
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Korean Genomics Center (KOGIC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Personal Genomics Institute (PGI), Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju, 28160 Republic of Korea
- Clinomics LTD, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
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15
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Rodrigues-Silva C, Semedo AT, Neri HFDS, Vianello RP, Galaviz-Hernández C, Sosa-Macías M, de Brito RB, Ghedini PC. The CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 Polymorphisms Influence Responses to Clozapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:427-432. [PMID: 32103962 PMCID: PMC7023876 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s228103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clozapine (CLZ) is the gold standard drug for treatment-refractory schizophrenia (TRS). However, approximately 30% of patients partially respond to CLZ, defining this subset with super refractory schizophrenia (SRS). Alterations in enzyme activity may affect CLZ responses; the CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 genes are primarily responsible for CLZ metabolism. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess if CYP2C19 variants were associated with TRS or SRS. METHODS CYP2C19*2 loss-of-function and CYP2C19*17 gain-of-function polymorphism genotype testing were performed in 108 individuals undergoing pharmacological treatment for TRS or SRS. DNA was extracted and polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. RESULTS CYP2C19*17 had positive correlations with SRS and lower Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores for TRS. In addition, CYP2C19*2 was associated with lower CLZ dosages for TRS. CONCLUSION These results show that CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*17 polymorphisms influence CLZ responses during schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christielly Rodrigues-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Agostinho Tavares Semedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Academia de Genómica, CIIDIR-Durango, Durango, México
| | - Rodrigo Bernini de Brito
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Brain Institute Medical Clinic, Bueno Medical Center Building, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Ghedini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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16
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Khalaj Z, Baratieh Z, Nikpour P, Khanahmad H, Mokarian F, Salehi R, Salehi M. Distribution of CYP2D6 polymorphism in the Middle Eastern region. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 24:61. [PMID: 31523247 PMCID: PMC6670283 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_1076_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an important drug-metabolizing enzyme involved in the pharmacokinetic metabolism of drugs. CYP2D6 gene is highly polymorphic, and the combination of its different alleles yields different phenotypes including extensive metabolizer (EM), intermediate metabolizer (IM), poor metabolizer (PM), and ultrarapid metabolizer (UM). Genotyping of the important alleles for this gene in different ethnicities is of particular importance for assessing the efficacy of various drugs. In this study, we reviewed the CYP2D6 allele and phenotype frequencies predicted from the genotypes of CYP2D6 in the Middle East area. Regardless of different ethnicities, the CYP2D6*41 allele frequency was shown to be higher than that of other reduced functional alleles. In addition, CYP2D6*4 was the most frequent nonfunctional allele in all studied populations in the Middle East. Taken together, our findings illustrated that the frequencies of PM or IM alleles and different genotypes harboring these alleles are relatively high in the Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, the study of CYP2D6 alleles for each patient to detect those that are at risk is of great importance to prevent adverse drug reactions through individualization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khalaj
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Baratieh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mokarian
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Cellular, Molecular and Genetics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Krasniqi V, Dimovski A, Bytyqi HQ, Eftimov A, Šimičević L, Božina N. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5 in Kosovar population. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 68:180-184. [PMID: 28976882 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms are responsible for individual variations in drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions. They are very important for pharmacogenetics, and their frequency varies across different populations. There is a big gap in the knowledge about the CYP gene family polymorphisms in the population of Kosovo, and the aim of our study was to fill that gap by determining the frequency of the most important variant alleles of CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5 in 234 nonrelated Kosovars. The allele frequencies of CYP2C9*2 and 2C9*3 were 17.52 %, and 10.89 %, respectively. Sixteen participants (6.81 %) were CYP2C9 poor metabolisers. The CYP2C19*2 and *17 variant frequencies were 13.03 % and 19.01 %, respectively. There were 2.13 % CYP2C19 poor and 4.27 % ultra-rapid metabolisers (homozygous carriers of the *17 allele). With regard to CYP3A5, the frequency of the *3 variant allele was 98.29 % (non-expressors), while the remaining participants (1.70 %) were expressors of CYP3A5. These findings are comparable with other European ethnicities, specifically those of Southeast Europe.
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