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Alva N, Panisello-Roselló A, Flores M, Roselló-Catafau J, Carbonell T. Ubiquitin-proteasome system and oxidative stress in liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3521-3530. [PMID: 30131658 PMCID: PMC6102496 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i31.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major issue in organ transplantation is the development of a protocol that can preserve organs under optimal conditions. Damage to organs is commonly a consequence of flow deprivation and oxygen starvation following the restoration of blood flow and reoxygenation. This is known as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI): a complex multifactorial process that causes cell damage. While the oxygen deprivation due to ischemia depletes cell energy, subsequent tissue oxygenation due to reperfusion induces many cascades, from reactive oxygen species production to apoptosis initiation. Autophagy has also been identified in the pathogenesis of IRI, although such alterations and their subsequent functional significance are controversial. Moreover, proteasome activation may be a relevant pathophysiological mechanism. Different strategies have been adopted to limit IRI damage, including the supplementation of commercial preservation media with pharmacological agents or additives. In this review, we focus on novel strategies related to the ubiquitin proteasome system and oxidative stress inhibition, which have been used to minimize damage in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Alva
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Arnau Panisello-Roselló
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Marta Flores
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Subnormothermic Perfusion in the Isolated Rat Liver Preserves the Antioxidant Glutathione and Enhances the Function of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9324692. [PMID: 27800122 PMCID: PMC5075307 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9324692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of oxidative stress is suggested to be one of the main mechanisms to explain the benefits of subnormothermic perfusion against ischemic liver damage. In this study we investigated the early cellular mechanisms induced in isolated rat livers after 15 min perfusion at temperatures ranging from normothermia (37°C) to subnormothermia (26°C and 22°C). Subnormothermic perfusion was found to maintain hepatic viability. Perfusion at 22°C raised reduced glutathione levels and the activity of glutathione reductase; however, lipid and protein oxidation still occurred as determined by malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts, and advanced oxidation protein products. In livers perfused at 22°C the lysosomal and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) were both activated. The 26S chymotrypsin-like (β5) proteasome activity was significantly increased in the 26°C (46%) and 22°C (42%) groups. The increased proteasome activity may be due to increased Rpt6 Ser120 phosphorylation, which is known to enhance 26S proteasome activity. Together, our results indicate that the early events produced by subnormothermic perfusion in the liver can induce oxidative stress concomitantly with antioxidant glutathione preservation and enhanced function of the lysosomal and UPS systems. Thus, a brief hypothermia could trigger antioxidant mechanisms and may be functioning as a preconditioning stimulus.
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Longo L, Sinigaglia-Fratta LX, Weber GR, Janz-Moreira A, Kretzmann NA, Grezzana-Filho TDJM, Possa-Marroni N, Corso CO, Schmidt-Cerski CT, Reverbel-da-Silveira T, Álvares-da-Silva MR, dos-Santos JL. Hypothermia is better than ischemic preconditioning for preventing early hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Ann Hepatol 2016; 15:110-20. [PMID: 26626646 DOI: 10.5604/16652681.1184285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical hypothermia (TH) and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) are used to decrease I/R injury. The efficacy of isolated or combined use of TH and IPC in the liver regarding inflammation and cytoprotection in early ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury needs to be evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar rats underwent 70% liver ischemia for 90 min followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Livers of animals allocated in the sham, normothermic ischemia (NI), IPC, TH, and TH+IPC groups were collected for molecular analyses by ELISA and Western blot, aiming to compare proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant profiles. RESULTS Compared with NI, TH presented decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-12 concentrations and increased IL-10 levels. TH animals displayed lower inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and higher endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressions. NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase-1(NQO1) expression was also lower with TH. Isolated IPC and NI were similar regarding all these markers. TH+IPC was associated with decreased IL-12 concentration and reduced iNOS and NQO1 expressions, similarly to isolated TH. Expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein (Keap)-1 was increased and expression of nuclear and cytosolic nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was decreased with TH+IPC vs. NI. CONCLUSION TH was the most effective method of protection against early I/R injury. Isolated IPC entailed triggering of second-line antioxidant defense enzymes. Combined TH+IPC seemed to confer no additional advantage over isolated TH in relation to the inflammatory process, but had the advantage of completely avoid second-line antioxidant defense enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisse Longo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leila Xavier Sinigaglia-Fratta
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Weber
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrea Janz-Moreira
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology,Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Norma Possa-Marroni
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology,Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mário R Álvares-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge L dos-Santos
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology,Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Orci LA, Lacotte S, Oldani G, Slits F, De Vito C, Crowe LA, Rubbia-Brandt L, Vallée JP, Morel P, Toso C. Effect of ischaemic preconditioning on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in an experimental model of liver steatosis. Br J Surg 2016; 103:417-26. [PMID: 26891212 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livers with parenchymal abnormalities tolerate ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury poorly. IR injury is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence. This study assessed the link between liver parenchymal abnormalities and HCC recurrence, and evaluated the protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed a choline-deficient diet for 6 and 12 weeks, or standard chow. Hepatic IR and ischaemic preconditioning were achieved by clamping liver blood inflow. Hepa 1-6 HCC cells were inoculated through the spleen. Thereafter, tumour burden, serum α-fetoprotein and cancer cell aggressiveness were compared among groups. RESULTS Hepatocellular damage and expression of inflammatory genes (encoding interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor α, hypoxia inducible factor 1α and E-selectin) were exacerbated after IR injury in mice with severe steatosis. Compared with control livers or those with minimal steatosis, livers exposed to a prolonged choline-deficient diet developed larger tumour nodules and had higher serum α-fetoprotein levels. Non-ischaemic liver lobes from mice with steatosis were not protected from accelerated tumour growth mediated by IR injury. This remote effect was linked to promotion of the aggressiveness of HCC cells. Ischaemic preconditioning before IR injury reduced the tumour burden to the level of that in non-ischaemic steatotic controls. This protective effect was associated with decreased cancer cell motility. CONCLUSION Livers with steatosis tolerated IR poorly, contributing to more severe HCC recurrence patterns in mice with increasingly severe steatosis. IR injury also had a remote effect on cancer cell aggressiveness. Ischaemic preconditioning before IR injury reduced tumour load and serum α-fetoprotein levels. SURGICAL RELEVANCE Liver ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with organ dysfunction and surgical morbidity. Livers with steatosis tolerate IR injury poorly in the setting of both liver resection and liver transplantation. Ischaemic preconditioning is a simple method to mitigate IR injury. This study shows that ischaemic preconditioning of mouse livers with steatosis reduces ischaemia-mediated tumour growth acceleration. Liver parenchymal abnormalities such as warm IR injury and liver steatosis should be taken into account to predict accurately the risk of liver cancer recurrence after surgical management. Ischaemic preconditioning strategies may hold therapeutic potential not only to mitigate surgical morbidity but also to reduce postoperative recurrence of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Orci
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - S Lacotte
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - G Oldani
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Slits
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C De Vito
- Department of Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L A Crowe
- Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Rubbia-Brandt
- Department of Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J-P Vallée
- Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Morel
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C Toso
- Division of Abdominal and Transplantation Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Surgery, Hepato-pancreato-biliary Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
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