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Althunian TA, Alzenaidy BR, Alroba RA, Almadani OA, Alqahtani FA, Binajlan AA, Almousa AI, Alamr DK, Al-Mofada MS, Alsaqer NY, Alarfaj HA, Bahlewa AA, Alharbi MA, Alhomaidan AM, Alsuwyeh AA, Alsaleh AA. Bioequivalence trials for the approval of generic drugs in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive analysis of design aspects. BMC Med Res Methodol 2024; 24:82. [PMID: 38580928 PMCID: PMC10996127 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-024-02207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This retrospective analysis aimed to comprehensively review the design and regulatory aspects of bioequivalence trials submitted to the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) since 2017. METHODS This was a retrospective, comprehensive analysis study. The Data extracted from the SFDA bioequivalence assessment reports were analyzed for reviewing the overall design and regulatory aspects of the successful bioequivalence trials, exploring the impact of the coefficient of variation of within-subject variability (CVw) on some design aspects, and providing an in-depth assessment of bioequivalence trial submissions that were deemed insufficient in demonstrating bioequivalence. RESULTS A total of 590 bioequivalence trials were included of which 521 demonstrated bioequivalence (440 single active pharmaceutical ingredients [APIs] and 81 fixed combinations). Most of the successful trials were for cardiovascular drugs (84 out of 521 [16.1%]), and the 2 × 2 crossover design was used in 455 (87.3%) trials. The sample size tended to increase with the increase in the CVw in trials of single APIs. Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II and IV drugs accounted for the majority of highly variable drugs (58 out of 82 [70.7%]) in the study. Most of the 51 rejected trials were rejected due to concerns related to the study center (n = 21 [41.2%]). CONCLUSION This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the regulatory and design aspects of bioequivalence trials and can inform future research and assist in identifying opportunities for improvement in conducting bioequivalence trials in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki A Althunian
- Research Informatics Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bader R Alzenaidy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raseel A Alroba
- Research Informatics Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud A Almadani
- Research Informatics Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albatool A Binajlan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal I Almousa
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema K Alamr
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak S Al-Mofada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Y Alsaqer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hessa A Alarfaj
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M Alhomaidan
- Executive Department of Research and Studies, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A Alsuwyeh
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alanazi A, Alshatri I, Aldosari B. A Framework and System Design for Medicines Resources Allocation: A Multi-Stakeholder Assessment of Processes and Electronic Platform Needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3846. [PMID: 36900857 PMCID: PMC10001098 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing resources effectively is becoming more critical, especially with the ever-increasing healthcare cost. Little is known about the current practices used by healthcare organizations for the procurement, allocation, and utilization of medical resources. Moreover, the available literature needed to be enriched to bridge the link between resource utilization and allocation processes' performance and outcomes. This study investigated the processes that major healthcare facilities in Saudi Arabia apply to procure, allocate and utilize medicines resources. The work explored the role of electronic systems and provided a system design and conceptual framework to enhance the availability and utilization of resources. A three-part multi-method, multi-field (healthcare and operational), and multi-level exploratory and descriptive qualitative research design were used to collect the data that was analyzed and interrupted to feed the "future state" model. The findings demonstrated the current state procedure and discussed the challenges and the experts' opinions on developing the framework. The framework includes various elements and perspectives and is designed based on the results of the first part and was further validated by experts who were optimistic about the inclusiveness of this framework. Some major technical, operational, and human factors were perceived as obstacles by the subjects. Decision-makers can adopt the conceptual framework to gain insights into interrelated objects, entities, and processes. The findings of this study can imply future directions for research and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alanazi
- Health Informatics Department, King Saud Ibn Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtihal Alshatri
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakheet Aldosari
- Health Informatics Department, King Saud Ibn Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
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Alanazi NH, Falqi TA. Healthcare Managers' Perception on Patient Safety Culture. GLOBAL JOURNAL ON QUALITY AND SAFETY IN HEALTHCARE 2023; 6:6-14. [PMID: 37260855 PMCID: PMC10229028 DOI: 10.36401/jqsh-22-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This paper takes a detailed look at safety culture, different roles, and powers shared by managers, lessons from which can be applied in any form of management. It also focuses on the job of managers in enhancing safety standards in a health institution. The objective of this paper was to examine the managers' perception of patient safety culture. Methods This study followed a quantitative cross-sectional design. The research procedure involved all middle-level managers in Aseer Central Hospital in Abha, Saudi Arabia (N = 52). To assess the status of patient safety culture and the role of healthcare managers in the field study, the researchers constructed a study questionnaire; it included questions adapted and modified from the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture questionnaire, the 10 Mintzberg managerial roles and the six types of power for healthcare managers. Results Most participants were Saudi nationals (73.1%) aged 31 to 40 years (44.2%). The managerial role practiced frequently was leadership (85%), but the least managerial role was the figurehead (23%). Mangers held positive attitudes toward patient safety culture with 100% positive replies. No significant association was found between sex, nationality, years of experience, and professions concerning patient safety. Additionally, the results indicated that most managers were willing to uphold a safe environment for their patients and ready to involve employees in decision-making strategies to motivate them. Conclusion The managerial choices in Aseer Central Hospital are based on the culture and tradition of the community, which might negatively undermine the capability of other individuals handling the same office based on their educational backgrounds and competency. Such situations also may demoralize the employees, leading to poor employee performance Suboptimal achievement was exhibited primarily by middle-level healthcare managers of all six power types: resource allocator, negotiator, liaison, spokesperson, figurehead, and entrepreneur. Therefore, there is a pressing need to improve managers' attitudes toward patient safety and activate managerial roles to ensure patients' safety is practiced unequivocally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif H Alanazi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Ahmed Falqi
- Family Medicine Department, Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Omar HA, Aljuffali IA, Solà-Morales O. Value drivers for pharmaceutical products in health technology assessment (HTA) in Saudi Arabia: Results from a capacity Building, Multi-Stakeholder workshop. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:946-954. [PMID: 34588840 PMCID: PMC8463512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Capacity building exercises are important to increase understanding of healthcare processes by key stakeholders, and to facilitate open discussions to build consensus. This study explored the views of a multi-stakeholder group of local Saudi experts on possible value elements that could be important for health technology assessment (HTA) processes and methods regarding pharmaceutical products in Saudi Arabia ('value drivers'). METHODS A diversified group of local experts were invited to a two-day capacity building workshop from 18 to 19 December 2019 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Information regarding the participants' demographic and educational/professional background, along with their self-assessed knowledge and experience of HTAs and the concept of value in the pharmaceutical market was collected. For each of 22 value drivers identified during a targeted literature search, participants were asked either to 'opt out' of its consideration for future HTA assessments, or rate it from 1 to 10 (low-high) on feasibility and acceptability. RESULTS Efficacy and safety were the highest rated value drivers for acceptability and feasibility. Explicit cost-effectiveness thresholds had the lowest ratings for acceptability and feasibility. Participants highlighted data availability and accuracy as a potential challenge to HTA implementation in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSIONS Participants valued a pharmaceutical product's efficacy and safety alongside the consideration of disease characteristics for HTA processes. Participants also valued a binding HTA recommendation and the use of local real-world evidence, where available, to support HTA submissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain A. Al-Omar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Zip Code 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Director of Health Technology Assessment Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, Zip Code 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Advisor for Health Technology Assessment and Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Advisor to the Minister of Health for Pharmaceutical Sector Development, Chief Strategic Purchasing Officer Program for Health Assurance and Purchasing of Health Services (PHAP), Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bepari A, Assiri RA, AlYahya MA, AlGhamdi SJ, AlGhamdi AM, AlOnazi AA. The comparative assessment of awareness, perspective, and basic practice skills about the Saudi pharmacovigilance system among students of different health-care professionals of a Saudi Female University. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:828-836. [PMID: 32647484 PMCID: PMC7335728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The low reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Saudi Arabia is prevalent among health-care professionals and is responsible for poor ADR signal detection. Therefore, all healthcare institutes connected with patient concern require joint and sustained efforts to strengthen ADR reporting by providing harmless and efficient medication. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The current study was performed to estimate the awareness corresponding to the knowledge, perspective, and basic practice skills about the Saudi pharmacovigilance system among students of different health-care professionals of a Saudi Female University. MATERIAL & METHODS A questionnaire was planned and standardized by a thorough literature review. Questions were classified: Group 1 had ten knowledge-based, group 2 five attitude-based, and group 3 four basic practice skills-based questions of pharmacovigilance (PV). Also, determinants that hindered them from becoming part of the pharmacovigilance program were reported. Such 600 questionnaires were distributed among the interns, final and prefinal year students of different health care professionals of Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh. The participants' awareness and practice skills were graded in 3 categories as unacceptable, inadequate, and adequate, depending upon the mean score along with identification of their type of perception towards PV. The data was interpreted by calculating the frequencies, one-way ANOVA, and by post-hoc Tukey-Kramer HSD multiple comparison test. RESULTS Five hundred ninety-two questionnaires were statistically investigated. Students' awareness and basic practice skills of pharmacovigilance were found to be inadequate, but positive perception towards PV. CONCLUSION Our study showed that awareness and practice skills of PV among students of different health care professionals stand insufficient but favourable perceptions towards PV. Regular educative interventions can increase these parameters of pharmacovigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmatanzeem Bepari
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Assad Assiri
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maya Abdullah AlYahya
- College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Afrah Asaad AlOnazi
- College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Almohammed OA, Aldwihi LA, Alhifany AA. Public knowledge, perception, and experience with generic medications in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 41:413-420. [PMID: 32291429 PMCID: PMC7841608 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2020.4.24992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess the public knowledge and perception about generic medications in Saudi Arabia, and their willingness to use generic medications. Methods: This cross-sectional, online-questionnaire-based study was conducted between May and July 2019, including participants who can read and complete an Arabic online survey. Chi-square test and contingency coefficient were used to investigate differences in different segments of participants and assess the association between knowledge and perception. Results: A total of 397 participants have completed the survey. One-half of them were female, the majority were of young age (<35 years), and 40% of them were buying their medications independently. Only 40.5% of participants had adequate knowledge and 60% of them had positive perception on generics. Participants with higher level of education were more likely to have adequate knowledge (p=0.002) and positive perception (p=0.006). The study found a moderate relationship between knowledge and perception about generics (standardized C=0.35, p<0.001). The country of origin for medications was a significant indicator of quality for two-thirds of participants, and one-half of them believed that local generics can compete with imported ones. About one-half of participants used generics and the majority of them were satisfied with their experience. Conclusion: There is a general lack of knowledge, while having a positive perception on generic medications among the general public in Saudi Arabia. Future studies should focus on strategies to improve it and assess its cost-savings consequences while maintaining quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Almohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-amil.
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Muhsen IN, Hashmi SK, Niederwieser D, Kroeger N, Agrawal S, Pasquini MC, Atsuta Y, Ballen KK, Seber A, Saber W, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Rasheed W, Okamoto S, Khera N, Wood WA, Koh MBC, Greinix H, Kodera Y, Szer J, Horowitz MM, Weisdorf D, Aljurf M. Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) perspective: the role of biosimilars in hematopoietic cell transplant: current opportunities and challenges in low- and lower-middle income countries. Bone Marrow Transplant 2019; 55:698-707. [PMID: 31484992 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Health care costs attributed to biologics have increased exponentially in the recent years, thus biosimilars offer a possible solution to limit costs while maintaining safety and efficacy. Reducing expenditure is vital to health care especially in developing countries where affordability and access to health care is a major challenge. We discuss the opportunities and the challenges of biosimilars in the field of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in low- and lower-middle income countries. Developing countries can potentially invest in the forecasted costs reduction by utilizing biosimilars. This can be used to decrease the costs of procedures such as HCT, which is a rapidly growing field in many developing regions. The introduction of biosimilars in the developing regions faces many challenges which include, but are not limited to: legal and regulatory issues, lack of research infrastructure, and the presence of educational barriers. Thus, collaborative efforts are needed to ensure an effective and safe introduction of biosimilars into low- and lower-middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim N Muhsen
- Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shahrukh K Hashmi
- Hematology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Dietger Niederwieser
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Kroeger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samir Agrawal
- Division of Haemato-Oncology, Bart's Health NHS Trust and Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marcelo C Pasquini
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Karen K Ballen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Wael Saber
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Walid Rasheed
- Hematology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nandita Khera
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - William A Wood
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Yoshihisa Kodera
- Center for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Jeff Szer
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary M Horowitz
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR), Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- Hematology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Halabi H, Al Zahrani Z, Al Swailem R, Husain W, Al Rayes H, Al Osaimi H, El Dershaby Y, Ahmed HM, Mounir M, Omair MA. Biosimilars in Rheumatic Diseases: Regulatory Guidelines, Efficacy and Safety Implications in Saudi Arabia. Open Rheumatol J 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1874312901812010313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Treatment with biologic drugs has enabled many patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease to achieve disease control. In some areas of the world, limited access to biologic therapies has created a demand for lower cost options such as biosimilars, which are highly similar, but not identical to originator biologics. The safe use of biosimilars requires a scientifically rigorous review process for their approval, and guidelines that aid rheumatologists in their use.
Discussion:
In Saudi Arabia, there are no national or regional guidelines to assist rheumatologists in the proper use of biosimilars in clinical practice, and this may potentially affect the quality of patient care. In this review, we discuss the importance of developing a guidance and the need for healthcare professionals and patients to receive education about biosimilars. We discuss the unique requirements for biosimilar approval, and the differences between biosimilars, originator biologics, and generics. We review important considerations related to biosimilar use, such as switching from originator biologics to biosimilars, switching between different biosimilars, interchangeability, automatic substitution, naming, and pharmacovigilance. We also provide recommendations based on the authors’ expert opinions as rheumatologists to help ensure the appropriate use of biosimilars in Saudi Arabia.
Conclusion:
The approval and use of biosimilars must be supported by scientifically sound evidence. Guidelines for the use of biosimilars are needed in Saudi Arabia to aid rheumatologists in making clinical decisions. Additionally, educational resources should be provided to healthcare professionals and patients.
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Li Z, Fu J, Zhou R, Wang D. Effects of phenolic acids from ginseng rhizosphere on soil fungi structure, richness and diversity in consecutive monoculturing of ginseng. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 25:1788-1794. [PMID: 30591801 PMCID: PMC6303186 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng yield and quality are seriously compromised by consecutive monoculturing in northeastern China. The imbalance of soil fungi communities and autotoxicity of ginseng are the major factors in consecutive monoculturing ginseng crops. Soil fungal communities were identified using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, applied to soils that consecutively cultured ginseng (CCG) for six years and new forest soil (NFS), or receiving application of phenolic acids (PAs). The CCG field received five treatments with five different phenolic acids, including gallic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA), 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PA), benzoic acid (BA) and cinnamic acid (CA), which were detected from ginseng rhizosphere in consecutive cropping soil. Fungal richness, fungi diversity, community composition, relative taxon abundances, root rot disease, and growth rate were compared among the different treatments. 579 fungal operational taxonomic units at 97% ITS sequence identity were found among 201,617 sequence reads derived from 18 separate soil samples. Members of the phylum Ascomycota dominated the soil fungal communities, and putative pathogens, such as Fusarium, Gibberella and Nectriaceae_unclassified which may include the abundant sexual morph of Cylindrocarpon destructans, showed higher relative abundances in the CCG fields. Compared to the CCG and NFS fields, PAs (except CA) enhanced the fungi richness and decreased fungi diversity. Cluster analysis indicated that the PAs (except CA) changed the fungi structure in a uniform way. PAs stimulate root rot disease and enhance disease severity, restricting plant growth. The results suggest that the PAs (except CA) may enhance the fungi richness, decrease the fungi diversity and changed the fungi structure to increase fungal pathogen loads, which could explain the declined yield and quality of ginseng in consecutively monocultured ginseng crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junfan Fu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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