Curcumin and piperine loaded zein-chitosan nanoparticles: Development and in-vitro characterisation

Curcumin and its nano-formulations combined with exercise: From molecular mechanisms to clinic

Curcumin is a strong substance derived from turmeric, a popular spice, renowned for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. The study delved deeply into a thorough examination of various sources to evaluate the impact of both regular curcumin and nano-formulated curcumin on elements that impact physical performance, including muscular strain, discomfort, swelling, and oxidative tension. While engaging in exercise, the body experiences a rise in reactive oxygen species and inflammation. As a result, it is important to ensure a proper balance between internal and external sources of antioxidants to maintain stability in the skeletal muscle. Without this balance, there is a risk of muscle soreness, damage, and ultimately, a decline in exercise performance. Curcumin possesses the ability to enhance physical performance and reduce the symptoms of muscle fatigue and injury by virtue of its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Including curcumin supplements appears to have advantageous effects on various aspects of exercise, such as enhancing performance, assisting with recovery, lessening muscle damage and discomfort, and lowering levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, a thorough assessment is necessary to precisely gauge the healing advantages of curcumin in enhancing exercise ability and reducing recovery time.

Development of piperine nanoparticles stabilized by OSA modified starch through wet-media milling technique with enhanced anti-adipogenic effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Piperine (PIP) has been known for its pharmacological activities with low water solubility and poor dissolution, which limits its nutritional application. The purpose of this research was to enhance PIP stability, dispersibility and biological activity by preparing PIP nanoparticles using the wet-media milling approach combined with nanosuspension solidification methods of spray/freeze drying. Octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA)-modified waxy maize starch was applied as the stabilizer to suppress aggregation of PIP nanoparticles. The particle size, redispersibility, storage stability and in vitro release behavior of PIP nanoparticles were measured. The regulating effect on adipocyte differentiation was evaluated using 3T3-L1 cell model. Results showed that PIP nanoparticles had a reduced particle size of 60 ± 1 nm, increased release rate in the simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) and enhanced inhibition effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells compared with free PIP, indicating that PIP-loaded nanoparticles with improved stability and anti-adipogenic property were developed successfully by combining wet-media milling and drying methods.

Fabrication and functional application of zein-based core-shell structures: A review

Core-shell structures exhibit a number of distinct absorptive properties that make them attractive tools for use in a range of industrial contexts including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, cosmetics, and food/agriculture. Several recent studies have focused on the development and fabrication of zein-based core-shell structures for a range of functional material deliveries. However, no recent review article has evaluated the fabrication of such core-shell structures for food-based applications. In this paper, we therefore survey current approaches to fabricating different zein-based platforms including particles, fibers, films, and hydrogels that have appeared in a variety of functionally relevant applications. In addition, we highlight certain challenges and future research directions in this field, thereby providing a novel perspective on zein-based core-shell structures.

Research advances in Zein-based nano-delivery systems

Zein is the main vegetable protein from maize. In recent years, Zein has been widely used in pharmaceutical, agriculture, food, environmental protection, and other fields because it has excellent biocompatibility and biosafety. However, there is still a lack of systematic review and research on Zein-based nano-delivery systems. This paper systematically reviews preparation and modification methods of Zein-based nano-delivery systems, based on the basic properties of Zein. It discusses the preparation of Zein nanoparticles and the influencing factors in detail, as well as analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods and summarizing modification methods of Zein nanoparticles. This study provides a new idea for the research of Zein-based nano-delivery system and promotes its application.

Recent advances of electrospray technique for multiparticulate preparation: Drug delivery applications

The electrospray (ES) technique has proven to be an effective and a versatile approach for crafting drug delivery carriers with diverse dimensions, multiple layers, and varying morphologies. Achieving the desired particle properties necessitates careful optimization of various experimental parameters. This review delves into the most prevalent ES system configurations employed for this purpose, such as monoaxial, coaxial, triaxial, and multi-needle setups with solid or liquid collector. In addition, this work underscores the significance of ES in drug delivery carriers and its remarkable ability to encapsulate a wide spectrum of therapeutic agents, including drugs, nucleic acids, proteins, genes and cells. Depth examination of the critical parameters governing the ES process, including the choice of polymer, surface tension, voltage settings, needle size, flow rate, collector types, and the collector distance was conducted with highlighting on their implications on particle characteristics, encompassing morphology, size distribution, and drug encapsulation efficiency. These insights illuminate ES's adaptability in customizing drug delivery systems. To conclude, this review discusses ES process optimization strategies, advantages, limitations and future directions, providing valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners navigating the dynamic landscape of modern drug delivery systems.

Simultaneous Estimation of Berberine and Piperine in a Novel Nanoformulation for Epilepsy Control via HPLC

Berberine (Brb) and piperine (Pip) are salient examples of bioactive nutraceuticals possessing a promising role in controlling epilepsy. However, during the development of novel nanoformulation that augments their effects, an adequate determination of each one separately was a challenge since they have nearly the same detection wavelength and diverse solubility profiles. Consequently, a tailored high-performance liquid chromatography technique was developed for their simultaneous detection in routine analyses. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column. The linear gradient flow of acetonitrile: 0.1%v/v aqueous phosphoric acid was altered from 55:45 to 80:20 v/v over 3 min at a 1.2 mL/min flow rate until the end of the run. Brb and Pip were eluted at 1.6 and 3.4 min, respectively. The linearity of the standard curves was found to be ≥0.999, and the mean % recovery for Brb and Pip lay within the accepted limit. Moreover, the percentage coefficient of variation was <2% for intra- and inter-day precision. Consequently, the developed assay was successfully applied for the quantification of both drugs rapidly with high resolution and minimum interference from each other during the different steps conducted during the nanoformulation development.

The Fabrication of Polymer-Based Curcumin-Loaded Formulation as a Drug Delivery System: An Updated Review from 2017 to the Present

Turmeric contains curcumin, a naturally occurring compound with noted anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may help fight cancer. Curcumin is readily available, nontoxic, and inexpensive. At high doses, it has minimal side effects, suggesting it is safe for human use. However, curcumin has extremely poor bioavailability and biodistribution, which further hamper its clinical applications. It is commonly administered through oral and transdermal routes in different forms, where the particle size is one of the most common barriers that decreases its absorption through biological membranes on the targeted sites and limits its clinical effectiveness. There are many studies ongoing to overcome this problem. All of this motivated us to conduct this review that discusses the fabrication of polymer-based curcumin-loaded formulation as an advanced drug delivery system and addresses different approaches to overcoming the existing barriers and improving its bioavailability and biodistribution to enhance the therapeutic effects against cancer and other diseases.

Radioprotective Effect of Piperine, as a Major Component of Black Pepper, Against Radiation-induced Colon Injury: Biochemical and Histological Studies

BACKGROUND

Patients undergoing radiotherapy are prone to radiation-induced gastrointestinal injury. Piperine is an alkaloid component in black pepper with a unique chemopreventive activity against oxidative stress-related damage in healthy tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of piperine on intestinal damage.

METHODS

In this study, mice were divided into eight groups: including the control, piperine (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg), radiation (6 Gy), and piperine+radiation (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg + 6 Gy) groups. The radioprotective effects of piperine were evaluated by biochemical (MDA, GSH, and PC) and histopathological assessments in colon tissues.

RESULTS

The 10 mg/kg dose of piperine significantly reduced the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers compared to the group that received only radiation. In addition, pre-treatment with 10 mg/kg piperine diminished the histopathological changes like vascular congestion in the submucosa, while the dose of 50 mg/kg led to the infiltration of inflammatory cells.

CONCLUSION

Based on this study, it is concluded that piperine, at low dose, with its antioxidant properties, could reduce the colon damage caused by radiation.

Preparation and characterization of dextran-zein-curcumin nanoconjugate for enhancement of curcumin bioactivity

Curcumin is one of the most important polyphenolic nutrients in pharmaceutical industries. Unfortunately, its poor solubility and bioavailability have hampered its clinical application. To improve curcumin solubility and bioavailability, a natural nanocarrier made from protein-polysaccharide conjugate has been developed. Following antisolvent precipitation method, zein (Z) nanoparticles coated with dextran sulphate (DS) have been fabricated as curcumin (C) nanocarrier (DSZCNPs). The physicochemical properties of the nanoconjugate were measured using different techniques. Morphologically, DSZCNPs appeared spherical and monodispersed in scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. Curcumin encapsulation efficiency was ≈ 96%. DSZCNPs size was 180 nm and the polydispersity index value (PDI) 0.28. Zeta potential for DSZCNPs was -28.5 mV. DSZCNPs showed stability either for shelf storage (100 days) or at different pHs. Furthermore, DSZCNPs protected zein nanoparticles degradation in gastric environment and achieved controlled curcumin release in intestinal environment. DSZCNPs greatly enhanced the antioxidant activity of curcumin as demonstrated by DPPH assay. DSZCNPs had significant results in the reduction of colony forming unit (CFU%) against the tested microbes when compared with free curcumin. Also, the anticancer activity of DSZCNPs and free curcumin against hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) were assessed by MTT assay. IC50 for DSZCNPs was 13 µg/ml compared to 50 µg/ml for free curcumin indicating the therapeutic impact of DSZCNPs over free curcumin.Based on the above results, the developed zein-dextran nanocomplex exhibited high stability and improved the efficacy and bioactivity of curcumin suggesting its potential utility as nanovehicle for the hydrophobic drug curcumin.

Turmeric and Curcumin-Health-Promoting Properties in Humans versus Dogs

The growing popularity of the use of nutraceuticals in the prevention and alleviation of symptoms of many diseases in humans and dogs means that they are increasingly the subject of research. A representative of the nutraceutical that deserves special attention is turmeric. Turmeric belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and is grown extensively in Asia. It is a plant used as a spice and food coloring, and it is also used in traditional medicine. The biologically active factors that give turmeric its unusual properties and color are curcuminoids. It is a group of substances that includes curcumin, de-methoxycurcumin, and bis-demethoxycurcumin. Curcumin is used as a yellow-orange food coloring. The most important pro-health effects observed after taking curcuminoids include anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to characterize turmeric and its main substance, curcumin, in terms of their properties, advantages, and disadvantages, based on literature data.

Bioactive Properties, Bioavailability Profiles, and Clinical Evidence of the Potential Benefits of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) and Red Pepper (Capsicum annum) against Diverse Metabolic Complications

The consumption of food-derived products, including the regular intake of pepper, is increasingly evaluated for its potential benefits in protecting against diverse metabolic complications. The current study made use of prominent electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to retrieve clinical evidence linking the intake of black and red pepper with the amelioration of metabolic complications. The findings summarize evidence supporting the beneficial effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), including its active ingredient, piperine, in improving blood lipid profiles, including reducing circulating levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides in overweight and obese individuals. The intake of piperine was also linked with enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by increasing serum levels of superoxide dismutase while reducing those of malonaldehyde and C-reactive protein in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Evidence summarized in the current review also indicates that red pepper (Capsicum annum), together with its active ingredient, capsaicin, could promote energy expenditure, including limiting energy intake, which is likely to contribute to reduced fat mass in overweight and obese individuals. Emerging clinical evidence also indicates that pepper may be beneficial in alleviating complications linked with other chronic conditions, including osteoarthritis, oropharyngeal dysphagia, digestion, hemodialysis, and neuromuscular fatigue. Notably, the beneficial effects of pepper or its active ingredients appear to be more pronounced when used in combination with other bioactive compounds. The current review also covers essential information on the metabolism and bioavailability profiles of both pepper species and their main active ingredients, which are all necessary to understand their potential beneficial effects against metabolic diseases.

The Antitumour Activity of a Curcumin and Piperine Loaded iRGD-Modified Liposome: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers around the world, with a high mortality rate. Despite substantial advancements in diagnoses and therapies, the outlook and survival of patients with lung cancer remains dismal due to drug tolerance and malignant reactions. New interventional treatments urgently need to be explored if natural compounds are to be used to reduce toxicity and adverse effects to meet the needs of lung cancer clinical treatment. An internalizing arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (iRGD) modified by a tumour-piercing peptide liposome (iRGD-LP-CUR-PIP) was developed via co-delivery of curcumin (CUR) and piperine (PIP). Its antitumour efficacy was evaluated and validated via in vivo and in vitro experiments. iRGD-LP-CUR-PIP enhanced tumour targeting and cellular internalisation effectively. In vitro, iRGD-LP-CUR-PIP exhibited enhanced cellular uptake, suppression of tumour cell multiplication and invasion and energy-independent cellular uptake. In vivo, iRGD-LP-CUR-PIP showed high antitumour efficacy, mainly in terms of significant tumour volume reduction and increased weight and spleen index. Data showed that iRGD peptide has active tumour targeting and it significantly improves the penetration and cellular internalisation of tumours in the liposomal system. The use of CUR in combination with PIP can exert synergistic antitumour activity. This study provides a targeted therapeutic system based on natural components to improve antitumour efficacy in lung cancer.

Cannabinoid compounds in combination with curcumin and piperine display an anti-tumorigenic effect against colon cancer cells

Currently, use of cannabinoids is limited to improve adverse effects of chemotherapy and their palliative administration during treatment is curiously concomitant with improved prognosis and regressed progression in patients with different tumor types. Although, non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) display antineoplastic effects by repressing tumor growth and angiogenesis both in cell line and animal models, their use as chemotherapeutic agents is awaiting further investigation. Both clinical and epidemiological evidence supported by experimental findings suggest that micronutrients such as curcumin and piperine may present a safer strategy in preventing tumorigenesis and its recurrence. Recent studies demonstrated that piperine potentiates curcumin's inhibitory effect on tumor progression via enhancing its delivery and therapeutic activity. In this study, we investigated a plausible therapeutic synergism of a triple combination of CBD/CBG, curcumin, and piperine in the colon adenocarcinoma using HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. Potential synergistic effects of various combinations including these compounds were tested by measuring cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Our findings revealed that different genetic backgrounds of HCT116 and HT29 cell lines resulted in divergent responses to the combination treatments. Triple treatment showed synergism in terms of exhibiting anti-tumorigenic effects by activating the Hippo YAP signaling pathway in the HCT116 cell line.

Berberine-loaded zein/hyaluronic acid composite nanoparticles for efficient brain uptake to alleviate neuro-degeneration in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy

Berberine hydrochloride is a plant alkaloid with versatile medicinal applications, yet it has suffered from multiple limitations in its usage. Nonetheless, the acknowledged role of berberine in controlling seizures has fuelled the need to develop a nanosystem capable of delivering it safely and efficiently to the brain. Consequently, zein and hyaluronic acid were chosen for this purpose, and about twenty formulations with different preliminary factors were screened. Afterward, three promising formulations were loaded with berberine and characterized to select an optimum formulation for further in vivo inspection. The B2 formula of particle size of 297.2 nm ± 1.86 and % entrapment efficiency of 83.75% ± 1.39 has succeeded in the increment of the brain uptake of berberine. Moreover, compared to free berberine suspension, the severity of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats was depleted after the subcutaneous administration of B2. The hippocampal tissue of rats receiving B2 showed signs of reduced neuro-degeneration, remarkably lower expression levels of COX-2 and TNF-α, and enhanced antioxidant activity. Finally, the relative safety of the developed system was determined after searching for any sign of intoxication or behavioral changes. In conclusion, the developed berberine loaded composite nanoparticles successfully delivered berberine across the BBB securely to ameliorate the deteriorating impact of pilocarpine-induced epilepsy.

Piperine-loaded nanoparticles incorporated into hyaluronic acid/sodium alginate-based membranes for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases

Piperine is an alkaloid mostly found in the fruits of several species of the Piper genus, and its anti-inflammatory potential is already known. However, its therapeutic applications still need to be better explored due to the low aqueous solubility of this active. To overcome this drawback, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the nanoencapsulation of the compound as well as its incorporation into hyaluronic acid/alginate-based biomembranes. Polymeric nanoparticles composed of Eudragit S100 and Poloxamer 188 were obtained by the nanoprecipitation technique, obtaining spherical nanosized particles with an average diameter of 122.1 ± 2.0 nm, polydispersity index of 0.266, and encapsulation efficiency of 76.2 %. Hyaluronic acid/sodium alginate membranes were then prepared and characterized. Regarding permeation, a slow passage rate was observed until the initial 14 h, when an exponential increase in the recovered drug concentration began to occur. The in vivo assay showed a reduction in inflammation up to 43.6 %, and no cytotoxicity was observed. The results suggested the potential of the system developed for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Advances and Prospects of Prolamine Corn Protein Zein as Promising Multifunctional Drug Delivery System for Cancer Treatment

Zein is a type of prolamine protein that is derived from corn, and it has been recognized by the US FDA as one of the safest biological materials available. Zein possesses valuable characteristics that have made it a popular choice for the preparation of drug carriers, which can be administered through various routes to improve the therapeutic effect of antitumor drugs. Additionally, zein contains free hydroxyl and amino groups that offer numerous modification sites, enabling it to be hybridized with other materials to create functionalized drug delivery systems. However, despite its potential, the clinical translation of drug-loaded zein-based carriers remains challenging due to insufficient basic research and relatively strong hydrophobicity. In this paper, we aim to systematically introduce the main interactions between loaded drugs and zein, administration routes, and the functionalization of zein-based antitumor drug delivery systems, in order to demonstrate its development potential and promote their further application. We also provide perspectives and future directions for this promising area of research.

Strategies for Improving Bioavailability, Bioactivity, and Physical-Chemical Behavior of Curcumin

Curcumin (CCM) is one of the most frequently explored plant compounds with various biological actions such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antineoplastic, and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties. The laboratory data and clinical trials have demonstrated that the bioavailability and bioactivity of curcumin are influenced by the feature of the curcumin molecular complex types. Curcumin has a high capacity to form molecular complexes with proteins (such as whey proteins, bovine serum albumin, β-lactoglobulin), carbohydrates, lipids, and natural compounds (e.g., resveratrol, piperine, quercetin). These complexes increase the bioactivity and bioavailability of curcumin. The current review provides these derivatization strategies for curcumin in terms of biological and physico-chemical aspects with a strong focus on different type of proteins, characterization methods, and thermodynamic features of protein–curcumin complexes, and with the aim of evaluating the best performances. The current literature review offers, taking into consideration various biological effects of the CCM, a whole approach for CCM-biomolecules interactions such as CCM-proteins, CCM-nanomaterials, and CCM-natural compounds regarding molecular strategies to improve the bioactivity as well as the bioavailability of curcumin in biological systems.

Recent development in nanoencapsulation and delivery of natural bioactives through chitosan scaffolds for various biological applications

Nowadays, nano/micro-encapsulation as a pioneering technique may significantly improve the bioavailability and durability of Natural bioactives. For this purpose, chitosan as a bioactive cationic natural polysaccharide has been frequently used as a carrier because of its distinct chemical and biological properties, including polycationic nature, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Moreover, polysaccharide-based nano/micro-formulations are a new and extensive trend in scientific research and development in the disciplines of biomedicine, bioorganic/ medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutics, agrochemistry, and the food industry. It promises a new paradigm in drug delivery systems and nanocarrier formulations. This review aims to summarize current developments in approaches for designing innovative chitosan micro/nano-matrix, with an emphasis on the encapsulation of natural bioactives. The special emphasis led to a detailed integrative scientific achievement of the functionalities and abilities for encapsulating natural bioactives and mechanisms regulated in vitro/in vivo release in various biological/physiological environments.

Multi-antibacterial agent-based electrospun polycaprolactone for active wound dressing

Today, due to the greater knowledge of the side effects of chemical drugs and the favorable pharmacological properties of herbal compounds, the use of these compounds is increasing. Since wounds need fast and efficient healing, wound dressing fabrication methods play an important role in wound healing. In this research, electrospinning process was used to prepare samples. Natural antibacterial compounds, such as curcumin, piperine, eugenol, and rutin were loaded in electrospun nano-fibrous based on polycaprolactone. Three-component novel systems of curcumin-piperine-eugenol (PCPiEu), and curcumin-piperine-rutin (PCPiR) were designed and prepared. Their synergistic effect was investigated and also compared with one- and two-component systems. The results showed that medium diameter nanofibers of PCPiEu and PCPiR samples was 198.38 and 142.60, respectively, and they were obtained in smooth, uniform and bead free morphology using optimization of process parameters. The amount of water absorption and water vapor permeability of the three-component samples were in the appropriate range (8.33-10.42 mg cm² h^-1) for wound dressings. The mechanical properties of samples were reduced compared to the control sample, which required further investigation. Antibacterial tests showed good results for partial toxicity of PCPiEu and PCPiR samples. Antibacterial tests showed minor toxicity in PCPiR samples and good results were obtained for PCPiEu samples. In addition, the results showed that PCPiEu and PCPiR samples exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Enterococcus faecalis bacterium, so that killing ability of 74% and 75% against Gram-positive bacterium and 99.47% and 96.88% against Gram-negative bacterium were obtained for these three systems, respectively.

Curcumin: Biological Activities and Modern Pharmaceutical Forms

Curcumin (1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione) is a natural lipophilic polyphenol that exhibits significant pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo through various mechanisms of action. Numerous studies have identified and characterised the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical properties of curcumin. Curcumin has an anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antinociceptive, antiparasitic, antimalarial effect, and it is used as a wound-healing agent. However, poor curcumin absorption in the small intestine, fast metabolism, and fast systemic elimination cause poor bioavailability of curcumin in human beings. In order to overcome these problems, a number of curcumin formulations have been developed. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of recent research in biological and pharmaceutical aspects of curcumin, methods of sample preparation for its isolation (Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound extraction, pressurised fluid extraction, microwave extraction, enzyme-assisted aided extraction), analytical methods (FTIR, NIR, FT-Raman, UV-VIS, NMR, XRD, DSC, TLC, HPLC, HPTLC, LC-MS, UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) for identification and quantification of curcumin in different matrices, and different techniques for developing formulations. The optimal sample preparation and use of an appropriate analytical method will significantly improve the evaluation of formulations and the biological activity of curcumin.

Composition of Piperine with Enteric-Coated Chitosan Microspheres Enhances the Transepithelial Permeation of Curcumin in Sheep Intestinal Mucosa and Caco-2 Cells

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of enteric-coated chitosan microspheres with herbal bioenhancer, piperine, as a suitable composition for improving the permeation of curcumin through biological membranes using suitable ex vivo models.

Material and Methods Chitosan microspheres of curcumin and piperine were prepared by an emulsion cross-linking method using glutaraldehydes the cross-linking agent and characterized for size, shape, entrapment efficiency, mucoadhesion, and in vitro release. The effect of piperine on the permeation of curcumin through excised sheep intestinal mucosa and Caco-2-cell monolayer was investigated.

Statistical Analysis The data from permeation studies were analyzed by Student's t-test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States) with p-values <0.05 indicating statistical significance.

Results The formulations showed mucoadhesion for a period of more than 6 hours which was influenced by the chitosan content. The rate of drug release of uncoated formulation followed first-order kinetics, and the mechanism of release was non-Fickian transport. Optimized formulation was coated with a pH-sensitive polymer, Eudragit S-100, by a solvent evaporation technique in different concentrations and evaluated for ex vivo permeation through sheep intestinal mucosa and Caco-2-cell monolayer. Scanning electron microscopy images of the optimized coated formulation showed spherical particles with smooth surfaces. The calculated permeation flux and permeability coefficient of curcumin from microspheres were at least 20% greater in the presence of piperine through the intestinal mucosa and 30% through the Caco-2-cell monolayer model. The permeability coefficient of curcumin from microspheres with piperine was 1.93 × 10 to 5 cm/sec and significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of microspheres devoid of piperine and from aqueous dispersion (p < 0.005).

Conclusion The study confirmed the contribution of piperine and mucoadhesive microspheres toward improved permeation of curcumin through biological membranes, thereby providing an approach that has the potential of increasing transport through intestinal epithelial cells and possibly enhancing the oral bioavailability of this drug.

Precision and Advanced Nano-Phytopharmaceuticals for Therapeutic Applications

Phytopharmaceuticals have been widely used globally since ancient times and acknowledged by healthcare professionals and patients for their superior therapeutic value and fewer side-effects compared to modern medicines. However, phytopharmaceuticals need a scientific and methodical approach to deliver their components and thereby improve patient compliance and treatment adherence. Dose reduction, improved bioavailability, receptor selective binding, and targeted delivery of phytopharmaceuticals can be likely achieved by molding them into specific nano-formulations. In recent decades, nanotechnology-based phytopharmaceuticals have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of various communicable and non-communicable diseases. Nanotechnology combined with phytopharmaceuticals broadens the therapeutic perspective and overcomes problems associated with plant medicine. The current review highlights the therapeutic application of various nano-phytopharmaceuticals in neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and gastro-intestinal disorders. We conclude that nano-phytopharmaceuticals emerge as promising therapeutics for many pathological conditions with good compliance and higher acceptance.

Curcumin, the active substance of turmeric: its effects on health and ways to improve its bioavailability

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a spice utilized widely in India, China, and Southeast Asia as an aromatic stimulant, a food preservative, and coloring material. The commonly used names of turmeric are castor saffron, turmeric, and saffron root. Turmeric is a yellow-orange polyphenolic natural substance derived from C. longa rhizomes. It has been used to treat common inflammatory diseases, tumors, biliary diseases, anorexia, cough, topical wounds, diabetic injuries, liver disorders, rheumatism, and sinusitis. Extensive studies on the biological properties and pharmacological consequences of turmeric extracts have been conducted in recent years. Curcumin, the primary yellow biocomponent of turmeric, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antiviral, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, and antifungal properties. Defense assessment tests showed that curcumin is tolerated well at high doses, without adverse effects. Thus, curcumin is a highly active biological material with the potential to treat different diseases in modern medicine. This review article focuses on curcumin's biological characteristics. The most popular methods for curcumin encapsulation are also discussed. Several effective techniques and approaches have been proposed for curcuminoid capsulation, including nanocomplexing, gelation, complex coacervation, electrospraying, and solvent-free pH-driven encapsulation. This review also highlights curcumin's chemical properties, allowing the readers to expand their perspectives on its use in the development of functional products with health-promoting properties. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antitumoral Activities of Curcumin and Recent Advances to ImProve Its Oral Bioavailability

Curcumin, a main bioactive component of the Curcuma longa L. rhizome, is a phenolic compound that exerts a wide range of beneficial effects, acting as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent. This review summarizes recent data on curcumin's ability to interfere with the multiple cell signaling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and the migration of several cancer cell types. However, although curcumin displays anticancer potential, its clinical application is limited by its low absorption, rapid metabolism and poor bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, several curcumin-based derivatives/analogues and different drug delivery approaches have been developed. Here, we also report the anticancer mechanisms and pharmacokinetic characteristics of some derivatives/analogues and the delivery systems used. These strategies, although encouraging, require additional in vivo studies to support curcumin clinical applications.

A review on the bioavailability, bio-efficacies and novel delivery systems for piperine

As the major naturally occurring alkaloid in pepper with a pungent taste, piperine is known for its beneficial biological functions and therapeutic effects. In this work, the bioavailability and biological activities of piperine were presented and discussed. Novel delivery systems for enhancing the bioavailability of piperine were also reviewed. This study could provide a better understanding of the physiological and biochemical aspects of piperine to be further developed in the food and nutraceutical industries.

Co-Delivery of Curcumin and Bioperine via PLGA Nanoparticles to Prevent Atherosclerotic Foam Cell Formation

Cholesterol-rich arterial plaques characterize atherosclerosis, a significant cause of heart disease. Nutraceuticals have received attention over the years, demonstrating potential benefits towards treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including atherosclerosis. Curcumin, a potent polyphenol present in Curcuma longa, has shown remarkable anti-atherosclerotic activity via anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. The bioavailability and low water solubility of curcumin limit its clinical translational purposes. These issues can be circumvented effectively by nano-drug delivery systems that can target atherosclerotic plaque sites. In this work, we chose to use curcumin and a natural bioenhancer called Bioperine (derived from Piper nigrum) inside a polymeric nano-drug delivery system for targeting atherosclerotic plaque sites. We selected two different ratios of curcumin:Bioperine to study its comparative effect on the inhibition of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL)-induced foam cell formation. Our studies demonstrated that Cur-Bio PLGA NPs (both ratios) maintained the cell viability in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages above 80% at all periods. The 1:0.2:10 ratio of Cur-Bio PLGA NPs at a concentration of 250 μg/mL illustrated an enhanced reduction in the relative cholesterol content in the THP-1-derived foam cells compared to the 1:1:10 ratio. Confocal microscopy analysis also revealed a reduction in macrophage-mediated foam cell formation when administered with both the ratios of Cur-Bio PLGA NPs. Relative fold change in the mRNA expression of the genes involved in the inflammatory pathways in the atherosclerotic process downregulated NF-κB, CCL2/MCP-1, CD-36, and STAT-3 activity while upregulating the SCAR-B1 expression when treated with the Cur-Bio PLGA NPs. This study thus highlights the importance of natural-based compounds towards the therapeutic intervention against atherosclerotic activity when administered as preventive medicine.

Surface-Tailored Zein Nanoparticles: Strategies and Applications

Plant-derived proteins have emerged as leading candidates in several drug and food delivery applications in diverse pharmaceutical designs. Zein is considered one of the primary plant proteins obtained from maize, and is well known for its biocompatibility and safety in biomedical fields. The ability of zein to carry various pharmaceutically active substances (PAS) position it as a valuable contender for several in vitro and in vivo applications. The unique structure and possibility of surface covering with distinct coating shells or even surface chemical modifications have enabled zein utilization in active targeted and site-specific drug delivery. This work summarizes up-to-date studies on zein formulation technology based on its structural features. Additionally, the multiple applications of zein, including drug delivery, cellular imaging, and tissue engineering, are discussed with a focus on zein-based active targeted delivery systems and antigenic response to its potential in vivo applicability.

Recent progress in the preparation, chemical interactions and applications of biocompatible polysaccharide-protein nanogel carriers

Nanogel carriers are rapidly emerged as a major delivery strategy in the fields of food, biology and medicine for small particle size, excellent solubility, high loading, and controlled release. Natural polysaccharides and proteins are selected for the preparation of biocompatible, biodegradable, low toxic, and less immunogenic nanogels. Different polysaccharides and proteins form complex nanogels through different interaction forces (e.g., electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interaction). The present review pursues three aims: 1) to introduce several well-known dietary polysaccharides (chitosan, dextran and alginate) and proteins (whey protein and lysozyme); 2) to discuss the types, preparation methods, chemical interactions and properties of various biocompatible complex carriers; 3) to present the application and prospect of polysaccharide-protein complex in bioactive ingredient delivery, nutrient encapsulation and flavor protection. We expect that the integration with nano-intelligent technology will improve the functional ingredient loading, recognition specificity and controlled release capabilities of polysaccharide-protein nanocomposites to generate new intelligent nanogels in the field of food industry in the future.

Piperine: Chemical, biological and nanotechnological applications

Piperine (PIP) is an alkaloid present in several species of piper, mainly Piper nigrum Linn. and P. longum, among other species. The present article provides a comprehensive review of PIP research in the last years concerning its chemical properties, synthesis, absorption, metabolism, bioavailability and toxicity. The reviewed PIP literature has shown many pharmacological properties, such as antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic activity of PIP. However, its low solubility and absorption make its application challenging. This review also includes advances in the development of nanosystems containing PIP, including liposomes, micelles, metal nanoparticles, nanofibers, polymeric nanoparticles, and solid-lipid nanoparticles. Finally, we discuss different in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the biological activity of this drug, as well as some methods for the synthesis of nanosystems and their physical characteristics.

Current Trends in Drug Delivery System of Curcumin and its Therapeutic Applications

Curcumin is a poly phenolic compound extracted from turmeric. Over the past years, it has acquired significant interest among researchers due to its numerous pharmacological activities like anti- cancer, anti-alzheimer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and so on. However, the clinical use of curcumin is still obstructed due to tremendously poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, lower gastrointestinal absorption, and low permeability through cell that makes its pharmacology thrilling. These issues have led to enormous surge of investigation to develop curcumin nano formulations which can overcome these restrictive causes. The scientists all across the universe are working on designing several drug delivery systems viz. liposomes, micelles, magnetic nano carriers, etc. for curcumin and its composites which not only improve its physiochemical properties but also enhanced its therapeutic applications. The review aims to systematically examine the treasure of information about the medicinal use of curcumin. This article delivers a general idea of the current study piloted to overwhelm the complications with the bioavailability of curcumin which have exhibited an enhanced biological activity than curcumin. This article explains the latest and detailed study of curcumin and its conjugates, its phytochemistry and biological perspectives and also proved curcumin as an efficient drug candidate for the treatment of numerous diseases. Recent advancements and futuristic viewpoints are also deliberated, which shall help researchers and foster commercial translations of improved nanosized curcumin combination for the treatment of various diseases.

Zein Nanoparticles Improve the Oral Bioavailability of Curcumin in Wistar Rats

Curcumin is a natural compound obtained from turmeric root with high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, clinical application of curcumin has been limited due to its low solubility and bioavailability and rapid metabolism and degradation. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of curcumin incorporation in zein nanoparticles on the pharmacokinetic parameters of systemic curcumin in plasma. Wistar rats were administered a single oral dose of 250 mg/kg of standard curcumin (control) or nanocurcumin (zein-based nanoparticles, Nucaps). The proposed new formulation was also compared with two commercially available curcumin complexes. Blood samples were collected at different times, and plasma levels were determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Overall, nanocurcumin (Nucaps) formulation was well tolerated and showed a 9-fold increase in oral bioavailability when compared to the standard curcumin natural extract. In addition, the nanoparticles prepared in this study demonstrated a bioavailability profile superior to that of other bioavailability-enhanced curcumin complexes currently available in the marketplace. Thus, our nanoparticle-based formulation has shown great potential as a nutraceutical for the oral administration of curcumin.

Chitosan-based nanocarriers for encapsulation and delivery of curcumin: A review

To overcome the poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability of curcumin, emphasize its functional features, and broaden its applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, many nanoscale systems have been widely applied for its encapsulation and delivery. Over many decades, chitosan as a natural biopolymer has been extensively studied due to its polycationic nature, biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and non-allergenic. Various chitosan-based nanocarriers with unique properties for curcumin delivery, including but not limited to, self-assembled nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanoemulsions, nanotubes, and nanofibers, have been designed. This review focuses on the most-recently reported fabrication techniques of different types of chitosan-based nanocarriers. The functionalities of chitosan in each formulation which determine the physicochemical properties such as surface charge, morphology, encapsulation driving force, and release profile, were discussed in detail. Moreover, the current pharmaceutical applications of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were elaborated. The role of chitosan in facilitating the delivery of curcumin and improving the therapeutic effects on many chronic diseases, including cancer, bacterial infection, wound healing, Alzheimer's diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and hepatitis C virus, were illustrated. Particularly, the recently discovered mechanisms of action of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against the abovementioned diseases were highlighted.

Wound healing performance of PCL/chitosan based electrospun nanofiber electrosprayed with curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles

In this study, the electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/Chitosan (CS)/curcumin (CUR) nanofiber was fabricated successfully with curcumin loaded chitosan nano-encapsulated particles (CURCSNPs). The morphology of the produced CURCSNPs, PCL, PCL/CS, PCL/CS/CUR, and PCL/CS/CUR electrosprayed with CURCSNPs were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties and biological characteristics of fabricated nanofibers such as antibacterial, antioxidant, cell viability, and in vivo wound healing efficiency and histological assay were tested. The electrospraying of CURCSNPs on surface PCL/CS/CUR nanofiber resulted in the enhanced antibacterial, antioxidant, cell proliferation efficiencies and higher swelling and water vapor transition rates. In vivo examination and Histological analysis showed PCL/CS/CUR electrosprayed with CURCSNPs led to significant improvement of complete well-organized wound healing process in MRSA infected wounds. These results suggest that the application of PCL/CS/CUR electrosprayed with CURCSNPs as a wound dressing significantly facilitates wound healing with notable antibacterial, antioxidant, and cell proliferation properties.

Enzymatic degradation of ginkgolic acids by laccase immobilized on core/shell Fe3O4/nylon composite nanoparticles using novel coaxial electrospraying process

Enzyme immobilization can increase enzyme reusability to reduce cost of industrial production. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract is commonly used for medical purposes, but it contains ginkgolic acid, which has negative effects on human health. Here, we report a novel approach to solve the problem by degrading the ginkgolic acid with immobilized-laccase, where core/shell composite nanoparticles prepared by coaxial electrospraying might be first applied to enzyme immobilization. The core/shell Fe₃O₄/nylon 6,6 composite nanoparticles (FNCNs) were prepared using one-step coaxial electrospraying and can be simply recovered by magnetic force. The glutaraldehyde-treated FNCNs (FNGCNs) were used to immobilize laccase. As a result, thermal stability of the free laccase was significantly improved in the range of 60-90 °C after immobilization. The laccase-immobilized FNGCNs (L-FNGCNs) were applied to degrade the ginkgolic acids, and the rate constants (k) and times (τ₅₀) were ~0.02 min^-1 and lower than 39 min, respectively, showing good catalytic performance. Furthermore, the L-FNGCNs exhibited a relative activity higher than 0.5 after being stored for 21 days or reused for 5 cycles, showing good storage stability and reusability. Therefore, the FNGCNs carrier was a promising enzyme immobilization system and its further development and applications were of interest.

Micro- and nano-encapsulation of β-carotene in zein protein: size-dependent release and absorption behavior

β-Carotene is a lipophilic bioactive compound, providing significant health benefits. Formulation of β-carotene-enriched functional foods is a challenge, due to its poor stability, sensitivity towards light, temperature, oxygen, and its poor water solubility which leads to low bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive compounds directly depend on the encapsulating matrix and particle size. This work reports an effective encapsulation of β-carotene in zein matrix with glycerol as stabilizing agent. β-Carotene was encapsulated in zein protein matrix with different core-to-wall ratios (1 : 10, 1 : 50 and 1 : 100) at micro- and nano-level, through spray drying and electrospraying techniques, respectively. A comparative evaluation of processing technique, resulting particle size and its impact on powder flow properties, dissolution, release and absorption behaviour was conducted. Results showed that up to 81% of encapsulation efficiency was achieved for the nanoencapsulated form obtained through the electrospraying technique. Nanoencapsulates showed excellent dissolution behaviour compared to microencapsulates due to reduced particle size and larger surface area. Further, under simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions, nanoencapsulates showed faster release than microparticles. Among the three ratios tested, nanoencapsulates at 1 : 50 were found to be optimal with ∼73% encapsulation efficiency, exhibiting faster release giving more bioaccessibility, with 1.29- and 1.36-fold higher permeability than 1 : 10 and 1 : 100 formulations, respectively. Additionally, the 1 : 50 nanoencapsulates gave ∼1.7-fold increased permeability compared to microparticles at the end of 3 h using an ex vivo everted gut sac technique. This study proves the potential of zein nanoparticles for enhanced permeability and bioavailability of β-carotene.

Photodynamic therapry with curcumin in the reduction of enterococcus faecalis biofilm in bone cavity: rMicrobiological and spectral fluorescense analysis

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a therapeutic strategy to conventional procedures using antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of PDT using blue light emitting diode (LED) associated with curcumin on biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis in bovine bone cavities and also to analyze the presence of these biofilms through spectral fluorescence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Standardized suspensions of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) were incubated in artificial bone cavities for 14 days at 36 °C ± 1 °C for biofilm formation. The test specimens were distributed among the four experimental groups (n = 10): L-C- (control), L + C- (LED for 5 min), L-C+ (curcumin for 5 min) and L + C+ (PDT). Aliquots were collected from the bone cavities after treatments and seeded on BHI agar for 24 h at 36 °C ± 1 °C for CFU count. Before and after each treatment the specimens were submitted to spectral fluorescence, whose images were compared in the Image J program. The log10 CFU/mL results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test (5%) and the biofilm fluorescence spectroscopy results were submitted to the Wilcoxon test (5%).

RESULTS

All treatments presented statistical difference when compared to the control, and PDT was responsible for the largest reduction (1.92 log10 CFU/mL). There was a reduction in the fluorescence emitted after the treatments, with greater statistical difference in the PDT group.

CONCLUSION

PDT was efficient in the reduction of E. faecalis biofilms. In all groups post treatment there was a significant reduction of biofilms in the fluorescence spectroscopy images with greater reduction in the PDT group.

BioPerine Encapsulated Nanoformulation for Overcoming Drug-Resistant Breast Cancers

The evolving dynamics of drug resistance due to tumor heterogeneity often creates impediments to traditional therapies making it a challenging issue for cancer cure. Breast cancer often faces challenges of current therapeutic interventions owing to its multiple complexities and high drug resistivity， for example against drugs like trastuzumab and tamoxifen. Drug resistance in the majority of breast cancer is often aided by the overtly expressed P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that guides in the rapid drug efflux of chemotherapy drugs. Despite continuous endeavors and ground-breaking achievements in the pursuit of finding better cancer therapeutic avenues, drug resistance is still a menace to hold back. Among newer therapeutic approaches, the application of phytonutrients such as alkaloids to suppress P-gp activity in drug-resistant cancers has found an exciting niche in the arena of alternative cancer therapies. In this work, we would like to present a black pepper alkaloid derivative known as BioPerine-loaded chitosan (CS)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated polylactic acid (PLA) hybrid polymeric nanoparticle to improve the bioavailability of BioPerine and its therapeutic efficacy in suppressing P-gp expression in MDA-MB 453 breast cancer cell line. Our findings revealed that the CS-PEG-BioPerine-PLA nanoparticles demonstrated a smooth spherical morphology with an average size of 316 nm, with improved aqueous solubility, and provided sustained BioPerine release. The nanoparticles also enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and downregulation of P-gp expression in MDA-MB 453 cells compared to the commercial inhibitor verapamil hydrochloride, thus promising a piece of exciting evidence for the development of BioPerine based nano-drug delivery system in combination with traditional therapies as a crucial approach to tackling multi-drug resistance in cancers.

Curcumin's Beneficial Effects on Neuroblastoma: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Potential Solutions

Curcumin, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from the South Asian turmeric plant (Curcuma longa), has well-characterized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-protein-aggregate, and anticancer properties. Neuroblastoma (NB) is a cancer of the nervous system that arises primarily in pediatric patients. In order to reduce the multiple disadvantages and side effects of conventional oncologic modalities and to potentially overcome cancer drug resistance, natural substances such as curcumin are examined as complementary and supportive therapies against NB. In NB cell lines, curcumin by itself promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest through the suppression of serine–threonine kinase Akt and nuclear factor kappa of activated B-cells (NF-κB) signaling, induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, and upregulation of p53 and caspase signaling. While curcumin demonstrates anti-NB efficacy in vitro, cross-validation between NB cell types is currently lacking for many of its specific mechanistic activities. Furthermore, curcumin’s low bioavailability by oral administration, poor absorption, and relative insolubility in water pose challenges to its clinical introduction. Numerous curcumin formulations, including nanoparticles, nanocarriers, and microemulsions, have been developed, with these having some success in the treatment of NB. In the future, standardization and further basic and preclinical trials will be required to ensure the safety of curcumin formulations. While the administration of curcumin is clinically safe even at high doses, clinical trials are necessary to substantiate the practical efficacy of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of NB.