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Lu H. Inflammatory liver diseases and susceptibility to sepsis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:435-487. [PMID: 38571396 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory liver diseases, particularly alcohol-associated liver disease and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), have higher incidence of infections and mortality rate due to sepsis. The current focus in the development of drugs for MAFLD is the resolution of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and prevention of progression to cirrhosis. In patients with cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis, sepsis is a major cause of death. As the metabolic center and a key immune tissue, liver is the guardian, modifier, and target of sepsis. Septic patients with liver dysfunction have the highest mortality rate compared with other organ dysfunctions. In addition to maintaining metabolic homeostasis, the liver produces and secretes hepatokines and acute phase proteins (APPs) essential in tissue protection, immunomodulation, and coagulation. Inflammatory liver diseases cause profound metabolic disorder and impairment of energy metabolism, liver regeneration, and production/secretion of APPs and hepatokines. Herein, the author reviews the roles of (1) disorders in the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids as well as the clearance of ammonia and lactate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (2) cytokines/chemokines in inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis; (3) APPs and hepatokines in the protection against tissue injury and infections; and (4) major nuclear receptors/signaling pathways underlying the metabolic disorders and tissue injuries as well as the major drug targets for inflammatory liver diseases and sepsis. Approaches that focus on the liver dysfunction and regeneration will not only treat inflammatory liver diseases but also prevent the development of severe infections and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A
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2
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Tian X, Zhang Z, Li W. Expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice and their role in intestinal mucosal injury. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:237-250. [PMID: 35154543 PMCID: PMC8826794 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.85648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim was to investigate the expression of TLR2 and TLR5 in the distal ileum of mice with obstructive jaundice (OJ) and their role in intestinal mucosal injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 100 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) bile duct ligation (BDL). The mice were respectively sacrificed before operation and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after operation to collect specimens. Various indicators were detected by PCR, immunohistochemistry and other methods. RESULTS TLR2 was increased gradually with the extension of OJ time in the BDL group (p < 0.05). However, the changes in the expression of TLR5 were not obvious at different time points. The amount of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus showed downward trends in intestinal tract of the BDL group. Furthermore, the amount of Escherichia coli was increased in intestinal tract of the BDL group. The pathological score of intestinal mucosa and the expression of NF-κB increased gradually in the BDL group with the extension of OJ time. There were positive correlations between the pathological score of intestinal mucosa and expressions of TLR2(r = 0.767, p < 0.05) and NF-κB (r = 0.817, p < 0.05) in BDL group. NF-κB expression was positively correlated with TLR2 expression(r = 0.706, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Disturbance of intestinal flora caused by OJ could increase the expression of NF-κB via up-regulating the expression of TLR2 to activate the downstream signaling pathway, thus aggravated the injury of intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tian
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei, China
| | | | - Wen Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Galaz J, Romero R, Arenas-Hernandez M, Panaitescu B, Para R, Gomez-Lopez N. Betamethasone as a potential treatment for preterm birth associated with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation: a murine study. J Perinat Med 2021; 49:897-906. [PMID: 33878254 PMCID: PMC8440410 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preterm birth remains the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Preterm birth is preceded by spontaneous preterm labor, which is commonly associated with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation; yet, no approved treatment exists for this clinical condition. Corticosteroids are the standard of care to improve neonatal outcomes in women at risk of preterm birth. Herein, we first validated our model of alarmin-induced preterm birth. Next, we investigated whether treatment with betamethasone could prevent preterm birth resulting from sterile intra-amniotic inflammation in mice. METHODS Under ultrasound guidance, the first cohort of dams received an intra-amniotic injection of the alarmin high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1, n=10) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, n=9) as controls. A second cohort of dams received HMGB1 intra-amniotically and were subcutaneously treated with betamethasone (n=15) or vehicle (n=15). Dams were observed until delivery, and perinatal outcomes were observed. RESULTS Intra-amniotic HMGB1 reduced gestational length (p=0.04), inducing preterm birth in 40% (4/10) of cases, of which 100% (4/4) were categorized as late preterm births. Importantly, treatment with betamethasone extended the gestational length (p=0.02), thereby reducing the rate of preterm birth by 26.6% (from 33.3% [5/15] to 6.7% [1/15]). Treatment with betamethasone did not worsen the rate of neonatal mortality induced by HMGB1 or alter weight gain in the first three weeks of life. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with betamethasone prevents preterm birth induced by the alarmin HMGB1. This study supports the potential utility of betamethasone for treating women with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Marcia Arenas-Hernandez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Bogdan Panaitescu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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Stoy N. Involvement of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 and Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 in the Immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Implications for the Treatment of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638446. [PMID: 33936053 PMCID: PMC8085890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) lie sequentially on a signaling pathway activated by ligands of the IL-1 receptor and/or multiple TLRs located either on plasma or endosomal membranes. Activated IRF5, in conjunction with other synergistic transcription factors, notably NF-κB, is crucially required for the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the innate immune response to microbial infection. The IRAK4-IRF5 axis could therefore have a major role in the induction of the signature cytokines and chemokines of the hyperinflammatory state associated with severe morbidity and mortality in COVID-19. Here a case is made for considering IRAK4 or IRF5 inhibitors as potential therapies for the "cytokine storm" of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stoy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lai X, Gong J, Wang W, Cao D, Wang M, Liu Y, Wu H, Wu Y, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Li J, Gong J. Acetyl-3-Aminoethyl Salicylate Ameliorates Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Liver Graft Survival Through a High-Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Mechanism. Liver Transpl 2019; 25:1220-1232. [PMID: 31125492 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In liver transplant cases, severe hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a strong predictor of adverse liver graft and overall outcomes. During HIRI, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) promotes hepatocellular death and proinflammatory cytokine secretion by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Because salicylates inhibit HMGB1/TLR4 interaction, we hypothesized that salicylates may ameliorate HIRI-induced liver damage by inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4 axis activation. Using a murine model of HIRI, we found that the salicylate acetyl-3-aminoethyl salicylic acid (ac3AESA) reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as Suzuki scores and apoptotic cell counts after HIRI. Ac3AESA also down-regulated hepatocellular HMGB1 and TLR4 expression, phosphorylated inhibitor of κBα, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 1 levels after HIRI. Ac3AESA reduced liver Kupffer cell transcription of proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6, IL1β, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 after HIRI. Ac3AESA also dose-dependently reduced in vitro release of Kupffer cell TNF-α. Employing a murine orthotopic liver transplantation model, we found daily ac3AESA administration up to day 10 after transplant improved liver graft survival, suppressed allograft damage, and down-regulated HMGB1/TLR4 signaling. These benefits to survival and allograft health were maintained for cold ischemia times of 12 and 18 hours. Notably, TLR4 knockout eliminated all foregoing ac3AESA-induced effects. In conclusion, ac3AESA partially rescues the negative effects of HIRI and prolongs liver graft survival in a TLR4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhua Gong
- Department of Organ Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Menghao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yakun Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong Zeng
- Department of Organ Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinzheng Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Gong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Alanyl-glutamine Protects Against Damage Induced by Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli Strains in Intestinal Cells. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2019; 68:190-198. [PMID: 30247422 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) is an important pathogen causing enteric infections worldwide. This pathotype is linked to malnutrition in children from developing countries. Alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln) is an immune modulator nutrient that acts during intestinal damage and/or inflammation. This study investigated the effect of EAEC infection and Ala-Gln on cell viability, cell death, and inflammation of intestinal epithelium cells (IEC-6). METHODS Cells were infected with an EAEC prototype 042 strain, an EAEC wild-type strain isolated from a Brazilian malnourished child, and a commensal E coli HS. Gene transcription and protein levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 (CINC-1/CXCL1) were evaluated using RT-qPCR, western blot analysis, and ELISA. RESULTS Infections with both EAEC strains decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis and necrosis after 24 hours. Ala-Gln supplementation increased cell proliferation and reduced cell death in infected cells. Likewise, EAEC strain 042 significantly increased the transcript levels of caspases-3, -8, and -9 when compared to the control group, and Ala-Gln treatment reversed this effect. Furthermore, EAEC induced CXCL1 protein levels, which were also reduced by Ala-Gln supplementation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that EAEC infection promotes apoptosis, necrosis, and intestinal inflammation with involvement of caspases. Supplementation of Ala-Gln inhibits cell death, increases cell proliferation, attenuates mediators associated with cell death, and inflammatory pathways in infected cells.
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Yang R, Zhu S, Pischke SE, Haugaa H, Zou X, Tonnessen TI. Bile and circulating HMGB1 contributes to systemic inflammation in obstructive jaundice. J Surg Res 2018; 228:14-19. [PMID: 29907203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive jaundice (OJ) patients with cholangitis are prone to sepsis; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear and need to be clarified. METHODS Analyzing all available published data related to the title of this article. RESULTS OJ leads to absence of gut luminal bile and accumulation of hepatic and circulating bile acids. Absence of gut luminal bile deprives the gut from its antiinflammatory, endotoxin-binding, bacteriostatic, mucosal-trophic, epithelial tight-junction maintaining, and gut motility-regulating effects, leading to gut bacterial overgrowth, mucosal atrophy, mucosal tight-junction loss, and gut motility dysfunction. These alterations promote intestinal endotoxin and bacterial translocation (BT) into portal and systemic circulation. Gut BT triggers systemic inflammation, which can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions in OJ. The accumulation of hepatic and circulating bile acids kills/damages hepatocyte and Kupffer cells, and it also significantly decreases the number of liver natural killer T-cells in OJ. This results in impaired hepatic and systemic immune function, which facilitates BT. In addition, neutralizing bile HMGB1 can reverse endotoxemic bile-induced gut BT and mucosal injury in mice, suggesting that bile HMGB1 in OJ patients can be responsible for internal drainage-related clinical complications. Moreover, the elevated circulating HMGB1 level may contribute to multiple organ injuries, and it might also mediate gut BT in OJ. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 may significantly contribute to systemic inflammation and multiple organ dysfunctions in OJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkuan Yang
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Soeren Erik Pischke
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hakon Haugaa
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tor Inge Tonnessen
- Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hsieh CS, Chuang JH, Chou MH, Kao YH. Dexamethasone restores transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 expression and phagocytosis activity of Kupffer cells in cholestatic liver injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 56:310-319. [PMID: 29414666 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) in modulating the function of Kupffer cells (KCs) within cholestatic livers remains unclear. This study examined the immunopharmacological action of dexamethasone (DEX) in modulating hepatic TAK1 expression and related signaling activity in a rat model of bile duct ligation-mimicked obstructive jaundice. The in vitro effects of DEX on porcine biliary extract (PBE)-modulated gene expression and phagocytosis of KCs were examined using a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383 cells). Although DEX therapy did not restore the downregulated TAK1 expression and phosphorylation, it significantly attenuated the upregulation of high-mobility group box 1 expression and caspase-3 activation in whole liver extracts of cholestatic rats, possibly via enhancing extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated signaling. Dual immunofluorescence staining of cholestatic livers and western detection on primary KCs isolated from cholestatic livers identified that DEX treatment indeed increased both the expression and phosphorylation levels of TAK1 in the KCs of cholestatic livers. In vitro studies using alveolar NR8383 macrophages with KC-characteristic gene expression further demonstrated that DEX not only repressed the pro-inflammatory cytokine production including with respect to interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, but also enhanced gene expression of TAK1 and a phagocytic marker, natural-resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, under PBE-mimicked cholestatic conditions. However, WST-1 assay showed that DEX did not protect NR8383 macrophages against the PBE-induced cytotoxicity. Immunofluorescence visualization of cellular F-actin by phalloidin suggested that DEX sustained the PBE-induced phagocytosis morphology of NR8383 macrophages. In conclusion, DEX treatment may pharmacologically restore the expression and activity of TAK1 in KCs, and sustain the phagocytic phenotype of KCs in cholestatic livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sung Hsieh
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Department of Teaching & Research, Pu-Li Christian Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan; Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi-Nan University, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lin YC, Wang FS, Yang YL, Chuang YT, Huang YH. MicroRNA-29a mitigation of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling and alleviation of obstructive jaundice-induced fibrosis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:880-886. [PMID: 29366780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis and hepatitis can cause continuous liver damage that may ultimately result in liver fibrosis. In a previous study, we demonstrated that microRNA-29a (miR-29a) protects against liver fibrosis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 are pattern recognition receptors of bacterial lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide, both of which participate in activating hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis. The purpose of this study is to characterize the biological influence of miR-29a on TLR2 and TLR4 signaling in livers injured with bile duct ligation (BDL). We performed BDL on both miR-29a transgenic mice (miR-29aTg) and wild-type mice to induce cholestatic liver injury. Primary HSCs were transfected with a miR-29a mimic and inhibitor. In the wild-type mice, the BDL demonstrated significant α-smooth muscle actin fibrotic matrix formation and hepatic high mobility group box-1 expression. However, in the miR-29aTg mice, these factors were significantly reduced. Furthermore, miR-29a overexpression reduced the BDL exaggeration of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), phospho-p65 as well as proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, MCP-1, TGF-β, and TNF-α. In vitro, miR-29a mimic transfection reduced α-SMA, BRD4,TLR2, and TLR4 expressions in HSCs. This study provides new molecular insight into the ability of miR-29a to inhibit TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, which thus slows the progression of cholestatic liver deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Cheng Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Sheng Wang
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Chuang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lin SY, Wang YY, Chen WY, Liao SL, Chou ST, Yang CP, Chen CJ. Hepatoprotective activities of rosmarinic acid against extrahepatic cholestasis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:214-223. [PMID: 28789951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Though rosmarinic acid possesses nutritional, pharmaceutical, and toxic properties and shows therapeutic potential on liver diseases, its therapeutic effects against cholestatic liver diseases have not been proven. Using an extrahepatic cholestasis rat model by bile-duct ligation (BDL), daily oral administration of rosmarinic acid showed improvement effects on liver histology, serum biochemicals, ductular reaction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Rosmarinic acid alleviated BDL-induced transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) production and hepatic collagen deposition, and the anti-fibrotic effects were accompanied by reductions in matrix-producing cells and Smad2/3. BDL rats showed increased hepatic NF-κB/AP-1 activities, inflammatory cell infiltration/accumulation, and cytokine production, and these signs of hepatic inflammation were ameliorated by rosmarinic acid. Mechanistic study revealed an inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid on the axis of the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)/toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in BDL rats. Results of cultured hepatic stellate cells further showed the impacts of rosmarinic acid which attenuated TGF-β1-induced stellate cell mitogenic and fibrogenic activation. Our findings support the concept that rosmarinic acid could serve as a hepatoprotective agent, and dietary rosmarinic acid supplementation may be beneficial in terms of improving cholestasis-related liver injury via mechanisms involving resolution of oxidative burden and down-regulation of HMGB1/TLR4, NF-κB, AP-1, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City 112, Taiwan; Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Su-Tze Chou
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
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11
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Yu R, Zheng Y, Lucas MB, Tong YG. Elusive liver factor that causes pancreatic α cell hyperplasia: A review of literature. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2015; 6:131-139. [PMID: 26600971 PMCID: PMC4644877 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas are commonly derived from precursor lesions so that understanding the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of precursor lesions is critical for the prevention and treatment of those neoplasms. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) can also be derived from precursor lesions. Pancreatic α cell hyperplasia (ACH), a specific and overwhelming increase in the number of α cells, is a precursor lesion leading to PNET pathogenesis. One of the 3 subtypes of ACH, reactive ACH is caused by glucagon signaling disruption and invariably evolves into PNETs. In this article, the existing work on the mechanisms underlying reactive ACH pathogenesis is reviewed. It is clear that the liver secretes a humoral factor regulating α cell numbers but the identity of the liver factor remains elusive. Potential approaches to identify the liver factor are discussed.
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Kang R, Chen R, Zhang Q, Hou W, Wu S, Cao L, Huang J, Yu Y, Fan XG, Yan Z, Sun X, Wang H, Wang Q, Tsung A, Billiar TR, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D. HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2014; 40:1-116. [PMID: 25010388 PMCID: PMC4254084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic and physiological variations as well as environmental factors that drive emergence of chromosomal instability, development of unscheduled cell death, skewed differentiation, and altered metabolism are central to the pathogenesis of human diseases and disorders. Understanding the molecular bases for these processes is important for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers, and for identifying new therapeutic targets. In 1973, a group of non-histone nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility was discovered and termed high-mobility group (HMG) proteins. The HMG proteins include three superfamilies termed HMGB, HMGN, and HMGA. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside the cell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP). This DAMP, in conjunction with other factors, thus has cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor activity, orchestrating the inflammatory and immune response. All of these characteristics make HMGB1 a critical molecular target in multiple human diseases including infectious diseases, ischemia, immune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Indeed, a number of emergent strategies have been used to inhibit HMGB1 expression, release, and activity in vitro and in vivo. These include antibodies, peptide inhibitors, RNAi, anti-coagulants, endogenous hormones, various chemical compounds, HMGB1-receptor and signaling pathway inhibition, artificial DNAs, physical strategies including vagus nerve stimulation and other surgical approaches. Future work further investigating the details of HMGB1 localization, structure, post-translational modification, and identification of additional partners will undoubtedly uncover additional secrets regarding HMGB1's multiple functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
| | - Ruochan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Wen Hou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Lizhi Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xue-Gong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Zhengwen Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Experimental Department of Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510510, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Nakamura K, Hatano E, Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Okuno M, Koyama Y, Narita M, Seo S, Taura K, Uemoto S. Soluble thrombomodulin attenuates sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in rat through suppression of high mobility group box 1. Liver Int 2014; 34:1473-87. [PMID: 24498917 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) is a drug-induced liver injury caused by anticancer treatment such as oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with hepatic colorectal metastases. SOS is also associated with postoperative morbidity after hepatectomy. AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) in a monocrotaline (MCT)-induced SOS model in rats. METHODS Rats were administered rTM by intravenous injection (3 mg/kg) and subcutaneous injection (3 mg/kg) concurrently with MCT administration. Other rats received the same volume of normal saline (NS) and MCT. Liver tissue and blood were collected 48 h after MCT administration to evaluate SOS. Survival after 30% partial hepatectomy was also investigated in both groups. Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were used to examine sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs). Serum concentrations of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and neutrophil accumulation were also measured. RESULTS In the NS group, liver histology showed SOS phenotypes. In the rTM group, these changes were suppressed, total SOS scores were significantly lower, and serum transaminase levels were significantly reduced compared with the NS group. Survival after 30% hepatectomy was significantly higher in the rTM group (57% vs. 22%, P = 0.0070). Electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry showed a protective effect of rTM on SECs. rTM also attenuated the serum HMGB1 level (9.2 vs. 19.6 ng/ml, P = 0.0086), active neutrophil recruitment and myeloperoxidase activity. CONCLUSION rTM preserved SECs and attenuated MCT-induced SOS in rats through suppression of circulatory HMGB1 and neutrophil accumulation, resulting in improved survival after hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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de Souza AWS, de Leeuw K, van Timmeren MM, Limburg PC, Stegeman CA, Bijl M, Westra J, Kallenberg CGM. Impact of serum high mobility group box 1 and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products on subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96067. [PMID: 24776932 PMCID: PMC4002481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) patients are associated with carotid atherosclerosis, related to levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) and influenced by immunosuppressive or lipid-lowering therapy. Twenty-three GPA patients and 20 controls were evaluated for HMGB1- and sRAGE levels and for carotid atherosclerosis using ultrasound to determine intima-media thickness (IMT). In vitro the effect of atorvastatin on the production of HMGB1 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was assessed. Serum HMGB1 and sRAGE levels did not differ between patients and controls. A negative correlation was found between sRAGE and maximum IMT but HMGB1 and carotid IMT were not related. HMGB1 levels were reduced in GPA patients on statins and prednisolone. In vitro, atorvastatin reduced HMGB1 levels in supernatants of activated HUVEC. In conclusion, carotid IMT is inversely correlated with sRAGE levels but not with HMGB1 levels. Statins and prednisolone are associated with reduced serum HMGB1 levels and atorvastatin decreases HMGB1 release by activated HUVEC in vitro, indicating an additional anti-inflammatory effect of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre W. S. de Souza
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Rheumatology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (Unifesp/EPM), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Karina de Leeuw
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjan M. van Timmeren
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. Limburg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coen A. Stegeman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Bijl
- Martini Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees G. M. Kallenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Zhou YX, Ni Y, Liu YB, Liu X. Histone preconditioning protects against obstructive jaundice-induced liver injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:15-20. [PMID: 24944590 PMCID: PMC4061184 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A major consequence of obstructive jaundice (OJ) in clinical practice is the development of severe liver injury, and at present, no effective treatments have been developed to protect against it. Preconditioning with damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules has been demonstrated to protect multiple organs from injury, and histones have been recently identified as DAMP molecules. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of histone preconditioning against OJ-induced liver injury in rats and the involvement of Toll-like receptors. Rats were administered histone proteins (200 μg/kg; 1 ml) or physiological saline (1 ml) intraperitoneally 24 h prior to being subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL). The serum levels of liver enzymes and bilirubin, as well as the histopathology were analyzed. The mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the liver tissue was analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. BDL in the control group caused severe OJ-induced liver injury, as indicated by the significantly elevated levels of liver enzymes and mRNA levels of IL-6, and confirmed by histopathological alterations. However, histone preconditioning significantly ameliorated the OJ-induced liver injury caused by BDL, as shown by an improvement in the levels of liver enzymes, a suppression of IL-6 production, as well as histopathological alterations. Therefore, these results suggested that histone preconditioning is able to protect against OJ-induced liver injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Xing Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Bing Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Longgang District Central Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518116, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214151, P.R. China
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Aydın S, Tokaç M, Taner G, Arıkök AT, Dündar HZ, Ozkardeş AB, Taşlıpınar MY, Kılıç M, Başaran AA, Başaran N. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of lycopene in obstructive jaundice. J Surg Res 2012; 182:285-95. [PMID: 23154037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive jaundice, a frequently observed condition caused by obstruction of the common bile duct or its flow and seen in many clinical situations, may end up with serious complications like sepsis, immune depression, coagulopathy, wound breakdown, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hepatic and renal failures. Intrahepatic accumulation of reactive oxygen species is thought to be an important cause for the possible mechanisms of the pathogenesis of cholestatic tissue injury from jaundice. Carotenoids have been well described that are able to scavenge reactive oxygen species. Lycopene, a carotenoid present in tomatoes, tomato products, and several fruits and vegetables, have been suggested to have antioxidant activity, so may play a role in certain diseases related to the oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of lycopene on oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by experimental biliary obstruction in Wistar albino rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Daily doses of 100 mg/kg lycopene were given to the bile duct-ligation (BDL) rats orally for 14 days. DNA damage was evaluated by an alkaline comet assay. The levels of aspartate transferase, amino alanine transferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and direct bilirubin were analyzed in plasma for the determination of liver functions. The levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S transferase were determined in the liver and kidney tissues. Pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha level was determined in the liver tissues. Histologic examinations of the liver and kidney tissues were also performed. RESULTS According to this study, lycopene significantly recovered the parameters of liver functions in plasma, reduced malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, enhanced reduced glutathione levels, as well as enhancing all antioxidant enzyme activity in all tissues obtained from the BDL group. Moreover, the parameters of DNA damage in the liver and kidney tissue cells, whole blood cells, and lymphocytes were significantly lower in the lycopene-treated BDL group, compared with the BDL group. CONCLUSIONS Lycopene significantly reduced the DNA damage, and markedly recovered the liver and kidney tissue injuries seen in rats with obstructive jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevtap Aydın
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey
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