1
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Lee SK, Kweon YC, Lee AR, Lee YY, Park CY. Metastasis enhancer PGRMC1 boosts store-operated Ca2+ entry by uncoiling Ca2+ sensor STIM1 for focal adhesion turnover and actomyosin formation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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2
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Molecular Characterization of Membrane Steroid Receptors in Hormone-Sensitive Cancers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112999. [PMID: 34831222 PMCID: PMC8616056 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide, and its development is a result of the complex interaction of genetic factors, environmental cues, and aging. Hormone-sensitive cancers depend on the action of one or more hormones for their development and progression. Sex steroids and corticosteroids can regulate different physiological functions, including metabolism, growth, and proliferation, through their interaction with specific nuclear receptors, that can transcriptionally regulate target genes via their genomic actions. Therefore, interference with hormones’ activities, e.g., deregulation of their production and downstream pathways or the exposition to exogenous hormone-active substances such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), can affect the regulation of their correlated pathways and trigger the neoplastic transformation. Although nuclear receptors account for most hormone-related biologic effects and their slow genomic responses are well-studied, less-known membrane receptors are emerging for their ability to mediate steroid hormones effects through the activation of rapid non-genomic responses also involved in the development of hormone-sensitive cancers. This review aims to collect pre-clinical and clinical data on these extranuclear receptors not only to draw attention to their emerging role in cancer development and progression but also to highlight their dual role as tumor microenvironment players and potential candidate drug targets.
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Pedroza DA, Rajamanickam V, Subramani R, Bencomo A, Galvez A, Lakshmanaswamy R. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 promotes the growth of breast cancers by altering the phosphoproteome and augmenting EGFR/PI3K/AKT signalling. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1326-1335. [PMID: 32704174 PMCID: PMC7553958 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) has been linked to multiple cancers, including breast cancer. Despite being a regulatory receptor and a potential therapeutic target, the oncogenic potential of PGRMC1 has not been studied. METHODS The impact of PGRMC1 on breast cancer growth and progression was studied following chemical inhibition and alteration of PGRMC1 expression, and evaluated by using online-based gene expression datasets of human breast cancer tissue. MTS, flow cytometry, qPCR, Western blotting, confocal microscopy and phosphoproteome analysis were performed. RESULTS We observed higher PGRMC1 levels in both ER-positive ZR-75-1 and TNBC MDA-MB-468 cells. Both chemical inhibition and silencing decreased cell proliferation, induced cell-cycle arrest, promoted apoptosis and reduced the migratory and invasive capabilities of ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Further, phosphoproteome analysis demonstrated an overall decrease in activation of proteins involved in PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR signalling pathways. In contrast, overexpression of PGRMC1 in non-malignant MCF10A cells resulted in increased cell proliferation, and enhanced activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that PGRMC1 plays a prominent role in regulating the growth of cancer cells by altering the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR signalling mechanisms in both ER-positive and TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Pedroza
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Venkatesh Rajamanickam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Alejandra Bencomo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Adriana Galvez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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4
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Smaglyukova N, Sletten ET, Ørbo A, Sager G. Data on RT-qPCR assay of nuclear progesterone receptors (nPR), membrane progesterone receptors (mPR) and progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMC) from human uterine endometrial tissue and cancer cells of the Uterine Cervix. Data Brief 2020; 31:105923. [PMID: 32671144 PMCID: PMC7339005 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous investigation showed that the endometrium normalized in women with endometrial hyperplasia after three months treatment with high dose levonorgestrel IUS (intrauterine system) [1] . The effect was maintained even if immunohistochemical analyses of the endometrium showed that nuclear progesterone receptors (nPRs) were completely downregulated. These observations indicated that some type of non-genomic effect existed [2]. We conducted new investigations of endometrial hyperplasia, now with 6 months low dose levonorgestrel IUS treatment. Again, the growth disturbances were reversed with normalization of the endometrium [3,4]. In the context of these studies, RT-qPCR analyses of the endometrium were performed before and after treatment, to determine expression of nuclear progesterone receptors (nPRA+B and nPRB), membrane progesterone receptors (mPR, α-, β- and γ-subtypes) and progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMC1and PGRMC2). The human cervical cell line (C-4 I) [5] with no detectable nPRs [6,7] , was included in the investigation as biological control .The gene expression of nPRs, mPRs and PGRMCs was determined in the logarithmic growth phase. Tissue and cellular mRNA was determined with RT-qPCR and used as a surrogate marker for receptor (protein) expression. The present data are connected to the related article entitled “Expression of nuclear progesterone receptors (nPRs), membrane progesterone receptors (mPRs) and progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMCs) in the human endometrium after 6 months levonorgestrel low dose intrauterine therapy” [8].
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smaglyukova
- Research group for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Elise Thoresen Sletten
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Clinic for Surgery, Cancer and Women's Diseases, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Research group for Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway,Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne Ørbo
- Research group for Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Arctic University of Norway,Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Georg Sager
- Research group for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biology, Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Downregulation of CYB5D2 is associated with breast cancer progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6624. [PMID: 31036830 PMCID: PMC6488675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that CYB5D2 is associated with tumor suppression function in breast cancer (BC). CYB5D2 expression was significantly reduced in tamoxifen resistant MCF7 cells and in MCF7 cell-derived xenografts treated with TAM. CYB5D2 overexpression induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells; CYB5D2 knockdown enhanced MCF7 cell proliferation. Using the TCGA and Curtis datasets within the Oncomine database, CYB5D2 mRNA expression was downregulated in primary BCs vs breast tissues and HER2-positive or triple negative BCs vs estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BCs. Using the TCGA and Metabric datasets (n = 817 and n = 2509) within cBioPortal, 660 and 4891 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in relation to CYB5D2 were identified. These DEGs were enriched in pathways governing cell cycle progression, progesterone-derived oocyte maturation, oocyte-meiosis, estrogen-mediated S-phase entry, and DNA metabolism. CYB5D2 downregulation decreased overall survival (OS, p = 0.0408). A CYB5D2-derived 21-gene signature was constructed and robustly correlated with OS shortening (p = 5.72e-12), and independently predicted BC deaths (HR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.08–1.52; p = 0.004) once adjusting for known clinical factors. CYB5D2 reductions displayed relationship with mutations in PIK3CA, GATA3, MAP3K1, CDH1, TP53 and RB1. Impressively, 85% (560/659) of TP53 mutations occurred in the 21-gene signature-positive BC. Collectively, we provide the first evidence that CYB5D2 is a candidate tumor suppressor of BC.
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6
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Xie XP, Xie YF, Liu YT, Wang HQ. Adaptively capturing the heterogeneity of expression for cancer biomarker identification. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:401. [PMID: 30390627 PMCID: PMC6215657 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying cancer biomarkers from transcriptomics data is of importance to cancer research. However, transcriptomics data are often complex and heterogeneous, which complicates the identification of cancer biomarkers in practice. Currently, the heterogeneity still remains a challenge for detecting subtle but consistent changes of gene expression in cancer cells. Results In this paper, we propose to adaptively capture the heterogeneity of expression across samples in a gene regulation space instead of in a gene expression space. Specifically, we transform gene expression profiles into gene regulation profiles and mathematically formulate gene regulation probabilities (GRPs)-based statistics for characterizing differential expression of genes between tumor and normal tissues. Finally, an unbiased estimator (aGRP) of GRPs is devised that can interrogate and adaptively capture the heterogeneity of gene expression. We also derived an asymptotical significance analysis procedure for the new statistic. Since no parameter needs to be preset, aGRP is easy and friendly to use for researchers without computer programming background. We evaluated the proposed method on both simulated data and real-world data and compared with previous methods. Experimental results demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed method in exploring the heterogeneity of expression for capturing subtle but consistent alterations of gene expression in cancer. Conclusions Expression heterogeneity largely influences the performance of cancer biomarker identification from transcriptomics data. Models are needed that efficiently deal with the expression heterogeneity. The proposed method can be a standalone tool due to its capacity of adaptively capturing the sample heterogeneity and the simplicity in use. Software availability The source code of aGRP can be downloaded from https://github.com/hqwang126/aGRP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2437-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ping Xie
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Feng Xie
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.,Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O.Box 1130, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Present Address: School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710100, China
| | - Yi-Tong Liu
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.,Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O.Box 1130, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, 350 Shushanhu Road, P.O.Box 1130, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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7
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Wu XJ, Thomas P, Zhu Y. Pgrmc1 Knockout Impairs Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:560. [PMID: 30319543 PMCID: PMC6165893 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations suggest progestin receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) associates with and transports a wide range of molecules such as heme, cytochromes P450, steroids with 21 carbons, membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPRα/Paqr7), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and insulin receptor. It is difficult to discriminate the true functions of PGRMC1 from the functions of its associated molecules using biochemical and pharmacological approaches. To determine the physiological function(s) of PGRMC1, we generated global knockouts for pgrmc1 (pgrmc1 -/-) in zebrafish. We found a reduction in both spawning frequency and the number of embryos produced by female mutants. We also observed reduced sensitivity of fully-grown immature oocytes to a progestin hormone and a reduced number of oocytes undergone meiotic maturation both in vivo and in vitro in pgrmc1 -/-. This reduced sensitivity to progestin corresponds well with significant reduced expression of mPRα, the receptor mainly responsible for mediating oocyte maturation and meiosis resumption in fish. The results provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the physiological functions of Pgrmc1 in oocyte maturation and fertility, as well as a plausible molecular mechanism via regulation of mPRα, which in turn directly regulates oocyte maturation and affects fertility in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jun Wu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhu
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8
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Kowalik MK, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. Expression and localization of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 and 2 and serpine mRNA binding protein 1 in the bovine corpus luteum during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy. Theriogenology 2014; 82:1086-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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9
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Duchemin S, Visker M, Van Arendonk J, Bovenhuis H. A quantitative trait locus on Bos taurus autosome 17 explains a large proportion of the genetic variation in de novo synthesized milk fatty acids. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7276-85. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Friel AM, Zhang L, Pru CA, Clark NC, McCallum ML, Blok LJ, Shioda T, Peluso JJ, Rueda BR, Pru JK. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 deficiency attenuates growth while promoting chemosensitivity of human endometrial xenograft tumors. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:434-42. [PMID: 25304370 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is the leading gynecologic cancer in women in the United States with 52,630 women predicted to be diagnosed with the disease in 2014. The objective of this study was to determine if progesterone (P4) receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) influenced endometrial cancer cell viability in response to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. A lentiviral-based shRNA knockdown approach was used to generate stable PGRMC1-intact and PGRMC1-deplete Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell lines that also lacked expression of the classical progesterone receptor (PGR). Progesterone treatment inhibited mitosis of PGRMC1-intact, but not PGRMC1-deplete cells, suggesting that PGRMC1 mediates the anti-mitotic actions of P4. To test the hypothesis that PGRMC1 attenuates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, PGRMC1-intact and PGRMC1-deplete cells were treated in vitro with vehicle, P4 (1 µM), doxorubicin (Dox, 2 µg/ml), or P4 + Dox for 48 h. Doxorubicin treatment of PGRMC1-intact cells resulted in a significant increase in cell death; however, co-treatment with P4 significantly attenuated Dox-induced cell death. This response to P4 was lost in PGRMC1-deplete cells. To extend these observations in vivo, a xenograft model was employed where PGRMC1-intact and PGRMC1-deplete endometrial tumors were generated following subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculation of immunocompromised NOD/SCID and nude mice, respectively. Tumors derived from PGRMC1-deplete cells grew slower than tumors from PGRMC1-intact cells. Mice harboring endometrial tumors were then given three treatments of vehicle (1:1 cremophor EL: ethanol + 0.9% saline) or chemotherapy [Paclitaxel (15 mg/kg, i.p.) followed after an interval of 30 minutes by CARBOplatin (50 mg/kg)] at five day intervals. In response to chemotherapy, tumor volume decreased approximately four-fold more in PGRMC1-deplete tumors when compared with PGRMC1-intact control tumors, suggesting that PGRMC1 promotes tumor cell viability during chemotherapeutic stress. In sum, these in vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that PGRMC1 plays a prominent role in the growth and chemoresistance of human endometrial tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Endometrial Neoplasms/metabolism
- Endometrial Neoplasms/pathology
- Endometrial Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mitosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Progesterone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Friel
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cindy A Pru
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Nicole C Clark
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Melissa L McCallum
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Leen J Blok
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John J Peluso
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James K Pru
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Griffin D, Liu X, Pru C, Pru JK, Peluso JJ. Expression of progesterone receptor membrane component-2 within the immature rat ovary and its role in regulating mitosis and apoptosis of spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:36. [PMID: 24990806 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 2 (Pgrmc2) mRNA was detected in the immature rat ovary. By 48 h after eCG, Pgrmc2 mRNA levels decreased by 40% and were maintained at 48 h post-hCG. Immunohistochemical studies detected PGRMC2 in oocytes and ovarian surface epithelial, interstitial, thecal, granulosa, and luteal cells. PGRMC2 was also present in spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells, localizing to the cytoplasm of interphase cells and apparently to the mitotic spindle of cells in metaphase. Interestingly, PGRMC2 levels appeared to decrease during the G1 stage of the cell cycle. Moreover, overexpression of PGRMC2 suppressed entry into the cell cycle, possibly by binding the p58 form of cyclin dependent kinase 11b. Conversely, Pgrmc2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment increased the percentage of cells in G1 and M stage but did not increase the number of cells, which was likely due to an increase in apoptosis. Depleting PGRMC2 did not inhibit cellular (3)H-progesterone binding, but attenuated the ability of progesterone to suppress mitosis and apoptosis. Taken together these studies suggest that PGRMC2 affects granulosa cell mitosis by acting at two specific stages of the cell cycle. First, PGRMC2 regulates the progression from the G0 into the G1 stage of the cell cycle. Second, PGRMC2 appears to localize to the mitotic spindle, where it likely promotes the final stages of mitosis. Finally, siRNA knockdown studies indicate that PGRMC2 is required for progesterone to slow the rate of granulosa cell mitosis and apoptosis. These findings support a role for PGRMC2 in ovarian follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Griffin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Xiufang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Cindy Pru
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - James K Pru
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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12
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Mueck AO, Ruan X, Seeger H, Fehm T, Neubauer H. Genomic and non-genomic actions of progestogens in the breast. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 142:62-7. [PMID: 23994274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is growing that progestogens may enhance breast cancer risk under hormone therapy in the postmenopause or hormonal contraception. However, differences may exist within the progestogen class and certain progestogens may have a higher potency in terms of breast cancer risk. The mechanism(s) by which these progestogens might influence breast cancer risk appear to be mediated via genomic and/or non-genomic effects triggered by activated progestogen receptors. In general, regulation of gene expression by progestogen receptors seems to be a multifactorial process involving both actions which often converge. In the present review, we describe the known genomic and non-genomic effects in the breast, especially focusing on the progestins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Menopause'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Mueck
- University Women's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - X Ruan
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Beijing Obstetrics&Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - H Seeger
- University Women's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - T Fehm
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H Neubauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Kaddi CD, Parry RM, Wang MD. Multivariate hypergeometric similarity measure. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 10:1505-16. [PMID: 24407308 PMCID: PMC4983430 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a similarity measure based on the multivariate hypergeometric distribution for the pairwise comparison of images and data vectors. The formulation and performance of the proposed measure are compared with other similarity measures using synthetic data. A method of piecewise approximation is also implemented to facilitate application of the proposed measure to large samples. Example applications of the proposed similarity measure are presented using mass spectrometry imaging data and gene expression microarray data. Results from synthetic and biological data indicate that the proposed measure is capable of providing meaningful discrimination between samples, and that it can be a useful tool for identifying potentially related samples in large-scale biological data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchala D. Kaddi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - R. Mitchell Parry
- Department of Computer Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608
| | - May D. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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14
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Kowalik MK, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. The putative roles of nuclear and membrane-bound progesterone receptors in the female reproductive tract. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:279-89. [PMID: 24287036 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone produced by the corpus luteum (CL) is a key regulator of normal cyclical reproductive functions in the females of mammalian species. The physiological effects of progesterone are mediated by the canonical genomic pathway after binding of progesterone to its specific nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR), which acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor and has two main isoforms, PGRA and PGRB. These PGR isoforms play different roles in the cell; PGRB acts as an activator of progesterone-responsive genes, while PGRA can inhibit the activity of PGRB. The ratio of these isoforms changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy, and it corresponds to the different levels of progesterone signaling occurring in the reproductive tract. Progesterone exerts its effects on cells also by a non-genomic mechanism by the interaction with the progesterone-binding membrane proteins including the progesterone membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and 2, and the membrane progestin receptors (mPRs). These receptors rapidly activate the appropriate intracellular signal transduction pathways, and subsequently they can initiate specific cell responses or modulate genomic cell responses. The diversity of progesterone receptors and their cellular actions enhances the role of progesterone as a factor regulating the function of the reproductive system and other organs. This paper deals with the possible involvement of nuclear and membrane-bound progesterone receptors in the function of target cells within the female reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Kowalik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Bunch K, Tinnemore D, Huff S, Hoffer ZS, Burney RO, Stallings JD. Expression patterns of progesterone receptor membrane components 1 and 2 in endometria from women with and without endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:190-7. [PMID: 23793472 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113492208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a hormone-dependent inflammatory condition associated with pain and infertility. A growing body of evidence supports attenuated secretory-phase progesterone responsiveness in women with this disease. Herein, we compare the expression of progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMC) 1 and 2 in eutopic endometrium from 11 women with laparoscopically and/or histologically proven stage III/IV endometriosis and 23 disease-free women. Menstrual cycle phase was determined using a combination of reported cycle day, serum hormone profile, and endometrial histologic dating. The PGRMC-1 (fold change -3.3; P < .05) and PGRMC-2 (fold-change -8.8; P < .05) gene expression were significantly downregulated in secretory phase, eutopic endometrium from women with endometriosis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated decreased PGRMC-1 and PGRMC-2 protein expression in the secretory phase endometrial stroma cells of women with endometriosis. Consistent with the preclinical work of others, our results reflect downregulation of endometrial PGRMC-1 and PGRMC-2 expression in secretory phase endometrium from women with advanced stage endometriosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of attenuated progesterone action in endometriosis has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Bunch
- 1Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
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Neubauer H, Ma Q, Zhou J, Yu Q, Ruan X, Seeger H, Fehm T, Mueck AO. Possible role of PGRMC1 in breast cancer development. Climacteric 2013; 16:509-13. [PMID: 23758160 DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2013.800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hormone therapy may increase the risk of breast cancer. Thus, especially the addition of synthetic progestins may play a decisive role according to the results of clinical studies. Overexpression of a special receptor, i.e. the progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1), may offer a potential new pathway to explain the observed increase in breast cancer risk in the combined arm of the Women's Health Initiative. PGRMC1 is expressed in breast cancer tissue and may be important in tumorigenesis. The expression of PGRMC1 in breast cancer tissue is significantly different from that in normal mammary glands. Certain synthetic progestins can increase the proliferation of PGRMC1-overexpressing breast cancer cells and may thus be involved in tumorigenesis, while progesterone and certain synthetic progestins such as nomegestrol or chlormadinone acetate react neutrally. Our investigations point towards an important role of estrogen receptor-α in the signaling cascade, resulting in the proliferative effect induced by progestins. Thus, activation of PGRMC1 may explain the increased breast cancer risk observed during treatment with certain progestins. Very recently, PGRMC1 was investigated in serum samples of lung cancer patients and matched healthy patients; significantly higher concentrations were shown in the cancer patients. Therefore, PGRMC1 might be a predictor for other cancers as well but, according to clinical trials, its importance for a possible screening tool, particularly for breast cancer risk during hormone therapy, seems of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Neubauer
- University Women's Hospital , Düsseldorf , Germany
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Wendler A, Wehling M. PGRMC2, a yet uncharacterized protein with potential as tumor suppressor, migration inhibitor, and regulator of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Steroids 2013; 78:555-8. [PMID: 23276631 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PGRMC2 (progesterone receptor membrane component 2) is highly homologous if compared with PGRMC1, a cytochrome-related protein, which is induced in several cancers and linked to cell growth in these cancers. Further it seems to be involved in progesterone signalling and cytochrome P450 binding. For PGRMC2 only sparse information is available. Recent data show that PGRMC1 and 2 share several similar characteristics, but there are also important differences in expression and function of the both proteins. Several findings point to the fact that PGRMC2 might play a role in cancer as well. The protein influences the migration rate of ovarian cancer cells and a loss of PGRMC2 might result in higher metastasis rates. In contrast to PGRMC1 it seems more likely to act as a tumor suppressor than a promoter. Altered PGRMC2 expression was further detected in the context of term and preterm labour, though the implications of this finding are currently unknown and need further examination. PGRMC2 further might play a role in gynaecologic diseases like preterm labour and endometriosis. PGRMC2 shares the cellular localisation and the ability to bind cytochrome enzymes with PGRMC1. Further the protein was shown to influence the activity of CYP3A4. In conclusion, though not much is known about PGRMC2 so far, it deserves further examination as data point to a role of PGRMC2 as tumor suppressor, migration inhibitor and regulator of cytochrome P450 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wendler
- University of Heidelberg, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Maybachstr. 14, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
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Kowalik MK, Slonina D, Rekawiecki R, Kotwica J. Expression of progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) 1 and 2, serpine mRNA binding protein 1 (SERBP1) and nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR) in the bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:15-23. [PMID: 23522067 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) is involved in the regulation of essential reproductive functions affecting the target cells through both nuclear progesterone receptors (PGRs) and membrane progesterone receptors. The aim of this study was to determine the mRNA and protein expression for PGRMC1, PGRMC2, SERBP1 and PGR within the bovine endometrium during the estrous cycle and the first trimester of pregnancy. There were no changes in PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 mRNA and protein expression during the estrous cycle, however, mRNA levels of PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 were increased (P<0.001) in pregnant animals. SERBP1 mRNA expression was increased (P<0.05), while the level of this protein was decreased (P<0.05) on days 11-16 of the estrous cycle. The expression of PGR mRNA was higher (P<0.01) on days 17-20 compared to days 6-10 and 11-16 of the estrous cycle and pregnancy. PGR-A and PGR-B protein levels were elevated on days 1-5 and 17-20 of the estrous cycle as compared to other stages of the cycle and during pregnancy. In conclusion, our results indicate that P4 may influence endometrial cells through both genomic and nongenomic way. This mechanism may contribute to the regulation of the estrous cycle and provide protection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K Kowalik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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Albrecht C, Huck V, Wehling M, Wendler A. In vitro inhibition of SKOV-3 cell migration as a distinctive feature of progesterone receptor membrane component type 2 versus type 1. Steroids 2012; 77:1543-50. [PMID: 23064006 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component type 2 (PGRMC2) is strongly homologous to PGRMC1 which is highly expressed in ovarian cancer and other cancer cells and was claimed to play an important role in chemotherapy resistance. Whereas PGRMC1 has been extensively characterized in in vitro studies, comparably little is known about PGRMC2. To determine PGRMC2's role in ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility PGRMC1- and 2-depleted and -overexpressing SKOV-3 cells were generated. In electric cell-substrate impedance sensing studies, PGRMC2 negatively affects SKOV-3 migration rate if overexpressed; oppositely, depletion was associated with an increased migration rate. PGRMC1 had no effect in this assay. These effects were not associated with f-actin regulation or actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Yet, these highly homologous proteins share many properties. Both PGRMC1 and 2 are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. As PGRMC1 was reported to interact with cytochrome P450 proteins (CYP) binding of two different CYPs to PGRMC2 was tested; a stable interaction of PGRMC2 with CYP3A4 and CYP21A2 was found in human embryonic kidney cells. For both PGRMC types, cell viability assays revealed no significant differences of SKOV-3 survival in overexpressing and depleted cells. PGRMC2 also does not seem to have any influence on the apoptotic effect of cisplatin or the antiapoptotic effect of progesterone which had been reported for PGRMC1. In contrast to PGRMC1, protein levels of PGRMC2 in SKOV-3 cells are reduced by treatment with cisplatin (30-60μM). In conclusion, we show for the first time that PGRMC2 inhibits migration of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albrecht
- University of Heidelberg, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Maybachstr. 14, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
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Pier B, Kazanjian A, Gillette L, Strenge K, Burney RO. Effect of cigarette smoking on human oviductal ciliation and ciliogenesis. Fertil Steril 2012; 99:199-205. [PMID: 23009827 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of cigarette smoke exposure on ciliation and ciliogenesis in human oviductal epithelium. DESIGN Molecular analysis using human tubal segments. SETTING Academic medical center. PATIENT(S) Twenty women undergoing elective tubal sterilization procedure. INTERVENTION(S) Expression of ciliated cell-specific markers was compared in tubal segments from smokers and nonsmokers using quantitative immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The expression of transcription factors in the motile ciliogenesis program was compared using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and quantitative immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Oviductal ciliation and expression of transcription factors involved in ciliogenesis. RESULT(S) No significant differences were detected in density of ciliation between groups. Neither number of years of smoking nor pack-year history correlated with density of ciliation. Expression of ciliogenic transcription factors FOXJ1, RFX2, and RFX3 was consistent between groups. CONCLUSION(S) Few studies have evaluated the relationship between smoking and ciliated epithelium in human oviducts. Cigarette smoking does not seem to result in quantitative differences in the density of ciliation nor expression of ciliogenesis factors. Our findings suggest that pathophysiologic mechanisms other than ciliation account for the increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in women who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Pier
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Avedis Kazanjian
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Laurie Gillette
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Karen Strenge
- Department of Pathology, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington
| | - Richard O Burney
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington; Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Healthcare System, Tacoma, Washington.
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Mankoo PK, Shen R, Schultz N, Levine DA, Sander C. Time to recurrence and survival in serous ovarian tumors predicted from integrated genomic profiles. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24709. [PMID: 22073136 PMCID: PMC3207809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Serous ovarian cancer (SeOvCa) is an aggressive disease with differential and often inadequate therapeutic outcome after standard treatment. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has provided rich molecular and genetic profiles from hundreds of primary surgical samples. These profiles confirm mutations of TP53 in ∼100% of patients and an extraordinarily complex profile of DNA copy number changes with considerable patient-to-patient diversity. This raises the joint challenge of exploiting all new available datasets and reducing their confounding complexity for the purpose of predicting clinical outcomes and identifying disease relevant pathway alterations. We therefore set out to use multi-data type genomic profiles (mRNA, DNA methylation, DNA copy-number alteration and microRNA) available from TCGA to identify prognostic signatures for the prediction of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methodology/Principal Findings We implemented a multivariate Cox Lasso model and median time-to-event prediction algorithm and applied it to two datasets integrated from the four genomic data types. We (1) selected features through cross-validation; (2) generated a prognostic index for patient risk stratification; and (3) directly predicted continuous clinical outcome measures, that is, the time to recurrence and survival time. We used Kaplan-Meier p-values, hazard ratios (HR), and concordance probability estimates (CPE) to assess prediction performance, comparing separate and integrated datasets. Data integration resulted in the best PFS signature (withheld data: p-value = 0.008; HR = 2.83; CPE = 0.72). Conclusions/Significance We provide a prediction tool that inputs genomic profiles of primary surgical samples and generates patient-specific predictions for the time to recurrence and survival, along with outcome risk predictions. Using integrated genomic profiles resulted in information gain for prediction of outcomes. Pathway analysis provided potential insights into functional changes affecting disease progression. The prognostic signatures, if prospectively validated, may be useful for interpreting therapeutic outcomes for clinical trials that aim to improve the therapy for SeOvCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parminder K. Mankoo
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus Schultz
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Levine
- Gynecology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chris Sander
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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