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Lu Y, Wang S, Shen Y. Theoretical insights of the pharmaceutical compound fluoxetine in water: Role in direct photolysis and indirect photolysis by free radicals. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 142:269-278. [PMID: 38527892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The frequent detection of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment has led to a growing awareness, which may pose a major threat to the aquatic environment. In this study, photodegradation (direct and indirect photolysis) of two different dissociation states of fluoxetine (FLU) was investigated in water, mainly including the determination of photolytic transition states and products, and the mechanisms of indirect photodegradation with ·OH, CO3*- and NO3*. The main direct photolysis pathways are defluorination and C-C bond cleavage. In addition, the indirect photodegradation of FLU in water is mainly through the reactions with ·OH and NO3*, and the photodegradation reaction with CO3*- is relatively difficult to occur in the water environment. Our results provide a theoretical basis for understanding the phototransformation process of FLU in the water environment and assessing its potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Se Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yifan Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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2
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Rodrigues DT, Padilha HA, Soares ATG, de Souza MEO, Guerra MT, Ávila DS. The Caenorhabditis elegans neuroendocrine system and their modulators: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112191. [PMID: 38382589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In this review we seek to systematically bring what has been published in the literature about the nervous system, endocrine system, neuroendocrine relationships, neuroendocrine modulations and endocrine disruptors in the alternative model Caenorhabditis elegans. The serotonergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitters are related to the modulation of the neuroendocrine axis, leading to the activation or inhibition of several processes that occur in the worm through distinct and interconnected pathways. Furthermore, this review addresses the gut-neuronal axis as it has been revealed in recent years that gut microbiota impacts on neuronal functions. This review also approaches xenobiotics that can positively or negatively impact the neuroendocrine system in C. elegans as in mammals, which allows the application of this nematode to screen new drugs and to identify toxicants that are endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Teixeira Rodrigues
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences- Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences- Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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van der Most MA, Bakker W, Wesseling S, van den Brink NW. Toxicokinetics of the Antidepressant Fluoxetine and Its Active Metabolite Norfluoxetine in Caenorhabditis elegans and Their Comparative Potency. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38343161 PMCID: PMC10882974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a valuable model for ecotoxicological research, yet limited attention has been given to understanding how it absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes chemicals. This is crucial for C. elegans because the organism is known to have strong uptake barriers that are known to be susceptible to potential confounding effects of the presence of Escherichia coli as a food source. One frequently studied compound in C. elegans is the antidepressant fluoxetine, which has an active metabolite norfluoxetine. In this study, we evaluated the toxicokinetics and relative potency of norfluoxetine and fluoxetine in chemotaxis and activity tests. Toxicokinetics experiments were conducted with varying times, concentrations of fluoxetine, and in the absence or presence of E. coli, simulated with a one-compartment model. Our findings demonstrate that C. elegans can take up fluoxetine and convert it into norfluoxetine. Norfluoxetine proved slightly more potent and had a longer elimination half-life. The bioconcentration factor, uptake, and elimination rate constants depended on exposure levels, duration, and the presence of E. coli in the exposure medium. These findings expand our understanding of toxicokinetic modeling in C. elegans for different exposure scenarios, underlining the importance of considering norfluoxetine formation in exposure and bioactivity assessments of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A van der Most
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Bakker
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
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Wu ZQ, Chen XM, Ma HQ, Li K, Wang YL, Li ZJ. Akkermansia muciniphila Cell-Free Supernatant Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolisms in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071725. [PMID: 37049564 PMCID: PMC10097305 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism by which Akkermansia muciniphila cell-free supernatant improves glucose and lipid metabolisms in Caenorhabditis elegans, the present study used different dilution concentrations of Akkermansia muciniphila cell-free supernatant as an intervention for with Caenorhabditis elegans under a high-glucose diet. The changes in lifespan, exercise ability, level of free radicals, and characteristic indexes of glucose and lipid metabolisms were studied. Furthermore, the expression of key genes of glucose and lipid metabolisms was detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that A. muciniphila cell-free supernatant significantly improved the movement ability, prolonged the lifespan, reduced the level of ROS, and alleviated oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. A. muciniphila cell-free supernatant supported resistance to increases in glucose and triglyceride induced by a high-glucose diet and downregulated the expression of key genes of glucose metabolism, such as gsy-1, pygl-1, pfk-1.1, and pyk-1, while upregulating the expression of key genes of lipid metabolism, such as acs-2, cpt-4, sbp-1, and tph-1, as well as down-regulating the expression of the fat-7 gene to inhibit fatty acid biosynthesis. These findings indicated that A. muciniphila cell-free supernatant, as a postbiotic, has the potential to prevent obesity and improve glucose metabolism disorders and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Qin Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.-Q.W.); (X.-M.C.); (H.-Q.M.); (K.L.); (Y.-L.W.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.-Q.W.); (X.-M.C.); (H.-Q.M.); (K.L.); (Y.-L.W.)
| | - Hui-Qin Ma
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.-Q.W.); (X.-M.C.); (H.-Q.M.); (K.L.); (Y.-L.W.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ke Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.-Q.W.); (X.-M.C.); (H.-Q.M.); (K.L.); (Y.-L.W.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuan-Liang Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.-Q.W.); (X.-M.C.); (H.-Q.M.); (K.L.); (Y.-L.W.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zong-Jun Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Z.-Q.W.); (X.-M.C.); (H.-Q.M.); (K.L.); (Y.-L.W.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-731-84635215
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Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Reduces Fat Accumulation via nhr-49-Mediated Nuclear Hormone Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196159. [PMID: 36234692 PMCID: PMC9572206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (p-AKK) is related to lipid metabolism and helps control obesity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of p-AKK in lipid metabolism using Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that p-AKK increased the healthy lifespan of nematodes and helped maintain exercise ability in aging, suggesting a potential increase in energy expenditure. The overall fat deposition and triglyceride level were significantly decreased and the p-AKK anti-oxidative stress helped to regulate fatty acid composition. Additionally, the transcriptome results showed that p-AKK increased the expression of lipo-hydrolase and fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes, including lipl-4, nhr-49, acs-2 and acdh-8, while it decreased the expression of fat synthesis-related genes, including fat-7, elo-2 and men-1. These results partially explain the mechanisms underlying the fact that p-AKK decreases fat accumulation of C. elegans via nhr-49/acs-2-mediated signaling involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and synthesis.
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Kirchweger B, Klein-Junior LC, Pretsch D, Chen Y, Cretton S, Gasper AL, Heyden YV, Christen P, Kirchmair J, Henriques AT, Rollinger JM. Azepine-Indole Alkaloids From Psychotria nemorosa Modulate 5-HT 2A Receptors and Prevent in vivo Protein Toxicity in Transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:826289. [PMID: 35360162 PMCID: PMC8963987 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.826289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nemorosine A (1) and fargesine (2), the main azepine-indole alkaloids of Psychotria nemorosa, were explored for their pharmacological profile on neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) applying a combined in silico–in vitro–in vivo approach. By using 1 and 2 as queries for similarity-based searches of the ChEMBL database, structurally related compounds were identified to modulate the 5-HT2A receptor; in vitro experiments confirmed an agonistic effect for 1 and 2 (24 and 36% at 10 μM, respectively), which might be linked to cognition-enhancing properties. This and the previously reported target profile of 1 and 2, which also includes BuChE and MAO-A inhibition, prompted the evaluation of these compounds in several Caenorhabditis elegans models linked to 5-HT modulation and proteotoxicity. On C. elegans transgenic strain CL4659, which expresses amyloid beta (Aβ) in muscle cells leading to a phenotypic paralysis, 1 and 2 reduced Aβ proteotoxicity by reducing the percentage of paralyzed worms to 51%. Treatment of the NL5901 strain, in which α-synuclein is yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged, with 1 and 2 (10 μM) significantly reduced the α-synuclein expression. Both alkaloids were further able to significantly extend the time of metallothionein induction, which is associated with reduced neurodegeneration of aged brain tissue. These results add to the multitarget profiles of 1 and 2 and corroborate their potential in the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kirchweger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luiz C Klein-Junior
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Itajaí, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dagmar Pretsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ya Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvian Cretton
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André L Gasper
- Herbarium Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modeling, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Christen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Workflow for Segmentation of Caenorhabditis elegans from Fluorescence Images for the Quantitation of Lipids. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The small and transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is increasingly employed for phenotypic in vivo chemical screens. The influence of compounds on worm body fat stores can be assayed with Nile red staining and imaging. Segmentation of C. elegans from fluorescence images is hereby a primary task. In this paper, we present an image-processing workflow that includes machine-learning-based segmentation of C. elegans directly from fluorescence images and quantifies their Nile red lipid-derived fluorescence. The segmentation is based on a J48 classifier using pixel entropies and is refined by size-thresholding. The accuracy of segmentation was >90% in our external validation. Binarization with a global threshold set to the brightness of the vehicle control group worms of each experiment allows a robust and reproducible quantification of worm fluorescence. The workflow is available as a script written in the macro language of imageJ, allowing the user additional manual control of classification results and custom specification settings for binarization. Our approach can be easily adapted to the requirements of other fluorescence image-based experiments with C. elegans.
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