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Xiao C, Li Y, Liu Y, Dong R, He X, Lin Q, Zang X, Wang K, Xia Y, Kong L. Overcoming Cancer Persister Cells by Stabilizing the ATF4 Promoter G-quadruplex. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401748. [PMID: 38994891 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Persister cells (PS) selected for anticancer therapy have been recognized as a significant contributor to the development of treatment-resistant malignancies. It is found that imposing glutamine restriction induces the generation of PS, which paradoxically bestows heightened resistance to glutamine restriction treatment by activating the integrated stress response and initiating the general control nonderepressible 2-activating transcription factor 4-alanine, serine, cysteine-preferring transporter 2 (GCN2-ATF4-ASCT2) axis. Central to this phenomenon is the stress-induced ATF4 translational reprogramming. Unfortunately, directly targeting ATF4 protein has proven to be a formidable challenge because of its flat surface. Nonetheless, a G-quadruplex structure located within the promoter region of ATF4 (ATF4-G4) is uncovered and resolved, which functions as a transcriptional regulator and can be targeted by small molecules. The investigation identifies the natural compound coptisine (COP) as a potent binder that interacts with and stabilizes ATF4-G4. For the first time, the high-resolution structure of the COP-ATF4-G4 complex is determined. The formation of this stable complex disrupts the interaction between transcription factor AP-2 alpha (TFAP2A) and ATF4-G4, resulting in a substantial reduction in intracellular ATF4 levels and the eventual death of cancer cells. These seminal findings underscore the potential of targeting the ATF4-G4 structure to yield significant therapeutic advantages within the realm of persister cancer cells induced by glutamine-restricted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yipu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yushuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ruifang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xin Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kaibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanzheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of China Pharmaceutical University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Guo S, Wang X, Wang Y, Bai J, Liu Y, Shao Z. The potential therapeutic targets of glutamine metabolism in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116906. [PMID: 38876051 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeting metabolic reprogramming may be an effective strategy to enhance cancer treatment efficacy. Glutamine serves as a vital nutrient for cancer cells. Inhibiting glutamine metabolism has shown promise in preventing tumor growth both in vivo and in vitro through various mechanisms. Therefore, this review collates recent scientific literature concerning the correlation between glutamine metabolism and cancer treatment. Novel treatment modalities based on amino acid transporters, metabolites, and glutaminase are discussed. Moreover, we demonstrate the relationship between glutamine metabolism and tumor proliferation, drug resistance, and the tumor immune microenvironment, offering new perspectives for the clinical treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, particularly for combined therapies. Identifying innovative approaches for enhancing the efficacy of glutamine-based metabolic therapy is crucial to improving HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School of Stomatology-Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinmiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School of Stomatology-Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School of Stomatology-Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junqiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School of Stomatology-Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of stomatology, Huangshi Central Hospital (Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University), Huangshi 435000, China.
| | - Zhe Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China; Day Surgery Center, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, China.
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3
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Wang J, Wang H, Gao M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang D, Tu K, Xu Q. The regulation of amino acid metabolism in tumor cell death: from the perspective of physiological functions. Apoptosis 2023; 28:1304-1314. [PMID: 37523039 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are crucial molecules for the synthesis of mammalian proteins as well as a source of energy and redox equilibrium maintenance. The development of tumors also requires AAs as nutrients. Increased AAs metabolism is frequently seen in tumor cells to produce enough biomass, energy, and reduction agents. However, increased AA demand may result in auxotrophy in some cancer cells, highlighting the vulnerabilities of cancers and exposing the AA metabolism as a potential target for cancer therapy. The dynamic balance of cell survival and death is required for cellular homeostasis, growth, and development. Malignant cells manage to avoid cell death through a range of mechanisms, such as developing an addiction to amino acids through metabolic adaptation. In order to offer some guidance for AA-targeted cancer therapy, we have outlined the function of AA metabolism in tumor progression, the modalities of cell death, and the regulation of AA metabolism on tumor cell death in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Timofeeva N, Ayres ML, Baran N, Santiago-O’Farrill JM, Bildik G, Lu Z, Konopleva M, Gandhi V. Preclinical investigations of the efficacy of the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 alone and in combinations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1161254. [PMID: 37228498 PMCID: PMC10203524 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1161254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are metabolically flexible and adapt to modern anticancer treatments. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitors have been widely used to treat CLL, but CLL cells become resistant to these treatments over time. CB-839 is a small-molecule glutaminase-1 (GLS-1) inhibitor that impairs glutamine use, disrupts downstream energy metabolism, and impedes the elimination of reactive oxygen species. Methods To investigate the in vitro effects of CB-839 on CLL cells, we tested CB-839 alone and in combination with ibrutinib, venetoclax, or AZD-5991 on the HG-3 and MEC-1 CLL cell lines and on primary CLL lymphocytes. Results We found that CB-839 caused dose-dependent decreases in GLS-1 activity and glutathione synthesis. CB-839-treated cells also showed increased mitochondrial superoxide metabolism and impaired energy metabolism, which were reflected in decreases in the oxygen consumption rate and depletion of the adenosine triphosphate pool and led to the inhibition of cell proliferation. In the cell lines, CB-839 combined with venetoclax or AZD-5991, but not with ibrutinib, demonstrated synergism with an increased apoptosis rate and cell proliferation inhibition. In the primary lymphocytes, no significant effects of CB-839 alone or in combination with venetoclax, ibrutinib, or AZD-5991 were observed. Discussion Our findings suggest that CB-839 has limited efficacy in CLL treatment and shows limited synergy in combination with widely used CLL drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Timofeeva
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mary L. Ayres
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Natalia Baran
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janice M. Santiago-O’Farrill
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gamze Bildik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Lai HT, Naumova N, Marchais A, Gaspar N, Geoerger B, Brenner C. Insight into the interplay between mitochondria-regulated cell death and energetic metabolism in osteosarcoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948097. [PMID: 36072341 PMCID: PMC9441498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a pediatric malignant bone tumor that predominantly affects adolescent and young adults. It has high risk for relapse and over the last four decades no improvement of prognosis was achieved. It is therefore crucial to identify new drug candidates for OS treatment to combat drug resistance, limit relapse, and stop metastatic spread. Two acquired hallmarks of cancer cells, mitochondria-related regulated cell death (RCD) and metabolism are intimately connected. Both have been shown to be dysregulated in OS, making them attractive targets for novel treatment. Promising OS treatment strategies focus on promoting RCD by targeting key molecular actors in metabolic reprogramming. The exact interplay in OS, however, has not been systematically analyzed. We therefore review these aspects by synthesizing current knowledge in apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in OS. Additionally, we outline an overview of mitochondrial function and metabolic profiles in different preclinical OS models. Finally, we discuss the mechanism of action of two novel molecule combinations currently investigated in active clinical trials: metformin and the combination of ADI-PEG20, Docetaxel and Gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Toan Lai
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nataliia Naumova
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Antonin Marchais
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Gaspar
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Birgit Geoerger
- INSERM U1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Brenner
- CNRS, Institut Gustave Roussy, Aspects métaboliques et systémiques de l’oncogénèse pour de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- *Correspondence: Catherine Brenner,
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6
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Wang X, Zhao X, Zhao J, Yang T, Zhang F, Liu L. Serum metabolite signatures of epithelial ovarian cancer based on targeted metabolomics. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 518:59-69. [PMID: 33746017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a common gynecological cancer with high mortality rates. The main objective of this study was to investigate the serum amino acid and organic acid profiles to distinguish key metabolites for screening EOC patients. METHODS In total, 39 patients with EOC and 31 healthy controls were selected as the training set. Serum amino acid and organic acid profiles were determined using the targeted metabolomics approach. Metabolite profiles were processed via multivariate analysis to identify potential metabolites and construct a metabolic network. Finally, a test dataset derived from 29 patients and 28 healthy controls was constructed to validate the potential metabolites. RESULTS Distinct amino acid and organic acid profiles were obtained between EOC and healthy control groups. Methionine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid and glycolic acid were identified as potential metabolites to distinguish EOC from control samples. The areas under the curve for methionine, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid and glycolic acid were 0.775, 0 778, 0.955, 0.874 and 0.897, respectively, in the validation study. Metabolic network analysis of the training set indicated key roles of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism as well as D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism in the pathogenesis of EOC. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid and organic acid profiles may serve as potential screening tools for EOC. Data from this study provide useful information to bridge gaps in the understanding of the amino acid and organic acid alterations associated with epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China; Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinshu Zhao
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Tongshu Yang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China; Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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Cao L, Wu J, Qu X, Sheng J, Cui M, Liu S, Huang X, Xiang Y, Li B, Zhang X, Cui R. Glycometabolic rearrangements--aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer: causes, characteristics and clinical applications. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:267. [PMID: 33256814 PMCID: PMC7708116 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common type. In pancreatic cancer, glycolysis is the primary way energy is produced to maintain the proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis of cancer cells, even under normoxia. However, the potential molecular mechanism is still unknown. From this perspective, this review mainly aimed to summarize the current reasonable interpretation of aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer and some of the newest methods for the detection and treatment of pancreatic cancer. More specifically, we reported some biochemical parameters, such as newly developed enzymes and transporters, and further explored their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xianzhi Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Mengying Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Shui Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yien Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China. .,Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Changchun, 130041, China.
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Wang J, Yang XL. Novel functions of cytoplasmic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases shaping the hallmarks of cancer. Enzymes 2020; 48:397-423. [PMID: 33837711 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
With the intense protein synthesis demands of cancer, the classical enzymatic role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) is required to sustain tumor growth. However, many if not all aaRSs also possess regulatory functions outside of the domain of catalytic tRNA aminoacylation, which can further contribute to or even antagonize cancers in non-translational ways. These regulatory functions of aaRS are likely to be manipulated in cancer to ensure uncontrolled growth and survival. This review will largely focus on the unique capacities of individual and sometimes collaborating synthetases to influence the hallmarks of cancer, which represent the principles and characteristics of tumorigenesis. An interesting feature of cytoplasmic aaRSs in higher eukaryotes is the formation of a large multi-synthetase complex (MSC) with nine aaRSs held together by three non-enzymatic scaffolding proteins (AIMPs). The MSC-associated aaRSs, when released from the complex in response to certain stimulations, often participate in pathways that promote tumorigenesis. In contrast, the freestanding aaRSs are associated with activities in both directions-some promoting while others inhibiting cancer. The AIMPs have emerged as potent tumor suppressors through their own distinct mechanisms. We propose that the tumor-suppressive roles of AIMPs may also be a consequence of keeping the cancer-promoting aaRSs within the MSC. The rich connections between cancer and the synthetases have inspired the development of innovative cancer treatments that target or take advantage of these novel functions of aaRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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9
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Wang C, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Kong C. Functions of mammalian SIRT4 in cellular metabolism and research progress in human cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 32774484 PMCID: PMC7405384 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are mammalian homologs of yeast silent information regulator two (SIRT) and are a highly conserved family of proteins, which act as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases. The seven sirtuins (SIRT1-7) share a conserved catalytic core domain; however, they have different enzyme activities, biological functions, and subcellular localizations. Among them, mitochondrial SIRT4 possesses ADP-ribosyltransferase, NAD+-dependent deacetylase, lipoamidase, and long-chain deacylase activities and can modulate the function of substrate proteins via ADP-ribosylation, delipoylation, deacetylation and long-chain deacylation. SIRT4 has been shown to play a crucial role in insulin secretion, fatty acid oxidation, amino acid metabolism, ATP homeostasis, apoptosis, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that SIRT4 acts as a tumor suppressor. Here, the present review summarizes the enzymatic activities and biological functions of SIRT4, as well as its roles in cellular metabolism and human cancer, which are described in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China.,Department of Urological Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China.,Department of Urological Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China.,Department of Urological Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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10
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Wu JM, Ho TW, Lai IR, Chen CN, Lin MT. Parenteral glutamine supplementation improves serum albumin values in surgical cancer patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:645-650. [PMID: 32713723 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) often develop malnutrition, which deteriorates after cancer surgery and negatively affects surgical outcomes. Despite being an abundant and versatile amino acid involved in the immune system and metabolic functions, glutamine levels are significantly depleted among patients who are critically ill or hypercatabolic. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether parenteral glutamine supplementation may improve nutritional status and surgical outcomes. METHODS This retrospective, single-center cohort study included patients with GA who underwent gastrectomy between January 2007 and June 2019. Patients were classified into either the non-glutamine or glutamine group. Propensity score matching was used to minimize the bias in patient demographics. Furthermore, the average parenteral glutamine dose from the day of surgery to postoperative day four was calculated in g/kg/day. Surgical outcomes (length of hospitalization, major complication, and mortality) and changes in lymphocyte count and serum albumin levels 7 days post-surgery were assessed in both matched groups using adjusted models. RESULTS A total of 1950 patients were reviewed, among whom 522 (26.8%) received parenteral glutamine supplementation (glutamine dose ranging from 0.05 to 0.49 g/kg/day). Among the included patients, 57.2% were males, and the median age was 64.9 years. After matching, there were 478 cases in each group. No differences in surgical outcomes and changes in lymphocyte count were observed between both matched groups. The glutamine group exhibited a smaller decrease in serum albumin levels compared to the non-glutamine group (-0.6 vs. -1.1 g/dL; P < 0.001). The adjusted matched model showed that glutamine dose contributed significantly toward increasing serum albumin levels (coefficient = 0.08 per 0.1 g/day/kg increment in glutamine; 95% confidence interval: 0.04 to 0.10; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Perioperative parenteral glutamine supplementation had a positive dose-dependent impact on the recovery of serum albumin levels among patients with GA undergoing gastrectomy, implying that glutamine supplementation improved postoperative nutritional suppression and ameliorated stress-associated inflammation. Although glutamine supplementation was not associated with surgical outcomes, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the clinical significance of serum albumin restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ming Wu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Biomedical Science Park Branch, Hsin-Chu County, Taiwan
| | - Te-Wei Ho
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Rue Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Nien Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Masisi BK, El Ansari R, Alfarsi L, Rakha EA, Green AR, Craze ML. The role of glutaminase in cancer. Histopathology 2020; 76:498-508. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendah K Masisi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Rokaya El Ansari
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Lutfi Alfarsi
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Madeleine L Craze
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre Division of Cancer and Stem Cells School of Medicine University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute University Park Nottingham UK
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12
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TCA Cycle Rewiring as Emerging Metabolic Signature of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010068. [PMID: 31881713 PMCID: PMC7016696 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy. Despite progress in treatment, HCC is still one of the most lethal cancers. Therefore, deepening molecular mechanisms underlying HCC pathogenesis and development is required to uncover new therapeutic strategies. Metabolic reprogramming is emerging as a critical player in promoting tumor survival and proliferation to sustain increased metabolic needs of cancer cells. Among the metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a primary route for bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and redox balance requirements of cells. In recent years, a large amount of evidence has highlighted the relevance of the TCA cycle rewiring in a variety of cancers. Indeed, aberrant gene expression of several key enzymes and changes in levels of critical metabolites have been observed in many solid human tumors. In this review, we summarize the role of the TCA cycle rewiring in HCC by reporting gene expression and activity dysregulation of enzymes relating not only to the TCA cycle but also to glutamine metabolism, malate/aspartate, and citrate/pyruvate shuttles. Regarding the transcriptional regulation, we focus on the link between NF-κB-HIF1 transcriptional factors and TCA cycle reprogramming. Finally, the potential of metabolic targets for new HCC treatments has been explored.
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13
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Bai L, Bernard K, Tang X, Hu M, Horowitz JC, Thannickal VJ, Sanders YY. Glutaminolysis Epigenetically Regulates Antiapoptotic Gene Expression in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:49-57. [PMID: 30130138 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0180oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic responses involve multiple cellular processes, including epigenetic changes. Epigenetic changes are sensitive to alterations in the tissue microenvironment such as the flux of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites. TCA metabolites directly regulate epigenetic states, in part by regulating histone modification-related enzymes. Glutaminolysis is a critical metabolic process by which glutamine is converted to glutamate by glutaminase and then to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), a TCA cycle metabolite. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease characterized by aberrant metabolism, including enhanced glutaminolysis. IPF fibroblasts are apoptosis resistant. In this study, we explored the relationship between glutaminolysis and the resistance to apoptosis of IPF fibroblasts. Inhibition of glutaminolysis decreased expression of XIAP and survivin, members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. α-KG is a cofactor for JMJD3 histone demethylase, which targets H3K27me3. In the absence of glutamine, JMJD3 activity in fibroblasts is significantly decreased, whereas H3K27me3 levels are increased. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that JMJD3 directly interacts with XIAP and survivin promoter regions in a glutamine-dependent manner. Exogenous α-KG partially restores JMJD3 function and its interaction with the XIAP and survivin promoter regions under glutamine-deficient conditions. Interestingly, α-KG upregulates XIAP, but not survivin, suggesting differential α-KG-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which glutamine regulates these IAPs. Our data demonstrate a novel mechanism of metabolic regulation in which glutaminolysis promotes apoptosis resistance of IPF fibroblasts through epigenetic regulation of XIAP and survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Bai
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,2 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Karen Bernard
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Xuebo Tang
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Min Hu
- 1 Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- 3 Division of Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
| | - Yan Y Sanders
- 2 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; and
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Panzarini E, Vergallo C, Fanizzi FP, Mariano S, Tata AM, Dini L. The dialogue between died and viable cells: in vitro and in vivo bystander effects and 1H-NMR-based metabolic profiling of soluble factors. PURE APPL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bystander effect (BE) is an important biological phenomenon that induces damages in distant and not directly affected by a chemical/physical stress cells. This effect, well known in ionizing radiation treatment, relies on reactive signals released by exposed cells and transmitted via cell–cell interaction or culture medium. In this study, cycloheximide (CHX)-induced apoptotic U937 cells and untreated THP-1 cells were chosen to investigate the chemical-induced BE. The effects of apoptotic U937 cells culture medium, Conditioned Medium (CM), on THP-1 cells were evaluated by morphological and immunohistochemical analysis performed by light microscopy; 1D 1H and 2D J-resolved (JRES) NMR metabolomic analysis has been used to characterize the molecules involved in the BE. In summary, this study indicates that: CM of CHX-treated U937 cells induces a time-dependent induction of toxicity, probably apoptotic cell death, and macrophagic differentiation in THP-1 cells; CM contains different metabolites respect fresh culture medium; CM recruits in vivo activated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages and mononuclear inflammatory cells in rat calf muscles. These data suggest that CHX exposed cells could cause BE through the release, during the apoptotic process, of soluble factors into the medium that could be exploited in anticancer protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.) , University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Cristian Vergallo
- Department of Pharmacy , University of Chieti-Pescara “G. D’Annunzio” , Chieti , Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.) , University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.) , University of Salento , Lecce , Italy
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin” , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin” , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
- CNR-Nanotec , Lecce , Italy
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15
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Gwangwa MV, Joubert AM, Visagie MH. Effects of glutamine deprivation on oxidative stress and cell survival in breast cell lines. Biol Res 2019; 52:15. [PMID: 30917872 PMCID: PMC6437944 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-019-0224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumourigenic cells modify metabolic pathways in order to facilitate increased proliferation and cell survival resulting in glucose- and glutamine addiction. Previous research indicated that glutamine deprivation resulted in potential differential activity targeting tumourigenic cells more prominently. This is ascribed to tumourigenic cells utilising increased glutamine quantities for enhanced glycolysis- and glutaminolysis. In this study, the effects exerted by glutamine deprivation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell proliferation and cell death in breast tumourigenic cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, BT-20) and a non-tumourigenic breast cell line (MCF-10A) were investigated. Results Spectrophotometry demonstrated that glutamine deprivation resulted in decreased cell growth in a time-dependent manner. MCF-7 cell growth was decreased to 61% after 96 h of glutamine deprivation; MDA-MB-231 cell growth was decreased to 78% cell growth after 96 h of glutamine deprivation, MCF-10A cell growth was decreased 89% after 96 h of glutamine deprivation and BT-20 cell growth decreased to 86% after 24 h of glutamine deprivation and remained unchanged until 96 h of glutamine deprivation. Glutamine deprivation resulted in oxidative stress where superoxide levels were significantly elevated after 96 h in the MCF-7- and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Time-dependent production of hydrogen peroxide was accompanied by aberrant mitochondrial membrane potential. The effects of ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential were more prominently observed in the MCF-7 cell line when compared to the MDA-MB-231-, MCF-10A- and BT-20 cell lines. Cell cycle progression revealed that glutamine deprivation resulted in a significant increase in the S-phase after 72 h of glutamine deprivation in the MCF-7 cell line. Apoptosis induction resulted in a decrease in viable cells in all cell lines following glutamine deprivation. In the MCF-7 cells, 87.61% of viable cells were present after 24 h of glutamine deprivation. Conclusion This study demonstrates that glutamine deprivation resulted in decreased cell proliferation, time-dependent- and cell line-dependent ROS generation, aberrant mitochondrial membrane potential and disrupted cell cycle progression. In addition, the estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 cell line was more prominently affected. This study contributes to knowledge regarding the sensitivity of breast cancer cells and non-tumorigenic cells to glutamine deprivation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40659-019-0224-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi Violet Gwangwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Anna Margaretha Joubert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - Michelle Helen Visagie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
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16
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Delta-Tocotrienol Modulates Glutamine Dependence by Inhibiting ASCT2 and LAT1 Transporters in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Cells: A Metabolomic Approach. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9030050. [PMID: 30871192 PMCID: PMC6468853 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) primarily depends on glutamine. Both glutamine and essential amino acids (EAAs) have been reported to upregulate mTOR in NSCLC, which is a bioenergetics sensor involved in the regulation of cell growth, cell survival, and protein synthesis. Seen as novel concepts in cancer development, ASCT2 and LAT transporters allow glutamine and EAAs to enter proliferating tumors as well as send a regulatory signal to mTOR. Blocking or downregulating these glutamine transporters in order to inhibit glutamine uptake would be an excellent therapeutic target for treatment of NSCLC. This study aimed to validate the metabolic dysregulation of glutamine and its derivatives in NSCLC using cellular 1H-NMR metabolomic approach while exploring the mechanism of delta-tocotrienol (δT) on glutamine transporters, and mTOR pathway. Cellular metabolomics analysis showed significant inhibition in the uptake of glutamine, its derivatives glutamate and glutathione, and some EAAs in both cell lines with δT treatment. Inhibition of glutamine transporters (ASCT2 and LAT1) and mTOR pathway proteins (P-mTOR and p-4EBP1) was evident in Western blot analysis in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that δT inhibits glutamine transporters, thus inhibiting glutamine uptake into proliferating cells, which results in the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis via downregulation of the mTOR pathway.
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17
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Hoerner CR, Chen VJ, Fan AC. The 'Achilles Heel' of Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Glutaminase Inhibition as a Rational Treatment Strategy. KIDNEY CANCER 2019; 3:15-29. [PMID: 30854496 PMCID: PMC6400133 DOI: 10.3233/kca-180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An important hallmark of cancer is 'metabolic reprogramming' or the rewiring of cellular metabolism to support rapid cell proliferation [1-5]. Metabolic reprogramming through oncometabolite-mediated transformation or activation of oncogenes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) globally impacts energy production as well as glucose and glutamine utilization in RCC cells, which can promote dependence on glutamine supply to support cell growth and proliferation [6, 7]. Novel inhibitors of glutaminase, a key enzyme in glutamine metabolism, target glutamine addiction as a viable treatment strategy in metastatic RCC (mRCC). Here, we review glutamine metabolic pathways and how changes in cellular glutamine utilization enable the progression of RCC. This overview provides scientific rationale for targeting this pathway in patients with mRCC. We will summarize the current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor efficacy of glutaminase inhibitors in RCC, provide an overview of clinical efforts targeting glutaminase in mRCC, and review approaches for identifying biomarkers for patient stratification and detecting therapeutic response early on in patients treated with this novel class of anti-cancer drug. Ultimately, results of ongoing clinical trials will demonstrate whether glutaminase inhibition can be a worthy addition to the current armamentarium of drugs used for patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Hoerner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Viola J Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Alice C Fan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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18
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Leite da Silva A, dos Santos SGCG, Saraiva EP, Fonsêca VDFC, Givisiez PEN, Pascoal LAF, Martins TDD, de Amorim MLCM. Supplementation of diets with glutamine and glutamic acid attenuated the effects of cold stress on intestinal mucosa and performance of weaned piglets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of glutamine and glutamic acid inclusion in the diet of weaned piglets subjected to cold stress and thermoneutral environment. Sixty-four weaned piglets were assessed from 28 to 65 days of age. A completely randomised design consisting of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was tested – environments (thermoneutral and cold stress) and diets (control and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid (G + GA)). Performance, relative organ weight and carcass yield, and morphology of the intestinal mucosa were assessed. Supplementing the diets with G + GA reduced feed intake under both environments. This was associated with a decline in growth rate for piglets in the thermoneutral environment but not in the cold environment (P < 0.002). Feed efficiency was lower for piglets offered the control diets in the cold environment, but was significantly improved (24.6%) by G + GA supplementation in the cold but not the thermoneutral environment (P < 0.001). G + GA supplementation decreased small intestinal length and altered intestinal morphology with the highest villus/crypt depth ratio observed in piglets offered the G + GA supplemented diet in the cold environment. In summary, glutamine and glutamic acid diets mitigated the effects of cold stress on the intestinal mucosa and performance of weaned piglets.
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19
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Shen Y, Xu J, Webster TJ, Fang Y. Personalized nanomedicine: a rapid, sensitive, and selective UV-vis spectrophotometry method for the quantification of nanostructured PEG-asparaginase activity in children's plasma. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6337-6344. [PMID: 30410325 PMCID: PMC6198885 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s167380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose PEGylated asparaginase (PEG-ASNase), which hydrolyzes asparagine to ammonia and aspartic acid, is an effective nanostructured antitumor agent for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In order to monitor the activity of PEG-ASNase in plasma and design an individualization project, a rapid and sensitive method to determine PEG-ASNase activity in plasma using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry was established. Methods PEG-ASNase is commonly used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. With Nessler’s reagent as the chromogenic reagent of ammonia, a stable yellow complex was produced. The units of enzyme activity were defined as micromoles of ammonia released per minute. Results Calibration curves fitted by plotting the OD at 450 nm of the Nessler product vs concentration were linear in the range of 27.8–1,111.0 IU/L with r2=0.999. The lower limit of quantification for PEG-ASNase activity in human plasma was 20 IU/L with good accuracy and precision. The intra- and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were below 10% and accuracy ranged from 90% to 110% at all quality control levels. Analytical recoveries were determined between 90% and 110% for all quality control samples. Conclusion This study proved that the Nessler method is well validated and can be successfully applied in the determination of plasma samples in the clinical setting for patients with ALL. It takes personalized nanomedicine to an entirely new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongren Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China, .,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China,
| | - Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China, .,Key Laboratory of Hematology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China,
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Badjatia N, Cremers S, Claassen J, Connolly ES, Mayer SA, Karmally W, Seres D. Serum glutamine and hospital-acquired infections after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2018; 91:e421-e426. [PMID: 29959259 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand nutritional and inflammatory factors contributing to serum glutamine levels and their relationship to hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS A prospective observational study of patients with SAH who had measurements of daily caloric intake and C-reactive protein, transthyretin, tumor necrosis factor α receptor 1a (TNFαR1a), glutamine, and nitrogen balance performed within 4 preset time periods during the 14 days after SAH. Factors associated with glutamine levels and HAIs were analyzed with multivariable regression. HAIs were tracked daily for time-to-event analyses. Outcome 3 months after SAH was assessed by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS There were 77 patients with an average age of 55 ± 15 years. HAIs developed in 18 (23%) on mean SAH day 8 ± 3. In a multivariable linear regression model, negative nitrogen balance (p = 0.02) and elevated TNFαR1a (p = 0.04) were independently associated with higher glutamine levels during the study period. The 14-day mean glutamine levels were lower in patients who developed HAI (166 ± 110 vs 236 ± 81 μg/mL, p = 0.004). Poor admission Hunt and Hess grade (p = 0.04) and lower glutamine levels (p = 0.02) predicted time to first HAI. Low 14-day mean levels of glutamine were associated with a poor recovery on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status score (p = 0.03) and modified Rankin Scale score (p = 0.04) at 3 months after injury. CONCLUSIONS Declining glutamine levels in the first 14 days after SAH are influenced by inflammation and associated with an increased risk of HAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Badjatia
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
| | - Serge Cremers
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Jan Claassen
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - E Sander Connolly
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Stephan A Mayer
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Wahida Karmally
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - David Seres
- From the Section of Neurocritical Care (N.B.), Program in Trauma, Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; Neurological Institute of New York (J.C., E.S.C.), NY; Department of Neurology (S.A.M., W.K.), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI; and Institute of Human Nutrition and Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition (S.C., W.K.), Department of Internal Medicine (D.S.), Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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Liu N, Ma X, Luo X, Zhang Y, He Y, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu G, Wu Z. l-Glutamine Attenuates Apoptosis in Porcine Enterocytes by Regulating Glutathione-Related Redox Homeostasis. J Nutr 2018; 148:526-534. [PMID: 29659951 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death plays a fundamental role in intestinal development and mucosal homeostasis. Dysregulation of these processes is associated with an impaired intestinal-mucosal barrier, reduced nutrient absorption, and initiation and progression of intestinal diseases. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a product of lipid peroxidation, is commonly used to induce oxidative stress in cells. l-Glutamine is known to protect cells from apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Objective This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that l-glutamine attenuates 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by modulating glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (TXN) antioxidant systems and the expression of genes involved in 4-HNE metabolism in enterocytes. Methods Intestinal porcine epithelial cell line 1 (IPEC-1) cells were cultured with or without 4-HNE (30 μmol/L) in the presence of 0.05 or 0.25 mmol l-glutamine/L (a physiological concentration in the lumen of the small intestine) for indicated time periods. Cell viability, abundances of apoptotic proteins, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and GSH, and expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of GSH, thioredoxin, and 4-HNE metabolism were determined. Results Compared with basal medium containing 0.05 mmol l-glutamine/L, 4-HNE enhanced apoptosis by 19.6% (P < 0.05) in a caspase-3-dependent manner. This effect was accompanied by elevated intracellular ROS production (39.5% and 85.3% for 2- and 4-h treatment, respectively), increased mitochondrial depolarization by 80%, and decreased intracellular GSH concentrations by 17.7%. These effects of 4-HNE were reduced by 0.25 mmol l-glutamine/L. Further study showed that the protective effect of l-glutamine was associated with the enhanced expression of genes involved in GSH production (including GCLC, GCLM, GSR, CBS, and CTH) by 3.9-14-fold, as well as genes involved in 4-HNE metabolism [e.g., glutathione S-transferase A (GSTA)1 and GSTA4] by 1.9-7.2-fold. The mRNA levels for ADH5, AKR1C1, AKR1A1, and TXNRD1 were enhanced 1.4-8.8-fold by 4-HNE but were not changed in cells co-treated with 4-HNE and l-glutamine. Conclusion These findings indicate that l-glutamine attenuates 4-HNE-induced apoptosis by regulating GSH-related redox homeostasis and enhancing GSTA-mediated metabolism in enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoshi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
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22
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El Ansari R, McIntyre A, Craze ML, Ellis IO, Rakha EA, Green AR. Altered glutamine metabolism in breast cancer; subtype dependencies and alternative adaptations. Histopathology 2017; 72:183-190. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rokaya El Ansari
- Academic Pathology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham UK
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Cancer Biology Unit; Division of Cancer and Stem Cells; School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham UK
| | - Madeleine L Craze
- Academic Pathology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Academic Pathology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham UK
- Cellular Pathology; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Nottingham UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Academic Pathology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham UK
- Cellular Pathology; Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust; Nottingham UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Academic Pathology; University of Nottingham; Nottingham City Hospital; Nottingham UK
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23
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Chowdhury K, Kumar S, Sharma T, Sharma A, Bhagat M, Kamai A, Ford BM, Asthana S, Mandal CC. Presence of a consensus DNA motif at nearby DNA sequence of the mutation susceptible CG nucleotides. Gene 2017; 639:85-95. [PMID: 28986316 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complexity in tissues affected by cancer arises from somatic mutations and epigenetic modifications in the genome. The mutation susceptible hotspots present within the genome indicate a non-random nature and/or a position specific selection of mutation. An association exists between the occurrence of mutations and epigenetic DNA methylation. This study is primarily aimed at determining mutation status, and identifying a signature for predicting mutation prone zones of tumor suppressor (TS) genes. Nearby sequences from the top five positions having a higher mutation frequency in each gene of 42 TS genes were selected from a cosmic database and were considered as mutation prone zones. The conserved motifs present in the mutation prone DNA fragments were identified. Molecular docking studies were done to determine putative interactions between the identified conserved motifs and enzyme methyltransferase DNMT1. Collective analysis of 42 TS genes found GC as the most commonly replaced and AT as the most commonly formed residues after mutation. Analysis of the top 5 mutated positions of each gene (210 DNA segments for 42 TS genes) identified that CG nucleotides of the amino acid codons (e.g., Arginine) are most susceptible to mutation, and found a consensus DNA "T/AGC/GAGGA/TG" sequence present in these mutation prone DNA segments. Similar to TS genes, analysis of 54 oncogenes not only found CG nucleotides of the amino acid Arg as the most susceptible to mutation, but also identified the presence of similar consensus DNA motifs in the mutation prone DNA fragments (270 DNA segments for 54 oncogenes) of oncogenes. Docking studies depicted that, upon binding of DNMT1 methylates to this consensus DNA motif (C residues of CpG islands), mutation was likely to occur. Thus, this study proposes that DNMT1 mediated methylation in chromosomal DNA may decrease if a foreign DNA segment containing this consensus sequence along with CG nucleotides is exogenously introduced to dividing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankit Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhagat
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Asangla Kamai
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bridget M Ford
- Department of Biology, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio 78209, TX, USA
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Drug Discovery Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India.
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24
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Wawrzyniak R, Woźniak A, Gebreyohannes YK, Dykcik B, Schöffski P, Markuszewski MJ. Volatile organic compounds in gastrointestinal stromal tumour tissue originating from patient-derived xenografts. J Breath Res 2017; 11:037101. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa6d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Masle-Farquhar E, Bröer A, Yabas M, Enders A, Bröer S. ASCT2 (SLC1A5)-Deficient Mice Have Normal B-Cell Development, Proliferation, and Antibody Production. Front Immunol 2017; 8:549. [PMID: 28553292 PMCID: PMC5427077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC1A5 (solute carrier family 1, member 5) is a small neutral amino acid exchanger that is upregulated in rapidly proliferating lymphocytes but also in many primary human cancers. Furthermore, cancer cell lines have been shown to require SLC1A5 for their survival in vitro. One of SLC1A5's primary substrates is the immunomodulatory amino acid glutamine, which plays an important role in multiple key processes, such as energy supply, macromolecular synthesis, nucleotide biosynthesis, redox homeostasis, and resistance against oxidative stress. These processes are also essential to immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, B and T lymphocytes. We show here that mice with a stop codon in Slc1a5 have reduced glutamine uptake in activated lymphocytes and primary fibroblasts. B and T cell populations and maturation in resting mice were not affected by absence of SLC1A5. Antibody production in resting and immunized mice and the germinal center response to immunization were also found to be normal. SLC1A5 has been recently described as a novel target for the treatment of a variety of cancers, and our results indicate that inhibition of SLC1A5 in cancer therapy may be tolerated well by the immune system of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Masle-Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mehmet Yabas
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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26
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Cehreli R, Akpinar H, Artmann AT, Sagol O. Effects of Glutamine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Damage in Rat Model of Enterocolitis. Gastroenterology Res 2016; 8:265-273. [PMID: 27785307 PMCID: PMC5051045 DOI: 10.14740/gr683w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to investigate preventive effects of glutamine (Gln), omega-3 fatty acids (FA) on erythrocyte deformability (EDEF) in rat model of indomethacin-induced enterocolitis. Methods Nineteen Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups: control group, colitis induced by indomethacin and were fed with a standard laboratory diet (group 1), and colitis induced by indomethacin and were also fed with Gln, omega-3 FA (group 2). An investigation was performed in a rat model of experimental colitis induced by subcutaneous injections of 2 mL intdomethacine solution applied at 24 and 48 hours intervals to male Wistar rats for 14 days. Gln and omega-3 FA were added to the daily standard diets of the animals during 14 days of injections. During the study, changes in body weight were evaluated. The intestines were examined, and colitis was macroscopic and histologically scored. The circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukine-1β (IL-1β), erythrocyte transit time (ETT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined in addition to calculation of EDEF indices in all groups. Results No significant differences in body weight changes could be determined between the standard diet and special diet groups at the end of the experiment. After macroscopic and microscopic scoring, in all of the groups that colitis was found induced, the lowest microscopic score was observed in the group 2. But Gln and omega-3 FA supplemented diet did not change the mean macroscopic and histological scores in all rats. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels were significantly higher in group 1 and group 2 compared to the control group. Effects of the diet on circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels were found correlated with inflammation but statistically significant differences were not found in the group 1 and group 2 (P < 0.05). The ETT and TBARS levels in standard and special diet groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, EDEF indices which are an important parameter of the study were decreased in indomethacin-induced enterocolitis groups that fed with standard and special diet. Conclusions Increases in ETT and TBARS levels did not return to normal by addition of Gln and omega-3 FA to diet. Our results suggest that determination of effective optimal doses and route of administration for these nutrients may play an important role in reducing EDEF and microvascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksan Cehreli
- Department of Prevantive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Hale Akpinar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Temiz Artmann
- Department of Cell Biophysics and Cellular Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany
| | - Ozgul Sagol
- Department of Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey
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27
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Chen L, Cui H, Fang J, Deng H, Kuang P, Guo H, Wang X, Zhao L. Glutamine deprivation plus BPTES alters etoposide- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:54691-54701. [PMID: 27419628 PMCID: PMC5342373 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine provides cancer cells with the energy required to synthesize macromolecules. Methods which block glutamine metabolism in treatment of breast cancer inhibit oncogenic transformation and tumor growth. We investigated whether inhibiting glutamine metabolism produces effects that are synergistic with those produced by drugs which damage DNA in triple-negative breast cancer cells. HCC1937 and BT-549 breast cancer cells were co-treated with either cisplatin or etoposide in combination with BPTES (a specific inhibitor of glutaminase 1) or exposure to a glutamine-free medium, and the cell proliferation and cell apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, immunoblotting studies, and CCK-8 assays. The results showed that both glutamine deprivation and BPTES pretreatments increased the toxic effects of cisplatin and etoposide on HCC1937 cells, as demonstrated by their reduced proliferation, increased expression of apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase 9, and cleaved-caspase 3) and decreased Bcl-2/BAX ratio. However, in BT-549 cells, glutamine deprivation and BPTES treatment increased etoposide-induced apoptosis only when used with higher concentrations of etoposide, and the effect on cisplatin-induced apoptosis was minimal. These results suggest that the anti-cancer effects produced by a combined approach of inhibiting glutamine metabolism and administering common chemotherapeutic agents correlate with the tumor cell type and specific drugs being administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Jing Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ping Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Ya'an 625014, China
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28
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Shafi AA, Putluri V, Arnold JM, Tsouko E, Maity S, Roberts JM, Coarfa C, Frigo DE, Putluri N, Sreekumar A, Weigel NL. Differential regulation of metabolic pathways by androgen receptor (AR) and its constitutively active splice variant, AR-V7, in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31997-2012. [PMID: 26378018 PMCID: PMC4741655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) is primarily an androgen-dependent disease, which is treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Tumors usually develop resistance (castration-resistant PCa [CRPC]), but remain androgen receptor (AR) dependent. Numerous mechanisms for AR-dependent resistance have been identified including expression of constitutively active AR splice variants lacking the hormone-binding domain. Recent clinical studies show that expression of the best-characterized AR variant, AR-V7, correlates with resistance to ADT and poor outcome. Whether AR-V7 is simply a constitutively active substitute for AR or has novel gene targets that cause unique downstream changes is unresolved. Several studies have shown that AR activation alters cell metabolism. Using LNCaP cells with inducible expression of AR-V7 as a model system, we found that AR-V7 stimulated growth, migration, and glycolysis measured by ECAR (extracellular acidification rate) similar to AR. However, further analyses using metabolomics and metabolic flux assays revealed several differences. Whereas AR increased citrate levels, AR-V7 reduced citrate mirroring metabolic shifts observed in CRPC patients. Flux analyses indicate that the low citrate is a result of enhanced utilization rather than a failure to synthesize citrate. Moreover, flux assays suggested that compared to AR, AR-V7 exhibits increased dependence on glutaminolysis and reductive carboxylation to produce some of the TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle) metabolites. These findings suggest that these unique actions represent potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James M Arnold
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Efrosini Tsouko
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suman Maity
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin M Roberts
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel E Frigo
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Genomic Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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29
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Li Y, Li X, Li X, Zhong Y, Ji Y, Yu D, Zhang M, Wen JG, Zhang H, Goscinski MA, Nesland JM, Suo Z. PDHA1 gene knockout in prostate cancer cells results in metabolic reprogramming towards greater glutamine dependence. Oncotarget 2016; 7:53837-53852. [PMID: 27462778 PMCID: PMC5288225 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative pathways of metabolism endowed cancer cells with metabolic stress. Inhibiting the related compensatory pathways might achieve synergistic anticancer results. This study demonstrated that pyruvate dehydrogenase E1α gene knockout (PDHA1 KO) resulted in alterations in tumor cell metabolism by rendering the cells with increased expression of glutaminase1 (GLS1) and glutamate dehydrogenase1 (GLUD1), leading to an increase in glutamine-dependent cell survival. Deprivation of glutamine induced cell growth inhibition, increased reactive oxygen species and decreased ATP production. Pharmacological blockade of the glutaminolysis pathway resulted in massive tumor cells apoptosis and dysfunction of ROS scavenge in the LNCaP PDHA1 KO cells. Further examination of the key glutaminolysis enzymes in human prostate cancer samples also revealed that higher levels of GLS1 and GLUD1 expression were significantly associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and poor clinical outcome. These insights supply evidence that glutaminolysis plays a compensatory role for cell survival upon alternative energy metabolism and targeting the glutamine anaplerosis of energy metabolism via GLS1 and GLUD1 in cancer cells may offer a potential novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yali Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yasai Ji
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Dandan Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian-Guo Wen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mariusz Adam Goscinski
- Department of Surgery, the Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jahn M. Nesland
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pathology, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Ratnikov B, Aza-Blanc P, Ronai ZA, Smith JW, Osterman AL, Scott DA. Glutamate and asparagine cataplerosis underlie glutamine addiction in melanoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7379-89. [PMID: 25749035 PMCID: PMC4480687 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine dependence is a prominent feature of cancer metabolism, and here we
show that melanoma cells, irrespective of their oncogenic background, depend on
glutamine for growth. A quantitative audit of how carbon from glutamine is used
showed that TCA-cycle-derived glutamate is, in most melanoma cells, the major
glutamine-derived cataplerotic output and product of glutaminolysis. In the
absence of glutamine, TCA cycle metabolites were liable to depletion through
aminotransferase-mediated α-ketoglutarate-to-glutamate conversion and
glutamate secretion. Aspartate was an essential cataplerotic output, as melanoma
cells demonstrated a limited capacity to salvage external aspartate. Also, the
absence of asparagine increased the glutamine requirement, pointing to
vulnerability in the aspartate-asparagine biosynthetic pathway within melanoma
metabolism. In contrast to melanoma cells, melanocytes could grow in the absence
of glutamine. Melanocytes use more glutamine for protein synthesis rather than
secreting it as glutamate and are less prone to loss of glutamate and TCA cycle
metabolites when starved of glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Ratnikov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Pedro Aza-Blanc
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Smith
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Andrei L Osterman
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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31
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Abusneina A, Gauthier ER. Ammonium ions improve the survival of glutamine-starved hybridoma cells. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:23. [PMID: 27087916 PMCID: PMC4832542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a consequence of a reprogrammed metabolism, cancer cells are dependent on the amino acid l-glutamine for their survival, a phenomenon that currently forms the basis for the generation of new, cancer-specific therapies. In this paper, we report on the role which ammonium ions, a product of glutaminolysis, play on the survival of l-glutamine-deprived Sp2/0-Ag14 mouse hybridoma cells. Results The supplementation of l-glutamine-starved Sp2/0-Ag14 cell cultures with either ammonium acetate or ammonium chloride resulted in a significant increase in viability. This effect did not depend on the ability of cells to synthesize l-glutamine, and was not affected by the co-supplementation with α-ketoglutarate. When we examined the effect of ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride on the induction of apoptosis by glutamine deprivation, we found that ammonium salts did not prevent caspase-3 activation or cytochrome c leakage, indicating that they did not act by modulating core apoptotic processes. However, both ammonium acetate and ammonium chloride caused a significant reduction in the number of l-glutamine-starved cells exhibiting apoptotic nuclear fragmentation and/or condensation. Conclusion All together, our results show that ammonium ions promote the survival of l-glutamine-deprived Sp2/0-Ag14 cells and modulate late-apoptotic events. These findings highlight the complexity of the modulation of cell survival by l-glutamine, and suggest that targeting survival-signaling pathways modulated by ammonium ions should be examined as a potential anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R Gauthier
- Biomolecular Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada ; Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 Canada
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Abstract
Glutamine, reviewed extensively in the last century, is a key substrate for the splanchnic bed in the whole body and is a nutrient of particular interest in gastrointestinal research. A marked decrease in the plasma glutamine concentration has recently been observed in neonates and adults during acute illness and stress. Although some studies in newborns have shown parenteral and enteral supplementation with glutamine to be of benefit (by decreasing proteolysis and activating the immune system), clinical trials have not demonstrated prolonged advantages such as reductions in mortality or risk of infections in adults. In addition, glutamine is not able to combat the muscle wasting associated with disease or age-related sarcopenia. Oral glutamine supplementation initiated before advanced age in rats increases gut mass and improves the villus height of mucosa, thereby preventing the gut atrophy encountered in advanced age. Enterocytes from very old rats continuously metabolize glutamine into citrulline, which allowed, for the first time, the use of citrulline as a noninvasive marker of intestinal atrophy induced by advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Meynial-Denis
- D. Meynial-Denis is with the Unit of Human Nutrition (UNH), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Joint Research Unit (UMR) 1019, Center for Research in Human Nutrition (CRNH) Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Maximchik PV, Kulikov AV, Zhivotovsky BD, Gogvadze VG. Cellular energetics as a target for tumor cell elimination. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 81:65-79. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Chen L, Cui H. Targeting Glutamine Induces Apoptosis: A Cancer Therapy Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22830-55. [PMID: 26402672 PMCID: PMC4613338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine metabolism has been proved to be dysregulated in many cancer cells, and is essential for proliferation of most cancer cells, which makes glutamine an appealing target for cancer therapy. In order to be well used by cells, glutamine must be transported to cells by specific transporters and converted to glutamate by glutaminase. There are currently several drugs that target glutaminase under development or clinical trials. Also, glutamine metabolism restriction has been proved to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth both in vivo and vitro through inducing apoptosis, growth arrest and/or autophagy. Here, we review recent researches about glutamine metabolism in cancer, and cell death induced by targeting glutamine, and their potential roles in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agriculture University, Ya'an 625014, China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Role of host cell-derived amino acids in nutrition of intracellular Salmonella enterica. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4466-75. [PMID: 26351287 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00624-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica resides in a specific membrane-bound compartment termed the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Despite being segregated from access to metabolites in the host cell cytosol, Salmonella is able to efficiently proliferate within the SCV. We set out to unravel the nutritional supply of Salmonella in the SCV with focus on amino acids. We studied the availability of amino acids by the generation of auxotrophic strains for alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamine, and proline in a macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) and an epithelial cell line (HeLa) and examined access to extracellular nutrients for nutrition. Auxotrophies for alanine, asparagine, or proline attenuated intracellular replication in HeLa cells, while aspartate, asparagine, or proline auxotrophies attenuated intracellular replication in RAW264.7 macrophages. The different patterns of intracellular attenuation of alanine- or aspartate-auxotrophic strains support distinct nutritional conditions in HeLa cells and RAW264.7 macrophages. Supplementation of medium with individual amino acids restored the intracellular replication of mutant strains auxotrophic for asparagine, proline, or glutamine. Similarly, a mutant strain deficient in succinate dehydrogenase was complemented by the extracellular addition of succinate. Complementation of the intracellular replication of auxotrophic Salmonella by external amino acids was possible if bacteria were proficient in the induction of Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs) but failed in a SIF-deficient background. We propose that the ability of intracellular Salmonella to redirect host cell vesicular transport provides access of amino acids to auxotrophic strains and, more generally, is essential to continuously supply bacteria within the SCV with nutrients.
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Li Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Koštál V, Simek P, Moos M, Denlinger DL. Shifts in metabolomic profiles of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis associated with elevated cold tolerance induced by the parasitoid's diapause, host diapause and host diet augmented with proline. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 63:34-46. [PMID: 26005120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis can enhance its cold tolerance by exploiting a maternally-induced larval diapause. A simple manipulation of the fly host diapause status and supplementation of the host diet with proline also dramatically increase cold tolerance in the parasitoid. In this study, we used a metabolomics approach to define alterations in metabolite profiles of N. vitripennis caused by diapause in the parasitoid, diapause of the host, and augmentation of the host's diet with proline. Metabolic profiles of diapausing and nondiapausing parasitoid were significantly differentiated, with pronounced distinctions in levels of multiple cryoprotectants, amino acids, and carbohydrates. The dynamic nature of diapause was underscored by a shift in the wasp's metabolomic profile as the duration of diapause increased, a feature especially evident for increased concentrations of a suite of cryoprotectants. Metabolic pathways involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were distinctly enriched during diapause in the parasitoid. Host diapause status also elicited a pronounced effect on metabolic signatures of the parasitoid, noted by higher cryoprotectants and elevated compounds derived from glycolysis. Proline supplementation of the host diet did not translate directly into elevated proline in the parasitoid but resulted in an alteration in the abundance of many other metabolites, including elevated concentrations of essential amino acids, and reduction in metabolites linked to energy utilization, lipid and amino acid metabolism. Thus, the enhanced cold tolerance of N. vitripennis associated with proline augmentation of the host diet appears to be an indirect effect caused by the metabolic perturbations associated with diet supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lisheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hongyin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Vladimir Koštál
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Simek
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Harnett CC, Abusneina A, Clément J, Gauthier ER. Inhibition of MCL-1 by obatoclax sensitizes Sp2/0-Ag14 hybridoma cells to glutamine deprivation-induced apoptosis. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:334-40. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis C. Harnett
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. program; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
| | | | - Julie Clément
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
| | - Eric R. Gauthier
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. program; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
- Biology Department; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
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Visagie MH, Mqoco TV, Liebenberg L, Mathews EH, Mathews GE, Joubert AM. Influence of partial and complete glutamine-and glucose deprivation of breast-and cervical tumorigenic cell lines. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:37. [PMID: 26225207 PMCID: PMC4518607 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to their high proliferative requirements, tumorigenic cells possess altered metabolic systems whereby cells utilize higher quantities of glutamine and glucose. These altered metabolic requirements make it of interest to investigate the effects of physiological non-tumorigenic concentrations of glucose and glutamine on tumorigenic cells since deprivation of either results in a canonical amino acid response in mammalian cell. METHODS The influence of short-term exposure of tumorigenic cells to correlating decreasing glutamine- and glucose quantities were demonstrated in a highly glycolytic metastatic breast cell line and a cervical carcinoma cell line. Thereafter, cells were propagated in medium containing typical physiological concentrations of 1 mM glutamine and 6 mM glucose for 7 days. The effects on morphology were investigated by means of polarization-optical transmitted light differential interference contrast. Flow cytometry was used to demonstrate the effects of glutamine-and glucose starvation on cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction. Fluorometrics were also conducted to investigate the effects on intrinsic apoptosis induction (mitocapture), reactive oxygen species production (2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate) and acidic vesicle formation (acridine orange). RESULTS Morphological data suggests that glutamine-and glucose deprivation resulted in reduced cell density and rounded cells. Glutamine-and glucose starvation also resulted in an increase in the G2M phase and a sub-G1 peak. Complete starvation of glutamine and glucose resulted in the reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential in both cell lines with MDA-MB-231 cells more prominently affected when compared to HeLa cells. Further, starved cells could not be rescued sufficiently by propagating since cells possessed an increase in reactive oxygen species, acidic compartments and vacuole formation. CONCLUSION Starvation from glutamine and glucose for short periods resulted in decreased cell density, rounded cells and apoptosis induction by means of reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, the metastatic cell line reacted more prominently to glutamine-and glucose starvation due to their highly glycolytic nature. Satisfactory cellular rescue was not possible as cells demonstrated oxidative stress and depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential. This study contributes to the knowledge regarding the in vitro effects and signal transduction of glucose and/or l-glutamine deprivation in tumorigenic cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Helen Visagie
- />Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 South Africa
| | - Thandi Vuyelwa Mqoco
- />Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 South Africa
| | - Leon Liebenberg
- />Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa
| | - Edward Henry Mathews
- />Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa
| | - George Edward Mathews
- />Centre for Research and Continued Engineering Development, North-West University, Lynnwood Ridge, South Africa
| | - Anna Margaretha Joubert
- />Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, 0007 South Africa
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Choi SYC, Lin D, Gout PW, Collins CC, Xu Y, Wang Y. Lessons from patient-derived xenografts for better in vitro modeling of human cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:222-37. [PMID: 25305336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel cancer therapeutics is often plagued by discrepancies between drug efficacies obtained in preclinical studies and outcomes of clinical trials. The inconsistencies can be attributed to a lack of clinical relevance of the cancer models used for drug testing. While commonly used in vitro culture systems are advantageous for addressing specific experimental questions, they are often gross, fidelity-lacking simplifications that largely ignore the heterogeneity of cancers as well as the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. Factors such as tumor architecture, interactions among cancer cells and between cancer and stromal cells, and an acidic tumor microenvironment are critical characteristics observed in patient-derived cancer xenograft models and in the clinic. By mimicking these crucial in vivo characteristics through use of 3D cultures, co-culture systems and acidic culture conditions, an in vitro cancer model/microenvironment that is more physiologically relevant may be engineered to produce results more readily applicable to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Peter W Gout
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Colin C Collins
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, P.R. China.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Wu H, Li Z, Yang P, Zhang L, Fan Y, Li Z. PKM2 depletion induces the compensation of glutaminolysis through β-catenin/c-Myc pathway in tumor cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2397-405. [PMID: 25041845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic activity in cancer cells primarily rely on aerobic glycolysis. Besides glycolysis, some tumor cells also exhibit excessive addition to glutamine, which constitutes an advantage for tumor growth. M2-type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) plays a pivotal role in sustaining aerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and serine synthesis pathway. However, the participation of PKM2 in glutaminolysis is little to be known. Here we demonstrated that PKM2 depletion could provoke glutamine metabolism by enhancing the β-catenin signaling pathway and consequently promoting its downstream c-Myc-mediated glutamine metabolism in colon cancer cells. Treatment with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a glycolytic inhibitor, got consistent results with the above. In addition, the dimeric form of PKM2, which lacks the pyruvate kinase activities, plays a critical role in regulating β-catenin. Moreover, we found that overexpression of PKM2 negatively regulated β-catenin through miR-200a. These insights supply evidence that glutaminolysis plays a compensatory role for cell survival upon glucose metabolism impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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Machado N, Duailibi SE, Santos JAD, Penna V, Ferreira LM, Duailibi MT. Effects of glucose and glutamine concentrations in human dental pulp stem cells viability. An approach for cell transplantation. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 29:658-66. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-8650201400160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Lohr V, Hädicke O, Genzel Y, Jordan I, Büntemeyer H, Klamt S, Reichl U. The avian cell line AGE1.CR.pIX characterized by metabolic flux analysis. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:72. [PMID: 25077436 PMCID: PMC4124504 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In human vaccine manufacturing some pathogens such as Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara, measles, mumps virus as well as influenza viruses are still produced on primary material derived from embryonated chicken eggs. Processes depending on primary cell culture, however, are difficult to adapt to modern vaccine production. Therefore, we derived previously a continuous suspension cell line, AGE1.CR.pIX, from muscovy duck and established chemically-defined media for virus propagation. Results To better understand vaccine production processes, we developed a stoichiometric model of the central metabolism of AGE1.CR.pIX cells and applied flux variability and metabolic flux analysis. Results were compared to literature dealing with mammalian and insect cell culture metabolism focusing on the question whether cultured avian cells differ in metabolism. Qualitatively, the observed flux distribution of this avian cell line was similar to distributions found for mammalian cell lines (e.g. CHO, MDCK cells). In particular, glucose was catabolized inefficiently and glycolysis and TCA cycle seem to be only weakly connected. Conclusions A distinguishing feature of the avian cell line is that glutaminolysis plays only a minor role in energy generation and production of precursors, resulting in low extracellular ammonia concentrations. This metabolic flux study is the first for a continuous avian cell line. It provides a basis for further metabolic analyses to exploit the biotechnological potential of avian and vertebrate cell lines and to develop specific optimized cell culture processes, e.g. vaccine production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Lohr
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr, 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Shin DY, Choi SH, Park DI, Choi YH. Induction of G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest by Glutamine Deprivation in Human Prostate Carcinoma PC3 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2013.23.6.832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wei S, Liu L, Zhang J, Bowers J, Gowda GAN, Seeger H, Fehm T, Neubauer HJ, Vogel U, Clare SE, Raftery D. Metabolomics approach for predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:297-307. [PMID: 23142658 PMCID: PMC5528483 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease, which necessitates a variety of treatments and leads to different outcomes. As an example, only some women will benefit from chemotherapy. Identifying patients who will respond to chemotherapy and thereby improve their long-term survival has important implications to treatment protocols and outcomes, while identifying non responders may enable these patients to avail themselves of other investigational approaches or other potentially effective treatments. In this study, serum metabolite profiling was performed to identify potential biomarker candidates that can predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Metabolic profiles of serum from patients with complete (n = 8), partial (n = 14) and no response (n = 6) to chemotherapy were studied using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and statistical analysis methods. The concentrations of four metabolites, three (threonine, isoleucine, glutamine) from NMR and one (linolenic acid) from LC-MS were significantly different when comparing response to chemotherapy. A prediction model developed by combining NMR and MS derived metabolites correctly identified 80% of the patients whose tumors did not show complete response to chemotherapy. These results show promise for larger studies that could result in more personalized treatment protocols for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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45
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Ma L, Tao Y, Duran A, Llado V, Galvez A, Barger JF, Castilla EA, Chen J, Yajima T, Porollo A, Medvedovic M, Brill LM, Plas DR, Riedl SJ, Leitges M, Diaz-Meco MT, Richardson AD, Moscat J. Control of nutrient stress-induced metabolic reprogramming by PKCζ in tumorigenesis. Cell 2013; 152:599-611. [PMID: 23374352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells have high-energetic and anabolic needs and are known to adapt their metabolism to be able to survive and keep proliferating under conditions of nutrient stress. We show that PKCζ deficiency promotes the plasticity necessary for cancer cells to reprogram their metabolism to utilize glutamine through the serine biosynthetic pathway in the absence of glucose. PKCζ represses the expression of two key enzymes of the pathway, PHGDH and PSAT1, and phosphorylates PHGDH at key residues to inhibit its enzymatic activity. Interestingly, the loss of PKCζ in mice results in enhanced intestinal tumorigenesis and increased levels of these two metabolic enzymes, whereas patients with low levels of PKCζ have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, PKCζ and caspase-3 activities are correlated with PHGDH levels in human intestinal tumors. Taken together, this demonstrates that PKCζ is a critical metabolic tumor suppressor in mouse and human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Harnett CC, Guerin PJ, Furtak T, Gauthier ER. Control of late apoptotic events by the p38 stress kinase in L-glutamine-deprived mouse hybridoma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:417-26. [PMID: 23080342 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
L-Glutamine (Gln) starvation rapidly triggers apoptosis in Sp2/0-Ag14 (Sp2/0) murine hybridoma cells. Here, we report on the role played by the stress-activated kinase p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in this process. p38 activation was detected 2 h after Gln withdrawal and, although treatment with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 did not prevent caspase activation in Gln-starved cells, it reduced the occurrence of both nuclear condensation/fragmentation and apoptotic body formation. Similarly, transfection of Sp2/0 cells with a dominant negative p38 MAPK reduced the incidence of nuclear pyknosis and apoptotic body formation following 2 h of Gln starvation. Gln withdrawal-induced apoptosis was blocked by the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL or by the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. Interestingly, Bcl-xL expression inhibited p38 activation, but Z-VAD-fmk treatment did not, indicating that activation of this MAPK occurs downstream of mitochondrial dysfunction and is independent of caspases. Moreover, the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine prevented p38 phosphorylation, showing that p38 activation is triggered by an oxidative stress. Altogether, our findings indicate that p38 MAPK does not contribute to the induction of apoptosis in Gln-starved Sp2/0 cells. Rather, Gln withdrawal leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, causing an oxidative stress and p38 activation, the latter contributing to the formation of late morphological features of apoptotic Sp2/0 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis C Harnett
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Joëls M, Sarabdjitsingh RA, Karst H. Unraveling the Time Domains of Corticosteroid Hormone Influences on Brain Activity: Rapid, Slow, and Chronic Modes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:901-38. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Meynial-Denis D, Bielicki G, Beaufrère AM, Mignon M, Mirand PP, Renou JP. Glutamate and CO2 production from glutamine in incubated enterocytes of adult and very old rats. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:688-92. [PMID: 22898569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is the major fuel for enterocytes and promotes the growth of intestinal mucosa. Although oral glutamine exerts a positive effect on intestinal villus height in very old rats, how glutamine is used by enterocytes is unclear. Adult (8 months) and very old (27 months) female rats were exposed to intermittent glutamine supplementation for 50% of their age lifetime. Treated rats received glutamine added to their drinking water, and control rats received water alone. Jejunal epithelial cells (~300×10(6) cells) were incubated in oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer for 30 min containing [1-(13)C] glutamine (~17 M) for analysis of glutamine metabolites by (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR). An aliquot fraction was incubated in the presence of [U-(14)C] glutamine to measure produced CO2. Glutamine pretreatment increased glutamate production and decreased CO2 production in very old rats. The ratio CO2/glutamate, which was very high in control very old rats, was similar at both ages after glutamine pretreatment, as if enterocytes from very old rats recovered the metabolic abilities of enterocytes from adult rats. Our results suggest that long-term treatment with glutamine started before advanced age (a) prevented the loss of rat body weight without limiting sarcopenia and (b) had a beneficial effect on enterocytes from very old rats probably by favoring the role of glutamate as a precursor for glutathione, arginine and proline biosynthesis, which was not detected in (13)C NMR spectra in our experimental conditions.
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Visualization of glutamine transporter activities in living cells using genetically encoded glutamine sensors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38591. [PMID: 22723868 PMCID: PMC3375291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine plays a central role in the metabolism of critical biological molecules such as amino acids, proteins, neurotransmitters, and glutathione. Since glutamine metabolism is regulated through multiple enzymes and transporters, the cellular glutamine concentration is expected to be temporally dynamic. Moreover, differentiation in glutamine metabolism between cell types in the same tissue (e.g. neuronal and glial cells) is often crucial for the proper function of the tissue as a whole, yet assessing cell-type specific activities of transporters and enzymes in such heterogenic tissue by physical fractionation is extremely challenging. Therefore, a method of reporting glutamine dynamics at the cellular level is highly desirable. Genetically encoded sensors can be targeted to a specific cell type, hence addressing this knowledge gap. Here we report the development of Föster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) glutamine sensors based on improved cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins, monomeric Teal Fluorescent Protein (mTFP)1 and venus. These sensors were found to be specific to glutamine, and stable to pH-changes within a physiological range. Using cos7 cells expressing the human glutamine transporter ASCT2 as a model, we demonstrate that the properties of the glutamine transporter can easily be analyzed with these sensors. The range of glutamine concentration change in a given cell can also be estimated using sensors with different affinities. Moreover, the mTFP1-venus FRET pair can be duplexed with another FRET pair, mAmetrine and tdTomato, opening up the possibility for real-time imaging of another molecule. These novel glutamine sensors will be useful tools to analyze specificities of glutamine metabolism at the single-cell level.
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Ryder C, McColl K, Zhong F, Distelhorst CW. Acidosis promotes Bcl-2 family-mediated evasion of apoptosis: involvement of acid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor Gpr65 signaling to Mek/Erk. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27863-75. [PMID: 22685289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis arises in solid and lymphoid malignancies secondary to altered nutrient supply and utilization. Tumor acidosis correlates with therapeutic resistance, although the mechanism behind this effect is not fully understood. Here we show that incubation of lymphoma cell lines in acidic conditions (pH 6.5) blocks apoptosis induced by multiple cytotoxic metabolic stresses, including deprivation of glucose or glutamine and treatment with dexamethasone. We sought to examine the role of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators in this process. Interestingly, we found that acidic culture causes elevation of both Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, while also attenuating glutamine starvation-induced elevation of p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and Bim. We confirmed with knockdown studies that these shifts direct survival decisions during starvation and acidosis. Importantly, the promotion of a high anti- to pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member ratio by acidosis renders cells exquisitely sensitive to the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonist ABT-737, suggesting that acidosis causes Bcl-2 family dependence. This dependence appears to be mediated, in part, by the acid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, GPR65, via a MEK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ryder
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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