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Extracellular Vesicles in Corneal Fibrosis/Scarring. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115921. [PMID: 35682600 PMCID: PMC9180085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells and the microenvironment is a complex, yet crucial, element in the development and progression of varied physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence in different disease models highlights roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs), either in modulating cell signaling paracrine mechanism(s) or harnessing their therapeutic moiety. Of interest, the human cornea functions as a refractive and transparent barrier that protects the intraocular elements from the external environment. Corneal trauma at the ocular surface may lead to diminished corneal clarity and detrimental effects on visual acuity. The aberrant activation of corneal stromal cells, which leads to myofibroblast differentiation and a disorganized extracellular matrix is a central biological process that may result in corneal fibrosis/scarring. In recent years, understanding the pathological and therapeutic EV mechanism(s) of action in the context of corneal biology has been a topic of increasing interest. In this review, we describe the clinical relevance of corneal fibrosis/scarring and how corneal stromal cells contribute to wound repair and their generation of the stromal haze. Furthermore, we will delve into EV characterization, their subtypes, and the pathological and therapeutic roles they play in corneal scarring/fibrosis.
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2
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Laing RW, Stubblefield S, Wallace L, Roobrouck VD, Bhogal RH, Schlegel A, Boteon YL, Reynolds GM, Ting AE, Mirza DF, Newsome PN, Mergental H, Afford SC. The Delivery of Multipotent Adult Progenitor Cells to Extended Criteria Human Donor Livers Using Normothermic Machine Perfusion. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1226. [PMID: 32714318 PMCID: PMC7344318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-clinical research with multi-potent adult progenitor cells (MAPC® cells, Multistem, Athersys Inc., Cleveland, Ohio) suggests their potential as an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory therapy in organ transplantation. Normothermic machine perfusion of the liver (NMP-L) has been proposed as a way of introducing therapeutic agents into the donor organ. Delivery of cellular therapy to human donor livers using this technique has not yet been described in the literature. The primary objectives of this study were to develop a technique for delivering cellular therapy to human donor livers using NMP-L and demonstrate engraftment. Methods: Six discarded human livers were perfused for 6 h at 37°C using the Liver Assist (Organ Assist, Groningen). 50 × 106 CMPTX-labeled MAPC cells were infused directly into the right lobe via the hepatic artery (HA, n = 3) or portal vein (PV, n = 3) over 20 min at different time points during the perfusion. Perfusion parameters were recorded and central and peripheral biopsies were taken at multiple time-points from both lobes and subjected to standard histological stains and confocal microscopy. Perfusate was analyzed using a 35-plex multiplex assay and proteomic analysis. Results: There was no detrimental effect on perfusion flow parameters on infusion of MAPC cells by either route. Three out of six livers met established criteria for organ viability. Confocal microscopy demonstrated engraftment of MAPC cells across vascular endothelium when perfused via the artery. 35-plex multiplex analysis of perfusate yielded 13 positive targets, 9 of which appeared to be related to the infusion of MAPC cells (including Interleukin's 1b, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, MCP-1, GM-CSF, SDF-1a). Proteomic analysis revealed 295 unique proteins in the perfusate from time-points following the infusion of cellular therapy, many of which have strong links to MAPC cells and mesenchymal stem cells in the literature. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated their immunomodulatory potential. Conclusion: We have demonstrated that cells can be delivered directly to the target organ, prior to host immune cell population exposure and without compromising the perfusion. Transendothelial migration occurs following arterial infusion. MAPC cells appear to secrete a host of soluble factors that would have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory benefits in a human model of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Laing
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lorraine Wallace
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ricky H Bhogal
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schlegel
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yuri L Boteon
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Darius F Mirza
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Newsome
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Hynek Mergental
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C Afford
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Rowe G, Kelm NQ, Beare JE, Tracy E, Yuan F, LeBlanc AJ. Enhanced beta-1 adrenergic receptor responsiveness in coronary arterioles following intravenous stromal vascular fraction therapy in aged rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:4561-4578. [PMID: 31296794 PMCID: PMC6660031 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Our past study showed that a single tail vein injection of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) into old rats was associated with improved dobutamine-mediated coronary flow reserve. We hypothesize that i.v. injection of SVF improves coronary microvascular function in aged rats via alterations in beta adrenergic microvascular signaling. Female Fischer-344 rats aged young (3 months, n=32) and old (24 months, n=30) were utilized, along with two cell therapies intravenously injected in old rats four weeks prior to sacrifice: 1x107 green fluorescent protein (GFP+) SVF cells (O+SVF, n=21), and 5x106 GFP+ bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (O+BM, n=6), both harvested from young donors. Cardiac ultrasound and pressure-volume measurements were obtained, and coronary arterioles were isolated from each group for microvessel reactivity studies and immunofluorescence staining. Coronary flow reserve decreased with advancing age, but this effect was rescued by the SVF treatment in the O+SVF group. Echocardiography showed an age-related diastolic dysfunction that was improved with SVF to a greater extent than with BM treatment. Coronary arterioles isolated from SVF-treated rats showed amelioration of the age-related decrease in vasodilation to a non-selective β-AR agonist. I.v. injected SVF cells improved β-adrenergic receptor-dependent coronary flow and microvascular function in a model of advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Rowe
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Natia Q. Kelm
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jason E. Beare
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Evan Tracy
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Fangping Yuan
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Amanda J. LeBlanc
- Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Burgess JK, Heijink IH. Paving the Road for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Therapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension. STEM CELL-BASED THERAPY FOR LUNG DISEASE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122497 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-29403-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic neonatal lung disease characterized by inflammation and arrest of alveolarization. Its common sequela, pulmonary hypertension (PH), presents with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance associated with remodeling of the pulmonary arterioles. Despite notable advancements in neonatal medicine, there is a severe lack of curative treatments to help manage the progressive nature of these diseases. Numerous studies in preclinical models of BPD and PH have demonstrated that therapies based on mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can resolve pulmonary inflammation and ameliorate the severity of disease. Recent evidence suggests that novel, cell-free approaches based on MSC-derived exosomes (MEx) might represent a compelling therapeutic alternative offering major advantages over treatments based on MSC transplantation. Here, we will discuss the development of MSC-based therapies, stressing the centrality of paracrine action as the actual vector of MSC therapeutic functionality, focusing on MEx. We will briefly present our current understanding of the biogenesis and secretion of MEx, and discuss potential mechanisms by which they afford such beneficial effects, including immunomodulation and restoration of homeostasis in diseased states. We will also review ongoing clinical trials using MSCs as treatment for BPD that pave the way for bringing cell-free, MEx-based therapeutics from the bench to the NICU setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette K. Burgess
- The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H. Heijink
- The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Netsch P, Elvers-Hornung S, Uhlig S, Klüter H, Huck V, Kirschhöfer F, Brenner-Weiß G, Janetzko K, Solz H, Wuchter P, Bugert P, Bieback K. Human mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit platelet activation and aggregation involving CD73-converted adenosine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:184. [PMID: 29973267 PMCID: PMC6033237 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0936-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising cell therapy candidates. Clinical application is considered safe. However, minor side effects have included thromboembolism and instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions suggesting an effect of MSC infusion on hemostasis. Previous studies focusing on plasmatic coagulation as a secondary hemostasis step detected both procoagulatory and anticoagulatory activities of MSCs. We now focus on primary hemostasis and analyzed whether MSCs can promote or inhibit platelet activation. Methods Effects of MSCs and MSC supernatant on platelet activation and function were studied using flow cytometry and further platelet function analyses. MSCs from bone marrow (BM), lipoaspirate (LA) and cord blood (CB) were compared to human umbilical vein endothelial cells or HeLa tumor cells as inhibitory or activating cells, respectively. Results BM-MSCs and LA-MSCs inhibited activation and aggregation of stimulated platelets independent of the agonist used. This inhibitory effect was confirmed in diagnostic point-of-care platelet function analyses in platelet-rich plasma and whole blood. Using inhibitors of the CD39–CD73–adenosine axis, we showed that adenosine produced by CD73 ectonucleotidase activity was largely responsible for the LA-MSC and BM-MSC platelet inhibitory action. With CB-MSCs, batch-dependent responses were obvious, with some batches exerting inhibition and others lacking this effect. Conclusions Studies focusing on plasmatic coagulation suggested both procoagulatory and anticoagulatory activities of MSCs. We now show that MSCs can, dependent on their tissue origin, inhibit platelet activation involving adenosine converted from adenosine monophosphate by CD73 ectonucleotidase activity. These data may have strong implications for safety and risk/benefit assessment regarding MSCs from different tissue sources and may help to explain the tissue protective mode of action of MSCs. The adenosinergic pathway emerges as a key mechanism by which MSCs exert hemostatic and immunomodulatory functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0936-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Netsch
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Elvers-Hornung
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Uhlig
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Flow Core Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - V Huck
- Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F Kirschhöfer
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - G Brenner-Weiß
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - K Janetzko
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Solz
- Mannheim Clinic for Plastic Surgery, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Wuchter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert Straße 107, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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6
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Huang P, Zhou J, Chen S, Zou C, Zhao X, Li J. The association between obstructive sleep apnea and shortened telomere length: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2017; 48:107-112. [PMID: 29883927 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to provide a more precise estimate of the relationship between telomere length and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by systematically reviewing evidence. METHOD We conducted a systematic electronic search in the databases of the PUBMED, PsycINFO, OVID (Medline), EMBASE and other resources (such as Google Scholar). The methodological quality of the articles was assessed according to the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-square test for Cochrane's Q statistic and I-squared. When heterogeneity was found to be reasonably high between studies, the random-effects model with the mean difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) was conducted using RevMan 5 software by using the inverse variance method (P < 0.05; chi-square test). By contrast, the fixed-effects model was carried out. RESULTS Eight eligible studies involving 2639 participants were included in our meta-analysis. Shortened telomere length was significantly associated with OSA with mean difference of -0.03 (95% CI: -0.06, -0.00; P = 0.003 with I-square of 85%). The results of subgroup analysis preformed by age and sample number suggested that shorter telomere length was significantly associated with OSA, with mean difference of -0.07 (95% CI: -0.07, -0.01; P = 0.005) for adult group and -0.04 (95% CI: -0.02, -0.06; P = 0.005) for large-sample studies. CONCLUSION Compared to healthy people, individuals with OSA have shorter telomere lengths which implicates early intervention and timely treatment for preventing future adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghua Zhou
- Geriatrics Department, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanping Chen
- Geriatrics Department, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zou
- Geriatrics Department, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufang Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Li
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media ameliorate diabetic endothelial dysfunction by improving mitochondrial bioenergetics via the Sirt1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2181-2198. [PMID: 27613156 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vasculopathy is a major complication of diabetes. Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics and biogenesis due to oxidative stress are a critical causal factor for diabetic endothelial dysfunction. Sirt1, an NAD+-dependent enzyme, is known to play an important protective role through deacetylation of many substrates involved in oxidative phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species generation. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) has emerged as a promising cell-free therapy due to the trophic actions of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-secreted molecules. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of MSC-CMs in diabetic endothelial dysfunction, focusing on the Sirt1 signalling pathway and the relevance to mitochondrial function. We found that high glucose-stimulated MSC-CM attenuated several glucotoxicity-induced processes, oxidative stress and apoptosis of endothelial cells of the human umbilical vein. MSC-CM perfusion in diabetic rats ameliorated compromised aortic vasodilatation and alleviated oxidative stress in aortas. We further demonstrated that these effects were dependent on improved mitochondrial function and up-regulation of Sirt1 expression. MSC-CMs activated the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt), leading to direct interaction between Akt and Sirt1, and subsequently enhanced Sirt1 expression. In addition, both MSC-CM and Sirt1 activation could increase the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), as well as increase the mRNA expression of its downstream, mitochondrial, biogenesis-related genes. This indirect regulation was mediated by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Overall our findings indicated that MSC-CM had protective effects on endothelial cells, with respect to glucotoxicity, by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt/Sirt1 pathway, and Sirt1 potentiated mitochondrial biogenesis, through the Sirt1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway.
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Yan L, Chen X, Talati M, Nunley BW, Gladson S, Blackwell T, Cogan J, Austin E, Wheeler F, Loyd J, West J, Hamid R. Bone Marrow-derived Cells Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:898-909. [PMID: 26651104 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201502-0407oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive lung disease of the pulmonary microvasculature. Studies suggest that bone marrow (BM)-derived circulating cells may play an important role in its pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES We used a genetic model of PAH, the Bmpr2 mutant mouse, to study the role of BM-derived circulating cells in its pathogenesis. METHODS Recipient mice, either Bmpr2(R899X) mutant or controls, were lethally irradiated and transplanted with either control or Bmpr2(R899X) BM cells. Donor cells were traced in female recipient mice by Y chromosome painting. Molecular and function insights were provided by expression and cytokine arrays combined with flow cytometry, colony-forming assays, and competitive transplant assays. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We found that mutant BM cells caused PAH with remodeling and inflammation when transplanted into control mice, whereas control BM cells had a protective effect against the development of disease, when transplanted into mutant mice. Donor BM-derived cells were present in the lungs of recipient mice. Functional and molecular analysis identified mutant BM cell dysfunction suggestive of a PAH phenotype soon after activation of the transgene and long before the development of lung pathology. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that BM cells played a key role in PAH pathogenesis and that the transplanted BM cells were able to drive the lung phenotype in a myeloablative transplant model. Furthermore, the specific cell types involved were derived from hematopoietic stem cells and exhibit dysfunction long before the development of lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yan
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Xinping Chen
- 2 Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Megha Talati
- 2 Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Santhi Gladson
- 2 Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Tom Blackwell
- 2 Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Joy Cogan
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Eric Austin
- 3 Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Ferrin Wheeler
- 4 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James Loyd
- 2 Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - James West
- 2 Division of Respiratory and Critical Care, Department of Medicine
| | - Rizwan Hamid
- 1 Division of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
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Pouriran R, Piryaei A, Mostafavinia A, Zandpazandi S, Hendudari F, Amini A, Bayat M. The Effect of Combined Pulsed Wave Low-Level Laser Therapy and Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium on Open Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:345-54. [PMID: 27227981 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nobility of this scientific study was to investigate the combined effects of pulsed wave low-level laser therapy (PWLLLT) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (hBM-MSC-CM) on the biomechanical parameters of wounds in an experimental model for diabetes mellitus (DM). BACKGROUND DATA PWLLLT exhibited biostimulatory effects on wounds in diabetic animals. Secretomes can be administered into wounds by the use of BM-MSC-CM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Type I DM was induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ). Two wounds were made on proximal and distal parts in the dorsal region of each rat. Rats were divided into four groups. The first group was considered as the control group. The second group received hBM-MSC-CM. The third group received PWLLLT. The fourth group received hBM-MSC-CM+LASER. hBM-MSC-CM was administrated twice intraperitoneally. The proximal wounds in the third and fourth groups were treated with a pulsed laser by 890 nm wavelength, 80 Hz frequency, and 0.2 J/cm(2) energy densities. On the 15th day, a standard sample from each healing wound was submitted for biomechanical examination. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance test. RESULTS PWLLLT and hBM-MSC-CM, alone or in combination, significantly increased biomechanical parameters within the healing wounds. However, PWLLLT was statistically more effective compared with the hBM-MSC-CM. In the third and fourth groups, the numbers of wound closures were significantly enhanced in proximal part, contrary to the control ones. CONCLUSIONS It was magnificently attained that PWLLLT significantly accelerated the wound healing process in the experimental model for STZ-induced type I DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Pouriran
- 1 School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- 2 Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
- 3 Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ataroalsadat Mostafavinia
- 2 Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Zandpazandi
- 1 School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzane Hendudari
- 2 Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Amini
- 2 Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- 2 Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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10
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Mohsenin V. The emerging role of microRNAs in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Sleep Breath 2016; 20:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zhu Z, Fang Z, Hu X, Zhou S. MicroRNAs and mesenchymal stem cells: hope for pulmonary hypertension. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 30:380-5. [PMID: 26313730 PMCID: PMC4541786 DOI: 10.5935/1678-9741.20150033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a devastating and refractory disease and there is no cure
for this disease. Recently, microRNAs and mesenchymal stem cells emerged as novel
methods to treat pulmonary hypertension. More than 20 kinds of microRNAs may
participate in the process of pulmonary hypertension. It seems microRNAs or
mesenchymal stem cells can ameliorate some symptoms of pulmonary hypertension in
animals and even improve heart and lung function during pulmonary hypertension.
Nevertheless, the relationship between mesenchymal stem cells, microRNAs and
pulmonary hypertension is not clear. And the mechanisms underlying their function
still need to be investigated. In this study we review the recent findings in
mesenchymal stem cells - and microRNAs-based pulmonary hypertension treatment,
focusing on the potential role of microRNAs regulated mesenchymal stem cells in
pulmonary hypertension and the role of exosomes between mesenchymal stem cells and
pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Zhu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
| | - Zhenfei Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
| | - Xinqun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Huan Province, CN
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12
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Feisst V, Meidinger S, Locke MB. From bench to bedside: use of human adipose-derived stem cells. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:149-62. [PMID: 26586955 PMCID: PMC4636091 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s64373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) in human adipose tissue nearly 15 years ago, significant advances have been made in progressing this promising cell therapy tool from the laboratory bench to bedside usage. Standardization of nomenclature around the different cell types used is finally being adopted, which facilitates comparison of results between research groups. In vitro studies have assessed the ability of ASC to undergo mesenchymal differentiation as well as differentiation along alternate lineages (transdifferentiation). Recently, focus has shifted to the immune modulatory and paracrine effects of transplanted ASC, with growing interest in the ASC secretome as a source of clinical effect. Bedside use of ASC is advancing alongside basic research. An increasing number of safety-focused Phase I and Phase IIb trials have been published without identifying any significant risks or adverse events in the short term. Phase III trials to assess efficacy are currently underway. In many countries, regulatory frameworks are being developed to monitor their use and assure their safety. As many trials rely on ASC injected at a distant site from the area of clinical need, strategies to improve the homing and efficacy of transplanted cells are also being explored. This review highlights each of these aspects of the bench-to-bedside use of ASC and summarizes their clinical utility across a variety of medical specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughan Feisst
- Dunbar Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Meidinger
- Dunbar Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michelle B Locke
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Conditioned medium of adipose-derived stromal cell culture in three-dimensional bioreactors for enhanced wound healing. J Surg Res 2015; 194:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Sdrimas K, Kourembanas S. MSC microvesicles for the treatment of lung disease: a new paradigm for cell-free therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1905-15. [PMID: 24382303 PMCID: PMC4202925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), also known as chronic lung disease of infancy, is a major complication of preterm birth that, despite improvements in neonatal respiratory support and perinatal care, remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality, often with severe adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae. Even with major advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease, BPD remains essentially without adequate treatment. RECENT ADVANCES Cell-based therapies arose as a promising treatment for acute and chronic lung injury in many experimental models of disease. Currently, more than 3000 human clinical trials employing cell therapy for the treatment of diverse diseases, including cardiac, neurologic, immune, and respiratory conditions, are ongoing or completed. Among the treatments, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most studied and have been extensively tested in experimental models of BPD, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and acute lung injury. CRITICAL ISSUES Despite the promising potential, MSC therapy for human lung disease still remains at an experimental stage and optimal transplantation conditions need to be determined. Although the mechanism of MSC action can be manifold, accumulating evidence suggests a predominant paracrine, immunomodulatory, and cytoprotective effect. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The current review summarizes the effect of MSC treatment in models of lung injury, including BPD, and focuses on the MSC secretome and, specifically, MSC-derived microvesicles as potential key mediators of therapeutic action that can be the focus of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Sdrimas
- 1 Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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15
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Lanzola E, Farha S, Erzurum SC, Asosingh K. Bone marrow-derived vascular modulatory cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2014; 3:781-91. [PMID: 25006394 DOI: 10.1086/674769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis and vascular homeostasis are closely linked to each other via subsets of circulating bone marrow-derived cells with potent activity to repair endothelial injury and promote angiogenesis. As a consequence, abnormalities in hematopoiesis will eventually affect vascular health. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular disease characterized by severe remodeling of the pulmonary artery wall. Over the past decade, circulating hematopoietic cells have been assigned an increasing role in the remodeling, such that these cells have been used in new therapeutic strategies. More recently, research has been extended to the bone marrow where these cells originate to identify abnormalities in hematopoiesis that may underlie PAH. Here, we review the current literature and identify gaps in knowledge of the myeloid effects on PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lanzola
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samar Farha
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; Lerner Research Institute and Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; Lerner Research Institute and Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Chang H, Park JH, Min KH, Lee RS, Kim EK. Whitening effects of adipose-derived stem cells: a preliminary in vivo study. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2014; 38:230-233. [PMID: 23613191 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-013-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many studies have reported various growth factors secreted from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). In particular, regenerative effects in skin have received much attention in the clinical fields. The in vitro whitening effects of ADSCs have been reported. A previous study demonstrated that ADSCs secrete growth factors that inhibit both melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo whitening effect of ADSCs using mouse models. In the study, ADSCs were isolated from the adipose tissue of C57BL/6 mice and cultured. The ADSCs (1 × 10(6) cells in 30 μl of Hanks' balanced salt solution [HBSS]) then were injected intradermally in the dorsal area of the right ear, and 30 μl of HBSS was injected on the left ear as a control. After 7 days, both ears were irradiated with ultraviolet B (UVB) (150 mJ/cm(2)) three times at 2-day intervals. The sections of each ear were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Fontana-Masson, and HMB-45 (a melanocytic cell-specific monoclonal antibody). The histologic parameters evaluated included inflammation (+/-), erosion (+/-), and melanin formation (graded on a scale of 1 to 3). No significant differences in inflammation or erosion were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining (inflammation: p = 0.388; erosion: p = 0.355). However, significantly more melanin formation was observed in the control group than in the ADSC injection group by Fontana-Masson and HMB-45 staining (Fontana-Masson: p = 0.025; HMB-45: p = 0.015). The study findings suggest that ADSCs inhibit melanin formation induced by UV exposure. Potentially, ADSCs may be used as anti-aging agents, including skin whitening. Before human clinical studies can be conducted, further study is required to determine the mechanisms underlying the whitening effects of ADSCs and the safety of ADSC use. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Park
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, 280-1 Hagae-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-872, South Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Min
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, 280-1 Hagae-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 139-872, South Korea.
| | - Ryun Suk Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chen TS, Lim SK. Measurement of precursor miRNA in exosomes from human ESC-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1024:69-86. [PMID: 23719943 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-453-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been shown to secrete exosomes that are cardioprotective against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in a mouse model. To elucidate this cardioprotective mechanism, we have characterized the protein, nucleic acid, and lipid composition of MSC exosomes. Here we describe the isolation and analysis of RNA in MSC exosome. We have previously reported that RNAs in MSC exosome are primarily small RNA molecules of <300 nt and they include many miRNAs. Many of these miRNAs are in the precursor form suggesting that pre-miRNAs, and not mature miRNAs are preferentially loaded into exosomes. The protocols described here include assays to ascertain the presence of pre-miRNAs, profiling of miRNA and pre-miRNA, and quantitative estimation of mature and pre-miRNA.
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ZHANG XUE, WANG ZONGSHUAI, LUAN YUN, LIN MEI, ZHU XIAOBO, MA YU, ZHANG ZHAOHUA, WANG YIBIAO. The effect of PS-341 on pulmonary vascular remodeling in high blood flow-induced pulmonary hypertension. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:105-10. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Liang X, Lian Q, Tse HF. Perspective and challenges of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiovascular regeneration. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2013; 11:505-17. [PMID: 23570363 DOI: 10.1586/erc.13.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit multipotent differentiation potential and can be derived from embryonic, neonatal and adult differentiation stage III tissue sources. While increasing preclinical studies and clinical trials have indicated that MSC-based therapy is a promising strategy for cardiovascular regeneration, there are major challenges to overcome before this stem-cell technology can be widely applied in clinical settings. In this review, the following important issues will be addressed. First, optimal sources of MSC derivation suitable for myocardial repair are not determined. Second, assessments for preclinical and clinical studies of MSCs require more scientific data analysis. Third, mechanisms of MSC-based therapy for cardiovascular regeneration have not been fully understood yet. Finally, the potential benefit-risk ratio of MSC therapy needs to be evaluated systematically. Additionally, future development of MSC therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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20
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Inamdar AC, Inamdar AA. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in lung disorders: pathogenesis of lung diseases and mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cell. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:315-27. [PMID: 23992090 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.816803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lung disorders such as asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) show a few common threads of pathogenic mechanisms: inflammation, aberrant immune activity, infection, and fibrosis. Currently no modes of effective treatment are available for ILD or emphysema. Being anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative in nature, the administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown the capacity to control immune dysfunction and inflammation in the lung. The intravenous infusion of MSCs, the common mode of delivery, is followed by their entrapment in lung vasculature before MSCs reach to other organ systems thus indicating the feasible and promising approach of MSCs therapy for lung diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic basis for MSCs therapy for asthma, ARDS, COPD, and ILD.
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Mesenchymal stem cell: an efficient mass producer of exosomes for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:336-41. [PMID: 22780955 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in biomedical research have generated an unprecedented number of potential targets for therapeutic intervention to treat disease or delay disease progression. Unfortunately, many of these targets are not druggable as they are intracellular, present in many cell types, poorly soluble or rapidly inactivated. Although synthetic drug vehicles have successfully circumvented many of these problems, natural particulates such as exosomes that intrinsically possess many attributes of a drug delivery vehicle are highly attractive as potentially better alternatives. Of the cell types known to produce exosomes, the readily available proliferative, immunosuppressive and clinically tested human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is the most prolific producer. Its exosomes are therapeutic in animal model of disease and exhibit immunosuppressive activity. The quality and quantity of exosome production is not compromised by immortalization to create a permanent MSC cell line. Therefore, MSC is well suited for mass production of exosomes that are ideal for drug delivery.
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Zhang ZH, Lu Y, Luan Y, Zhao JJ. Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:839-843. [PMID: 23226736 PMCID: PMC3493740 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transp1antation on lung and heart damage in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, PAH and BMSC implantation groups. Structural changes in the pulmonary vascular wall, such as the pulmonary artery lumen area (VA) and vascular area (TAA) were measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and the hemodynamics were detected by echocardiography. Two weeks post-operation, our results demonstrated that sublingual vein injection of BMSCs significantly attenuated the pulmonary vascular structural and hemodynamic changes caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. The mechanism may be executed via paracrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan
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Luan Y, Zhang X, Kong F, Cheng GH, Qi TG, Zhang ZH. Mesenchymal stem cell prevention of vascular remodeling in high flow-induced pulmonary hypertension through a paracrine mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:432-7. [PMID: 22922316 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by functional and structural changes in the pulmonary vasculature, and despite the drug treatment that made significant progress, the prognosis of patients with advanced PH remains extremely poor. In the present study, we investigated the early effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on experimental high blood flow-induced PAH model rats and discussed the mechanism. BMSCs were isolated, cultured from bone marrow of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. The animal model of PAH was created by surgical methods to produce a left-to-right shunt. Following the successful establishment of the PAH model, rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=20 in each group): sham group (control), PAH group, and BMSC group (received a sublingual vein injection of 1-5 × 10(6) BMSCs). Two weeks after the administration, BMSCs significantly reduced the vascular remodeling, improved the hemodynamic data, and deceased the right ventricle weight ratio to left ventricular plus septal weight (RV/LV+S) (P<0.05). Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry analysis results indicated that the inflammation factors such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were reduced (P<0.05); the expression of matrix metallo proteinase-9 (MMP-9) was lower (P<0.05); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was higher in BMSC group than those in PAH group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Sublingual vein injection of BMSCs for 2 weeks, significantly improved the lung and heart injury caused by left-to-right shunt-induced PAH; decreased pulmonary vascular remodeling and inflammation; and enhanced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luan
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang Y, Liao S, Yang M, Liang X, Poon MW, Wong CY, Wang J, Zhou Z, Cheong SK, Lee CN, Tse HF, Lian Q. Improved cell survival and paracrine capacity of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote therapeutic potential for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2225-39. [PMID: 22776744 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x653020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transplantation of adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) holds promise in the treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), the poor survival and differentiation potential of adult BM-MSCs have limited their therapeutic efficiency. Here, we compared the therapeutic efficacy of human embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs (hESC-MSCs) with adult BM-MSCs for the treatment of PAH in an animal model. One week following monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH, mice were randomly assigned to receive phosphate-buffered saline (MCT group); 3.0×10(6) human BM-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs group) or 3.0×10(6) hESC-derived MSCs (hESC-MSCs group) via tail vein injection. At 3 weeks post-transplantation, the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), degree of RV hypertrophy, and medial wall thickening of pulmonary arteries were lower=, and pulmonary capillary density was higher in the hESC-MSC group as compared with BM-MSC and MCT groups (all p < 0.05). At 1 week post-transplantation, the number of engrafted MSCs in the lungs was found significantly higher in the hESC-MSC group than in the BM-MSC group (all p < 0.01). At 3 weeks post-transplantation, implanted BM-MSCs were undetectable whereas hESC-MSCs were not only engrafted in injured pulmonary arteries but had also undergone endothelial differentiation. In addition, protein profiling of hESC-MSC- and BM-MSC-conditioned medium revealed a differential paracrine capacity. Classification of these factors into bioprocesses revealed that secreted factors from hESC-MSCs were preferentially involved in early embryonic development and tissue differentiation, especially blood vessel morphogenesis. We concluded that improved cell survival and paracrine capacity of hESC-MSCs provide better therapeutic efficacy than BM-MSCs in the treatment for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Luan Y, Zhang ZH, Wei DE, Lu Y, Wang YB. Effects of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells implantation in canine model of pulmonary hypertension. Circ J 2012; 76:977-85. [PMID: 22293449 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-11-1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the safety and feasibility of intratracheal administration of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (ABM-MNCs) and observed the effects in a canine model of pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS AND RESULTS The PH model was induced by intravenous injection of 3mg/kg dehydromonocrotaline (DMCT) via the right atrium. Two weeks after DMCT administration, the animals received 4 different treatments (n=10 in each group): (I) negative control group; (II): ABM-MNCs group; (III) PH group; (IV) PH+ABM-MNCs group. Six weeks after injection of cells (10⁷), the hemodynamic data were significantly improved in group IV compared with group III (P<0.05). The ratio of right ventricular weight to left ventricular plus septal weight was significantly decreased in group IV compared with group III (P<0.05). The mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, preproendothelin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were significantly improved in group IV compared with group III (P<0.05). The immunofluorescence result showed that 6 weeks after administration ABM-MNCs could differentiate into pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Six weeks after intratracheal administration, ABM-MNCs significantly improved the impairment caused by DMCT in a canine model of PH (ie, decreased pulmonary arteriolar narrowing, alveolar septum thickening and right ventricular hypertrophy, enhanced angiogenesis) and this provides a firm foundation for a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luan
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Wang J, Liao L, Tan J. Mesenchymal-stem-cell-based experimental and clinical trials: current status and open questions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:893-909. [PMID: 21449634 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.574119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess remarkable self-renewal ability and are able to differentiate into various cell lineages. MSCs can also enhance tissue repair and angiogenesis through a paracrine mechanism. It has been recognized that these cells hold great promise for tissue regeneration and treatment of immune-related diseases. AREAS COVERED This review aims at discussing the mechanisms of MSC-mediated immunomodulation and tissue repair and the related clinical trials, with special emphasis on factors that influence the efficiency of MSC-based therapy, including the source of MSCs, cell passage, cell dose, timing and route of administration. EXPERT OPINION MSCs may facilitate tissue repair through cell replacement and/or improving the microenvironment by releasing growth factors. Some of these factors also mediate the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs. It is important to establish global guidelines, protocols and standards for production and clinical trials of MSCs, so that MSCs can become a therapeutic agent with a reliable efficacy and good safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Organ Transplant Institute, Fuzhou General Hospital, Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China.
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Miettinen JA, Salonen RJ, Niemelä M, Kervinen K, Säily M, Koistinen P, Savolainen ER, Ukkonen H, Pietilä M, Airaksinen KJ, Knuuti J, Mäkikallio TH, Huikuri HV, Ylitalo KV. Effects of intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived stem cells on pulmonary artery pressure and diastolic function after myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2010; 145:631-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Song SY, Chung HM, Sung JH. The pivotal role of VEGF in adipose-derived-stem-cell-mediated regeneration. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1529-37. [PMID: 20860536 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.522987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Several lines of evidence suggest that VEGF is a key regulator of the paracrine effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), but the mechanism of action remains to be identified. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This brief review discusses the following research questions: i) Does VEGF increase the proliferation/migration and differentiation of ASCs?; ii) Does VEGF mediate the paracrine effects of ASCs?; and iii) How is VEGF synthesized, and which factors regulate VEGF secretion? WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN External stimuli such as hypoxia may activate receptor tyrosine kinases in the membrane of ASCs, which, in turn, phosphorylate extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and members of the Akt signaling pathway, stabilizing hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) that are primary regulators of VEGF expression. Secreted VEGF directly stimulates ASCs via VEGF receptors in an autocrine manner and regenerates damaged neighboring cells in a paracrine manner. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Most studies of stem cell regeneration have focused on differentiation of ASCs and their building block function; however, the paracrine effects of ASCs should also be the focus of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yong Song
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Yoon BS, Moon JH, Jun EK, Kim J, Maeng I, Kim JS, Lee JH, Baik CS, Kim A, Cho KS, Lee JH, Lee HH, Whang KY, You S. Secretory profiles and wound healing effects of human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:887-902. [PMID: 19686050 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that amniotic fluid (AF) contains multiple cell types derived from the developing fetus, and may represent a novel source of stem cells for cell therapy. In this study, we examined the paracrine factors released by human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) and their ability to accelerate the wound-healing process by stimulating proliferation and migration of dermal fibroblasts. AF-MSCs expressed the typical MSC marker proteins CD13, CD29, and CD44 and differentiated into adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes when exposed to the appropriate differentiation media. In addition, AF-MSC-conditioned media (AF-MSC-CM) significantly enhanced proliferation of dermal fibroblasts. Antibody-based protein array and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated that AF-MSC-CM contains various cytokines and chemokines that are known to be important in normal wound healing, including IL-8, IL-6, TGF-beta, TNFRI, VEGF, and EGF. Application of AF-MSC-CM significantly enhanced wound healing by dermal fibroblasts via the TGF-beta/SMAD2 pathway. Levels of p-SMAD2 were increased by AF-MSC-CM, and both the increase in p-SMAD2 and migration of dermal fibroblasts were blocked by inhibiting the TGF-beta/SMAD2 pathway. Moreover, in a mouse excisional wound model, AF-MSC-CM accelerated wound healing. These data provide the first evidence of the potential for AF-MSC-CM in the treatment of skin wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Sun Yoon
- Laboratory of Cell Function Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells: implications for surgical disease. J Surg Res 2010; 167:78-86. [PMID: 20869073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used experimentally and clinically in the treatment of a wide variety of pathologies. It is now clear that a number of different mechanisms contribute to the therapeutic effects exerted by these cells. The ability of MSCs to interact with and modulate the functions of a wide variety of immune cells has been recognized as one such mechanism. The implications that the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs may have for the treatment of solid organ rejection, the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, cancer, and Crohn's disease are reviewed herein.
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Kim J, Lee S, Bhattacharjee R, Khalyfa A, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Gozal D. Leukocyte telomere length and plasma catestatin and myeloid-related protein 8/14 concentrations in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2010; 138:91-9. [PMID: 20299626 PMCID: PMC2897695 DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in children and leads to multiple end-organ morbidities induced by the cumulative burden of oxidative stress and inflammation. Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) reflects not only chronologic age but also the burden of disease. We hypothesized that LTL would be decreased in children with OSA. METHODS Two hundred thirteen children (mean age, 7.7 +/- 1.4 years) were included after a sleep study and a morning blood sample. LTL was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a case-control setting involving 111 OSA cases and 102 controls. Myeloid-related protein (MRP) 8/14 and catestatin plasma levels also were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Log LTL was significantly increased and OSA severity dependently increased in children (P = .012), was positively associated with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (r = 0.236; P < .01), and was inversely correlated with age (r = -0.145; P < .05). In a multivariate regression model, LTL was independently associated with AHI (beta = 0.28; P = .002) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI z score, and race. Children with OSA exhibited higher BP (P < .05), lower plasma catestatin (P = .009), and higher MRP 8/14 levels (P < .001) than controls. Of note, children with the lowest plasma catestatin levels (< 1.39 ng/mL) had 5.2-fold increased odds of moderate-to-severe OSA (95% CI, 1.19-23.4 ng/mL; P < .05) after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric OSA, LTL is longer rather than shorter. Children with OSA have reduced plasma catestatin levels and increased BP along with increased MRP 8/14 levels that exhibit AHI dependencies. Thus, catestatin and MRP 8/14 levels may serve as biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in the context of pediatric OSA. However, the implications of increased LTL in children with OSA remain to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkwan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children's Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5721 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chung HM, Won CH, Sung JH. Responses of adipose-derived stem cells during hypoxia: enhanced skin-regenerative potential. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:1499-508. [PMID: 19780713 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903307362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells within the stromal-vascular fraction of subcutaneous adipose tissue (i.e., adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs)), have been used for tissue engineering. In addition to serving a building-block function, ASCs are reported to secrete growth factors that are essential for their function. Increasing evidence indicates that ASCs play a significant role in skin regeneration, a function that is enhanced by hypoxia through upregulating secretion of growth factors. Although the anatomical sites of ASCs in the body are relatively oxygen-deficient, ASCs are usually cultured under normoxic conditions (i.e., atmospheric oxygen levels). Culturing ASCs under physiologically relevant low-oxygen-tension conditions may uniquely benefit the expansion, differentiation, adhesion, growth factor secretion and regenerative potential of ASCs. Therefore, understanding the response and adaptation of ASCs to hypoxia may be invaluable for developing novel cell- and cyto-therapy strategies. This review highlights our current understanding of cellular and molecular responses of ASCs to hypoxia, focusing on the enhancement of ASC function and secretory activity by hypoxic culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Chung
- CHA Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wang SSW, Asfaha S, Okumura T, Betz KS, Muthupalani S, Rogers AB, Tu S, Takaishi S, Jin G, Yang X, Wu DC, Fox JG, Wang TC. Fibroblastic colony-forming unit bone marrow cells delay progression to gastric dysplasia in a helicobacter model of gastric tumorigenesis. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2301-11. [PMID: 19591219 DOI: 10.1002/stem.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to have immune modulatory effects. Despite efforts to identify these cells in vivo, to date, MSCs have been defined mainly by their in vitro cell characteristics. Here, we show that Lin(-)CD44(hi)Sca1(-)cKit+CD34(-) cells make up approximately 0.5%-1% of murine whole bone marrow cells and yield nearly an equal amount of fibroblastic colony-forming units (CFU-F) as whole bone marrow. After transplantation into lethally irradiated recipients, Lin(-)CD44(hi)Sca1(-)cKit+CD34(-) cells engrafted in the bone marrow long-term and demonstrated characteristics of MSCs, including capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. To examine whether Lin(-)CD44(hi)Sca1(-)cKit+CD34(-) cells have immune modulatory effects, in vitro coculture with activated CD4+ T-cells resulted in decreased Th17 cell differentiation by Lin(-)CD44(hi)Sca1(-)cKit+CD34(-) cells. Furthermore, serial infusions with Lin(-)CD44(hi)Sca1(-)cKit+CD34(-) cells reduced the progression to low-grade gastric dysplasia in mice infected with chronic Helicobacter felis (p = .038). This correlated with reduced gastric interleukin (IL)-17F, IL-22, and ROR-gammat gene expression in responding mice (p < .05). These data suggest that bone marrow derived Lin(-)CD44(hi)Sca1(-)cKit+CD34(-) cells have characteristics of MSCs and reduce progression of early gastric tumorigenesis induced by chronic H. felis infection. The prevention of dysplastic changes may occur through inhibition of Th17-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie S W Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Umar S, de Visser YP, Steendijk P, Schutte CI, Laghmani EH, Wagenaar GTM, Bax WH, Mantikou E, Pijnappels DA, Atsma DE, Schalij MJ, van der Wall EE, van der Laarse A. Allogenic stem cell therapy improves right ventricular function by improving lung pathology in rats with pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1606-16. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00590.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic lung disease that leads to right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy (RVH), remodeling, and failure. We tested treatment with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from donor rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH to recipient rats with MCT-induced PAH on pulmonary artery pressure, lung pathology, and RV function. This model was chosen to mimic autologous MSC therapy. On day 1, PAH was induced by MCT (60 mg/kg) in 20 female Wistar rats. On day 14, rats were treated with 106 MSCs intravenously (MCT + MSC) or with saline (MCT60). MSCs were obtained from donor rats with PAH at 28 days after MCT. A control group received saline on days 1 and 14. On day 28, the RV function of recipient rats was assessed, followed by isolation of the lungs and heart. RVH was quantified by the weight ratio of the RV/(left ventricle + interventricular septum). MCT induced an increase of RV peak pressure (from 27 ± 5 to 42 ± 17 mmHg) and RVH (from 0.25 ± 0.04 to 0.47 ± 0.12), depressed the RV ejection fraction (from 56 ± 11 to 43 ± 6%), and increased lung weight (from 0.96 ± 0.15 to 1.66 ± 0.32 g), including thickening of the arteriolar walls and alveolar septa. MSC treatment attenuated PAH (31 ± 4 mmHg) and RVH (0.32 ± 0.07), normalized the RV ejection fraction (52 ± 5%), reduced lung weight (1.16 ± 0.24 g), and inhibited the thickening of the arterioles and alveolar septa. We conclude that the application of MSCs from donor rats with PAH reduces RV pressure overload, RV dysfunction, and lung pathology in recipient rats with PAH. These results suggest that autologous MSC therapy may alleviate cardiac and pulmonary symptoms in PAH patients.
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Protective effect of serotonin derivatives on glucose-induced damage in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Br J Nutr 2009; 103:25-31. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114509991486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative damage is believed to be associated with ageing, cancer and several degenerative diseases. Previous reports have shown that safflower-seed extract and its major antioxidant constituents, serotonin hydroxycinnamic amides, possess a powerful free radical-scavenging and antioxidative activity, paying particular attention to atherosclerotic reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related dysfunctions. In the present report, we examined a still unknown cell-based mechanism of serotonin derivatives against ROS-related neuronal damage, phenomena that represent a crucial event in neurodegenerative diseases. Serotonin derivatives N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin exerted a protective effect on high glucose-induced cell death, inhibited the activation of caspase-3 which represents the last and crucial step within the cascade of events leading to apoptosis, and inhibited the overproduction of the mitochondrial superoxide, which represents the most dangerous radical produced by hyperglycaemia, by acting as scavengers of the superoxide radical. In addition, serotonin derivative concentration inside the cells and inside the mitochondria was increased in a time-dependent manner. Since recent studies support the assertion that mitochondrial dysfunctions related to oxidative damage are the major contributors to neurodegenerative diseases, these preliminary cell-based results identify a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant property of serotonin derivatives that could represent a novel therapeutic approach against the neuronal disorders and complications related to ROS.
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McFadden D, Souba WW. The Journal of Surgical Research—2009. J Surg Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Weil BR, Markel TA, Herrmann JL, Abarbanell AM, Meldrum DR. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance the viability and proliferation of human fetal intestinal epithelial cells following hypoxic injury via paracrine mechanisms. Surgery 2009; 146:190-7. [PMID: 19628073 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be used to treat injured tissues. The ability of MSCs to treat injured fetal intestinal epithelial cells (FIEs), similar to those in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, has not been elucidated. We hypothesized that MSCs would enhance FIE viability and proliferation after hypoxic injury via paracrine mechanisms. METHODS LLC-PK1 cells (differentiated control [DC]) and human MSCs were exposed to 1 hour of hypoxia. Cells were reoxygenated for 24 hours and cell-free conditioned media were collected. Human FIEs were exposed to 1 hour of hypoxia and plated for experiments. FIEs were reoxygenated in nonconditioned media, DC-conditioned media, or MSC-conditioned media. Supernatants were analyzed for interleukin-6 (IL-6), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion and cell counting. Proliferation was determined via 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Expression of caspases-3 and -8 was determined via Western blot. RESULTS FIEs reoxygenated in MSC-conditioned media demonstrated enhanced viability and increased proliferation after hypoxic injury. Enhanced FIE viability and proliferation were associated with increased IL-6, HGF, and VEGF, as well as decreased expression of caspase-3. CONCLUSION MSCs may increase the viability and proliferative capacity of FIEs after hypoxic injury via the paracrine release of IL-6, HGF, and VEGF, as well as downregulation of apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent R Weil
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Kim WS, Park BS, Sung JH. The wound-healing and antioxidant effects of adipose-derived stem cells. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9:879-87. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590903039684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Protective role of adipose-derived stem cells and their soluble factors in photoaging. Arch Dermatol Res 2009; 301:329-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-0951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ma T, Grayson WL, Fröhlich M, Vunjak-Novakovic G. Hypoxia and stem cell-based engineering of mesenchymal tissues. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:32-42. [PMID: 19198002 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have the ability for prolonged self-renewal and differentiation into mature cells of various lineages, which makes them important cell sources for tissue engineering applications. Their remarkable ability to replenish and differentiate in vivo is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic cellular mechanisms. The anatomical location where the stem cells reside, known as the "stem cell niche or microenvironment," provides signals conducive to the maintenance of definitive stem cell properties. Physiological condition including oxygen tension is an important component of the stem cell microenvironment and has been shown to play a role in regulating both embryonic and adult stem cells. This review focuses on oxygen as a signaling molecule and the way it regulates the stem cells' development into mesenchymal tissues in vitro. The physiological relevance of low oxygen tension as an environmental parameter that uniquely benefits stem cells' expansion and maintenance is described along with recent findings on the regulatory effects of oxygen on embryonic stem cells and adult mesenchymal stem cells. The relevance to tissue engineering is discussed in the context of the need to specifically regulate the oxygen content in the cellular microenvironment in order to optimize in vitro tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Ma
- Dept. of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Markel TA, Crisostomo PR, Lahm T, Novotny NM, Rescorla FJ, Tector AJ, Meldrum DR. Stem cells as a potential future treatment of pediatric intestinal disorders. J Pediatr Surg 2008; 43:1953-63. [PMID: 18970924 PMCID: PMC2584666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
All surgical disciplines encounter planned and unplanned ischemic events that may ultimately lead to cellular dysfunction and death. Stem cell therapy has shown promise for the treatment of a variety of ischemic and inflammatory disorders where tissue damage has occurred. As stem cells have proven beneficial in many disease processes, important opportunities in the future treatment of gastrointestinal disorders may exist. Therefore, this article will serve to review the different types of stem cells that may be applicable to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, review the mechanisms suggesting that stem cells may work for these conditions, discuss current practices for harvesting and purifying stem cells, and provide a concise summary of a few of the pediatric intestinal disorders that could be treated with cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul R. Crisostomo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tim Lahm
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nathan M. Novotny
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - A. Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daniel R. Meldrum
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana,Center for Immunobiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Markel TA, Wang Y, Herrmann JL, Crisostomo PR, Wang M, Novotny NM, Herring CM, Tan J, Lahm T, Meldrum DR. VEGF is critical for stem cell-mediated cardioprotection and a crucial paracrine factor for defining the age threshold in adult and neonatal stem cell function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2308-14. [PMID: 18849336 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00565.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be a novel treatment modality for organ ischemia, possibly through the release of beneficial paracrine factors. However, an age threshold likely exists as to when MSCs gain their beneficial protective properties. We hypothesized that 1) VEGF would be a crucial stem cell paracrine mediator in providing postischemic myocardial protection and 2) small-interfering (si)RNA ablation of VEGF in adult MSCs (aMSCs) would equalize the differences observed between aMSC- and neonatal stem cell (nMSC)-mediated cardioprotection. Female adult Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury via Langendorff-isolated heart preparation (15 min equilibration, 25 min ischemia, and 60 min reperfusion). MSCs were harvested from adult and 2.5-wk-old neonatal mice and cultured under normal conditions. VEGF was knocked down in both cell lines by VEGF siRNA. Immediately before ischemia, one million aMSCs or nMSCs with or without VEGF knockdown were infused into the coronary circulation. The cardiac functional parameters were recorded. VEGF in cell supernatants was measured via ELISA. aMSCs produced significantly more VEGF than nMSCs and were noted to increase postischemic myocardial recovery compared with nMSCs. The knockdown of VEGF significantly decreased VEGF production in both cell lines, and the pretreatment of these cells impaired stem cell-mediated myocardial function. The knockdown of VEGF in adult stem cells equalized the myocardial functional differences observed between adult and neonatal stem cells. Therefore, VEGF is a critical paracrine mediator in facilitating postischemic myocardial recovery and likely plays a role in mediating the observed age threshold during stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Markel
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Crisostomo PR, Wang Y, Markel TA, Wang M, Lahm T, Meldrum DR. Human mesenchymal stem cells stimulated by TNF-alpha, LPS, or hypoxia produce growth factors by an NF kappa B- but not JNK-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C675-82. [PMID: 18234850 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00437.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms by which adult stem cells produce growth factors may represent an important way to optimize their beneficial paracrine and autocrine effects. Components of the wound milieu may stimulate growth factor production to promote stem cell-mediated repair. We hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), endotoxin (LPS), or hypoxia may activate human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to increase release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mediates growth factor production from human MSCs. To study this, human MSCs were harvested, passaged, divided into four groups (100,000 cells, triplicates) and treated as follows: 1) with vehicle; 2) with stimulant alone [24 h LPS (200 ng/ml), 24 h TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml), or 24 h hypoxia (1% O2)]; 3) with inhibitor alone [NF kappa B (PDTC, 1 mM), JNK (TI-JIP, 10 microM), or ERK (ERK Inhibitor II, 25 microM)]; and 4) with stimulant and the various inhibitors. After 24 h incubation, MSC activation was determined by measuring supernatants for VEGF, FGF2, IGF-1, or HGF (ELISA). TNF-alpha, LPS, and hypoxia significantly increased human MSC VEGF, FGF2, HGF, and IGF-1 production versus controls. Stem cells exposed to injury demonstrated increased activation of NF kappa B, ERK, and JNK. VEGF, FGF2, and HGF expression was significantly reduced by NF kappa B inhibition (50% decrease) but not ERK or JNK inhibition. Moreover, ERK, JNK, and NF kappa B inhibitor alone did not activate MSC VEGF expression over controls. Various stressors activate human MSCs to increase VEGF, FGF2, HGF, and IGF-1 expression, which depends on an NFkB mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Crisostomo
- Departments of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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