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For: Miao P, Kong Y, Ma Y, Zeng H, Yu Z. Hypothermia predicts the prognosis in colon ascendens stent peritonitis mice. J Surg Res 2012;181:129-35. [PMID: 22739046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]

For:	Miao P, Kong Y, Ma Y, Zeng H, Yu Z. Hypothermia predicts the prognosis in colon ascendens stent peritonitis mice. J Surg Res 2012;181:129-35. [PMID: 22739046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

McGinn R, Fergusson DA, Stewart DJ, Kristof AS, Barron CC, Thebaud B, McIntyre L, Stacey D, Liepmann M, Dodelet-Devillers A, Zhang H, Renlund R, Lilley E, Downey GP, Brown EG, Côté L, Dos Santos CC, Fox-Robichaud AE, Hussain SNA, Laffey JG, Liu M, MacNeil J, Orlando H, Qureshi ST, Turner PV, Winston BW, Lalu MM. Surrogate Humane Endpoints in Small Animal Models of Acute Lung Injury: A Modified Delphi Consensus Study of Researchers and Laboratory Animal Veterinarians. Crit Care Med 2021;49:311-323. [PMID: 33332817 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

In many jurisdictions, ethical concerns require surrogate humane endpoints to replace death in small animal models of acute lung injury. Heterogenous selection and reporting of surrogate endpoints render interpretation and generalizability of findings between studies difficult. We aimed to establish expert-guided consensus among preclinical scientists and laboratory animal veterinarians on selection and reporting of surrogate endpoints, monitoring of these models, and the use of analgesia.

DESIGN

A three-round consensus process, using modified Delphi methodology, with researchers who use small animal models of acute lung injury and laboratory animal veterinarians who provide care for these animals. Statements on the selection and reporting of surrogate endpoints, monitoring, and analgesia were generated through a systematic search of MEDLINE and Embase. Participants were asked to suggest any additional potential statements for evaluation.

SETTING

A web-based survey of participants representing the two stakeholder groups (researchers, laboratory animal veterinarians). Statements were rated on level of evidence and strength of support by participants. A final face-to-face meeting was then held to discuss results.

SUBJECTS

None.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Forty-two statements were evaluated, and 29 were rated as important, with varying strength of evidence. The majority of evidence was based on rodent models of acute lung injury. Endpoints with strong support and evidence included temperature changes and body weight loss. Behavioral signs and respiratory distress also received support but were associated with lower levels of evidence. Participants strongly agreed that analgesia affects outcomes in these models and that none may be necessary following nonsurgical induction of acute lung injury. Finally, participants strongly supported transparent reporting of surrogate endpoints. A prototype composite score was also developed based on participant feedback.

CONCLUSIONS

We provide a preliminary framework that researchers and animal welfare committees may adapt for their needs. We have identified knowledge gaps that future research should address.

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Affiliation(s)

Ryan McGinn Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Dean A Fergusson Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Duncan J Stewart Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Arnold S Kristof Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Carly C Barron Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Bernard Thebaud Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Lauralyn McIntyre Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Dawn Stacey Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Mark Liepmann Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
Aurore Dodelet-Devillers The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Haibo Zhang Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Richard Renlund Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Elliot Lilley Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom
Gregory P Downey Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
Earl G Brown Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Lucie Côté The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Claudia C Dos Santos Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Alison E Fox-Robichaud Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Sabah N A Hussain Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
John G Laffey Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Mingyao Liu Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Jenna MacNeil Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Holly Orlando Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Salman T Qureshi Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Patricia V Turner Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
Brent W Winston Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Manoj M Lalu Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada Clinical Epidemiology Program, Blueprint Translational Research Group, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Critical Care and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada Division of Respirology, Departments of Critical Care and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Departments of Anesthesia, Medicine and Physiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Keenan Research Centre - Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Research Animals Department, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Southwater, United Kingdom Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO Departments of Medicine and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO Neurosciences Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, and Keenan Research Center, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Medicine and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Animal & Veterinary Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School and Medicine and the University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

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Lang GP, Ndongson-Dongmo B, Lajqi T, Brodhun M, Han Y, Wetzker R, Frasch MG, Bauer R. Impact of ambient temperature on inflammation-induced encephalopathy in endotoxemic mice-role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. J Neuroinflammation 2020;17:292. [PMID: 33028343 PMCID: PMC7541275 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an early and frequent event of infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is linked to neuroinflammation and inflammation-related microglial activity. In homeotherms, variations in ambient temperature (Ta) outside the thermoneutral zone lead to thermoregulatory responses, mainly driven by a gradually increasing sympathetic activity, and may affect disease severity. We hypothesized that thermoregulatory response to hypothermia (reduced Ta) aggravates SAE in PI3Kγ-dependent manner.

METHODS

Experiments were performed in wild-type, PI3Kγ knockout, and PI3Kγ kinase-dead mice, which were kept at neutral (30 ± 0.5 °C) or moderately lowered (26 ± 0.5 °C) Ta. Mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/g, from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5, single intraperitoneal injection)-evoked systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and monitored 24 h for thermoregulatory response and blood-brain barrier integrity. Primary microglial cells and brain tissue derived from treated mice were analyzed for inflammatory responses and related cell functions. Comparisons between groups were made with one-way or two-way analysis of variance, as appropriate. Post hoc comparisons were made with the Holm-Sidak test or t tests with Bonferroni's correction for adjustments of multiple comparisons. Data not following normal distribution was tested with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test.

RESULTS

We show that a moderate reduction of ambient temperature triggers enhanced hypothermia of mice undergoing LPS-induced systemic inflammation by aggravated SAE. PI3Kγ deficiency enhances blood-brain barrier injury and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as an impaired microglial phagocytic activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Thermoregulatory adaptation in response to ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral range exacerbates LPS-induced blood-brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation. PI3Kγ serves a protective role in suppressing release of MMPs, maintaining microglial motility and reinforcing phagocytosis leading to improved brain tissue integrity. Thus, preclinical research targeting severe brain inflammation responses is seriously biased when basic physiological prerequisites of mammal species such as preferred ambient temperature are ignored.

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Xiphoid Surface Temperature Predicts Mortality in a Murine Model of Septic Shock. Shock 2019;50:226-232. [PMID: 28957876 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]

Zingarelli B, Coopersmith CM, Drechsler S, Efron P, Marshall JC, Moldawer L, Wiersinga WJ, Xiao X, Osuchowski MF, Thiemermann C. Part I: Minimum Quality Threshold in Preclinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS) for Study Design and Humane Modeling Endpoints. Shock 2019;51:10-22. [PMID: 30106874 PMCID: PMC6296871 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]

Abstract

Preclinical animal studies are mandatory before new treatments can be tested in clinical trials. However, their use in developing new therapies for sepsis has been controversial because of limitations of the models and inconsistencies with the clinical conditions. In consideration of the revised definition for clinical sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3), a Wiggers-Bernard Conference was held in Vienna in May 2017 to propose standardized guidelines on preclinical sepsis modeling. The participants conducted a literature review of 260 most highly cited scientific articles on sepsis models published between 2003 and 2012. The review showed, for example, that mice were used in 79% and euthanasia criteria were defined in 9% of the studies. Part I of this report details the recommendations for study design and humane modeling endpoints that should be addressed in sepsis models. The first recommendation is that survival follow-up should reflect the clinical time course of the infectious agent used in the sepsis model. Furthermore, it is recommended that therapeutic interventions should be initiated after the septic insult replicating clinical care. To define an unbiased and reproducible association between a new treatment and outcome, a randomization and blinding of treatments as well as inclusion of all methodological details in scientific publications is essential. In all preclinical sepsis studies, the high standards of animal welfare must be implemented. Therefore, development and validation of specific criteria for monitoring pain and distress, and euthanasia of septic animals, as well as the use of analgesics are recommended. A set of four considerations is also proposed to enhance translation potential of sepsis models. Relevant biological variables and comorbidities should be included in the study design and sepsis modeling should be extended to mammalian species other than rodents. In addition, the need for source control (in case of a defined infection focus) should be considered. These recommendations and considerations are proposed as "best practices" for animal models of sepsis that should be implemented.

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Lewis AJ, Seymour CW, Rosengart MR. Current Murine Models of Sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2016;17:385-93. [PMID: 27305321 PMCID: PMC4960474 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2016.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open

Refinement of animal models of sepsis and septic shock. Shock 2016;43:304-16. [PMID: 25565638 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]

Morphology-Independent Virulence of Candida Species during Polymicrobial Intra-abdominal Infections with Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2015;84:90-8. [PMID: 26483410 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01059-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open

Abstract

Intra-abdominal polymicrobial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality. An experimental mouse model of Candida albicans-Staphylococcus aureus intra-abdominal infection (IAI) results in 100% mortality by 48 to 72 h postinoculation, while monomicrobial infections are avirulent. Mortality is associated with robust local and systemic inflammation without a requirement for C. albicans morphogenesis. However, the contribution of virulence factors coregulated during the yeast-to-hypha transition is unknown. This also raised the question of whether other Candida species that are unable to form hyphae are as virulent as C. albicans during polymicrobial IAI. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of non-albicans Candida (NAC) species with various morphologies and C. albicans transcription factor mutants (efg1/efg1 and cph1/cph1) to induce synergistic mortality and the accompanying inflammation. Results showed that S. aureus coinoculated with C. krusei or C. tropicalis was highly lethal, similar to C. albicans, while S. aureus-C. dubliniensis, S. aureus-C. parapsilosis, and S. aureus-C. glabrata coinoculations resulted in little to no mortality. Local and systemic interleukin-6 (IL-6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were significantly elevated during symptomatic and/or lethal coinfections, and hypothermia strongly correlated with mortality. Coinoculation with C. albicans strains deficient in the transcription factor Efg1 but not Cph1 reversed the lethal outcome. These results support previous findings and demonstrate that select Candida species, without reference to any morphological requirement, induce synergistic mortality, with IL-6 and PGE2 acting as key inflammatory factors. Mechanistically, signaling pathways controlled by Efg1 are critical for the ability of C. albicans to induce mortality from an intra-abdominal polymicrobial infection.

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