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Kuniyoshi N, Imazu H, Masuzaki R, Yamazaki M, Hamana S, Nomura S, Hayama J, Osawa R, Yamada K, Fujisawa M, Saito K, Kogure H. Diagnostic utility of quantitative analysis of microRNA in bile samples obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for malignant biliary strictures. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289537. [PMID: 37561751 PMCID: PMC10414614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sensitivity of bile cytology for malignant biliary strictures is not adequate. To overcome this limitation, we evaluated whether quantitative analysis of microRNAs (miRNAs) in bile can provide a precise diagnosis of malignant biliary strictures due to pancreatic cancer (PC) and biliary tract cancer (BTC). METHODS This was a retrospective evaluation of miRNA levels in stored bile samples of patients with PC, BTC or benign biliary stricture obtained during biliary drainage from April 2019 to December 2021 at our institution. A total of 113 patients (PC; n = 40, BTC; n = 38, control; n = 35) were enrolled. The miRNA candidates to be quantified were determined with microarray analysis from each 3 patients with PC, BTC and controls. RESULTS Using microarray analysis, we confirmed four significantly up-regulated miRNAs (miR-1275, miR-6891-5p, miR-7107-5p, miR-3197) in patients with PC and BTC compared to control patients. Quantitative PCR was then performed in 113 bile samples for these miRNAs. miR-1275 was significantly upregulated in PC (p = 0.003) and BTC (p = 0.049) compared to controls, miR-6891-5p was significantly upregulated in PC compared to controls (p = 0.025). In particular, a combination of bile cytology and miR-1275 in bile showed a sensitivity of 77.5% (95% CI, 70.7-77.5%), specificity of 100% (95% CI, 92.2-100%) and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93, and provided a significantly greater additional diagnostic effect than bile cytology alone (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS This study suggest that bile miRNAs could be potential biomarkers for pancreato-biliary diseases, particularly miR-1275 and miR-6891-5p may be helpful in the diagnosis of PC and BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kuniyoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Masuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomi Yamazaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Hamana
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Nomura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jo Hayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rota Osawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Fujisawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kogure
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ahlawat S, Al-Kawas FH. ERCP in the evaluation of biliary strictures: Tissue is the issue! Is FISH the answer? Gastrointest Endosc 2022; 95:893-895. [PMID: 35282880 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2021.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Ahlawat
- Division of Gastroenterology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Firas H Al-Kawas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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Qin WH, Liu JT, Wang SP, Yang ZS, Wang KK, Hu B. Antibody array-based proteomic screening of novel biomarkers in malignant biliary stricture. Cancer Biomark 2021; 33:359-368. [PMID: 34542063 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinguishing between benign and malignant bile duct strictures has long been a diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to discover novel biomarkers in bile to improve the diagnostic accuracy of malignant biliary strictures. METHODS Bile samples were collected from 6 patients with malignant or benign biliary stricture, respectively. Protein profiles of the bile were analyzed with a semi-quantitative human antibody array of 440 proteins. Then the differential expressed proteins were screened by Venn diagram analysis. Following this, the accuracy of these potential biomarkers for discriminating between malignant and non-malignant biliary strictures was validated in a larger (n= 40) group of patients using lasso analysis. RESULTS Twenty proteins were found differentially expressed in malignant versus benign biliary strictures, 6 of which were identified by Venn diagram analysis to be up-regulated regardless of the location of biliary strictures. Among the 6 biomarkers, bile lipocalin-2, P-cadherin, and adipsin showed better diagnostic utility than that of bile CA19-9. Lasso analysis identified that lipocalin-2, P-cadherin and CA19-9 as a group of makers best distinguished malignant from benign strictures. CONCLUSIONS Lipocalin-2 and P-cadherin measurements in bile could be clinically useful for the detection of malignant biliary strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Teng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Shi Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun-Ke Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Rosenbaum MW, Arpin R, Limbocker J, Casey B, Le L, Dudley J, Iafrate AJ, Pitman MB. Cytomorphologic characteristics of next-generation sequencing-positive bile duct brushing specimens. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2020; 9:520-527. [PMID: 32839152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytology of bile duct brushings (BDBs) is a specific, but insensitive, test for malignancy. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of BDBs has recently been shown to improve sensitivity. We analyzed the cytologic features of NGS-positive (NGS+) and NGS-negative (NGS-) BDBs and correlated the morphology with the presence of mutations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 96 BDBs were analyzed for 29 cytologic features by 2 pathologists who were unaware of the original diagnosis and NGS results. Clinicopathologic follow-up was used to determine the patient outcomes (ie, benign, low-grade neoplasm, malignant [carcinoma/high-grade dysplasia]). RESULTS We analyzed 74 NGS+ BDBs from 66 patients and 22 NGS- BDBs from 22 patients. During follow-up, 58 of 66 NGS+ patients (88%) had malignancy compared with 0% of NGS- patients (P < 0.001). Fewer than 50% of the malignant cases had been interpreted as malignant on cytology; however, 100% had demonstrated mutations using NGS. Within the NGS+ cases, 53% showed late mutations (TP53, SMAD4, and CDKN2A) supportive of a high-risk stricture. Significant morphologic differences were seen in the background appearance, presence of single cells, architectural disarray, nucleomegaly, anisonucleosis, irregular nuclear borders, increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear hyperchromasia, nucleoli, abnormal groups, clusters, and/or single cells, and overall impression. Naked nuclei, nucleomegaly, anisonucleosis, and coarse chromatin were more common in BDBs with late mutations than in those with KRAS/GNAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog/guanine nucleotide binding protein, α-stimulating complex locus) mutations only. Cytology had a sensitivity of 16% and a specificity of 100% for malignancy. In contrast, NGS had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 73%. Late mutations were 100% specific for malignancy compared with mutations in KRAS/GNAS only, of which 69% were malignant. CONCLUSIONS We found significant overlap in the cytomorphologic features between neoplastic and non-neoplastic BDBs, and more than one half of cancer cases had been interpreted as "nonmalignant" on cytology. NGS showing late mutations was 100% specific for malignancy. Adding genetic testing to BDB cytology would be a valuable ancillary test for the detection of malignancy, and reflex testing should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Rosenbaum
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ronald Arpin
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Limbocker
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brenna Casey
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Long Le
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Dudley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha B Pitman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Insulin-like growth factor 2 binding protein 3 expression on endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration specimens in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:496-500. [PMID: 32109929 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite numerous investigations, we still do not have a specific marker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Only guideline-recommended biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the CA19-9, but it is also present in other gastrointestinal diseases. IMP3 is a new potential biomarker that is over-expressed in some cancers. The aims of our study were (1) to assess IMP3 in benign pancreatic lesions and pancreatic cancer, and (2) to estimate its concentrations in localized and advanced pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-five patients with solid pancreatic lesions who underwent EUS-FNA were included. Patients were divided into three groups: benign lesions, cancer localized only on the pancreas, and patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (locally advanced or with distal metastases). Immunoreactivity of IMP3 was assessed on cytological smears sampled by endoscopic ultrasound. RESULTS IMP3 was expressed in 89% of the patients with pancreatic cancer and not in benign lesions. Stronger expression of IMP3 protein and stage of the pancreatic cancer was statistically significant. IMP3 was expressed in all localized cancers and in 85% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. In the subgroup with locally advanced cancer, IMP3 was expressed in 88%, and in 83% of patients in the subgroup with distal metastasis (P = 0.007). In the present study, sensitivity was 89%, specificity 100%, with positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 63%. CONCLUSION There is a positive correlation between IMP3 expression and TNM stages of the pancreatic cancer. Higher expression of IMP3 on EUS-FNA specimens can suggest poorer prognosis.
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Underwood PW, Gerber MH, Nguyen K, Delitto D, Han S, Thomas RM, Forsmark CE, Trevino JG, Gooding WE, Hughes SJ. Protein Signatures and Tissue Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2019; 230:26-36.e1. [PMID: 31672677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration fails to diagnose up to 25% of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Proteomics can help to overcome this clinical dilemma. We hypothesized that soluble protein signatures can differentiate PDAC from benign tissues. STUDY DESIGN Tissues were obtained from resected surgical specimens, lysed, and homogenates collected for analysis with a 41-protein multiplex assay. Analyte concentrations were normalized to total protein. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate for differences in PDAC vs benign tissue. RESULTS Tissues were obtained from 159 patients, 82 patients with PDAC naïve to therapy and 77 with benign pancreatic pathology. Fourteen analytes had a receiver operating characteristic curve area of >0.75 for predicting PDAC vs benign tissue. A recursive partitioning model using only 2 analytes, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and transforming growth factor-α, provided an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 91.2%, 90.2%, and 92.2%, respectively. A penalized logistic regression model found 12 analytes that provide diagnostic value to a protein signature. The mean area under the receiver operating characteristic after 50 tenfold cross-validations was 0.951. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of this model were 91.2%, 87.8%, and 94.8%, respectively. Applying the scenario of 80% disease prevalence in patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration for a pancreatic head mass, positive predictive value is 98.5% (95% CI 93.0% to 99.7%) and negative predictive value is 66.0% (95% CI 54.9% to 75.6%). CONCLUSIONS Protein signatures from pancreatic specimens can differentiate PDAC from benign tissue. Additional work to validate these findings in a unique sample set is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Underwood
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Michael H Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Kathy Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Daniel Delitto
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ryan M Thomas
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; Department of Surgery, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - Christopher E Forsmark
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jose G Trevino
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL.
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8
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Design of an immunohistochemistry biomarker panel for diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2019; 19:842-849. [PMID: 31445888 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Challenges still exist in differentiating pancreatic adenocarcinoma from benign disease. The use of adjuvant testing of tissue biopsies has demonstrated potential diagnostic value. We designed a proof of concept study to first validate four individual immunohistochemistry biomarkers and then combine them into a panel to boost overall diagnostic sensitivity. METHODS Malignant and benign pancreas from 27 pancreaticoduodenectomy specimens underwent immunohistochemistry staining with VHL, IMP3, S100A4, S100P. Using ROC curve analysis, threshold criteria for number of cells staining were chosen for each biomarker. Biomarkers were then evaluated as a panel for their ability to discriminate malignant from benign specimens. RESULTS Diagnostic sensitivity of VHL, IMP3, S100A4, and S100P were 75.0%, 79.2%, 45.8%, and 0%. When VHL, IMP3, and S100A4 were grouped into a panel, they were able to distinguish cancer from normal tissue with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96%. CONCLUSIONS The high diagnostic value of an IHC panel consisting of VHL, IMP3, and S100A4 on surgical specimens suggests the need for future prospective studies of these biomarkers on biopsy specimens.
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Alagappan M, Darras N, Yang L, Vanderlaan P, Mizrahi M, Sawhney M, Pleskow DK, Berzin TM. Yield of biliary stent cytology: Is it time to think lean? Endosc Int Open 2019; 7:E545-E550. [PMID: 31041372 PMCID: PMC6447405 DOI: 10.1055/a-0829-6216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims During evaluation of pancreaticobiliary strictures, it is common practice to send biliary stents for cytologic analysis. However, in recent years, complementary tissue acquisition techniques ranging from cholangioscopy to fine-needle biopsy have improved the ability to acquire tissue and diagnose malignancy. Data are limited on the current diagnostic yield and cost effectiveness of biliary stent analysis. Patients and methods We performed a retrospective study of all pancreaticobiliary stents sent for analysis in a tertiary care academic medical center from June 2013 to September 2016. Patient demographics, stent information, and final diagnosis history were collected through chart review. Costs were determined using published reimbursement rates for Medicare. Results Two hundred thirty-one stents from 175 patients were sent for cytologic analysis during the study period. Of the 62 stents obtained from patients ultimately diagnosed with malignancy, only one (1.6 %) had positive cytology for malignant cells, while the others were acellular/non-diagnostic (2/62, 3.2 %), negative (48/62, 77.4 %), or atypical (11/62, 17.7 %). The sensitivity of stent cytology for diagnosis of malignancy was 1.6 % (1/62). No cases were identified in which stent cytology changed clinical management. From a payer perspective, the mean estimated cost for each stent cytologic analysis is greater than $ 70.00. Conclusions While stent cytologic analysis is a common clinical practice, the diagnostic yield and cost effectiveness of the practice must be reevaluated. With the rise of newer diagnostic technologies such as digital cholangioscopy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy, it may be time to "think lean" and acknowledge a sunset for biliary stent cytology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthuraman Alagappan
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Natasha Darras
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lauren Yang
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Paul Vanderlaan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Meir Mizrahi
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mandeep Sawhney
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas K. Pleskow
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Tyler M. Berzin
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical, Boston, Massachusetts, United States,Corresponding author Tyler M. Berzin, MD Center for Advanced EndoscopyDivision of GastroenterologyBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center330 Brookline AvenueBoston, MA 02215+1-617-667-1728
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Zhai J. UroVysion Multi-Target Fluorescence in situ Hybridization Assay for the Detection of Malignant Bile Duct Brushing Specimens: A Comparison with Routine Cytology. Acta Cytol 2018; 62:295-301. [PMID: 29734171 DOI: 10.1159/000488636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Routine bile duct brushing cytology is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of bile duct stricture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of the UroVysion fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay for the detection of malignant bile duct brushing specimens. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-five bile duct brushing specimens were included in the study. The FISH assay utilized the commercially available UroVysion probes. The indeterminate cytology results were considered as negative for statistical analysis. RESULTS Twenty-two of 35 patients were diagnosed as having malignancy based on tissue diagnosis or clinical progression of disease by image assessment. The sensitivity of routine cytology and FISH for the detection of malignancy was 14% (3/22) and 55% (12/22), respectively (p = 0.003). The specificity of routine cytology and FISH was 100% (13/13) and 62% (8/13), respectively (p = 0.025). The false-positive rate for routine cytology and FISH was 0% (0/13) and 38% (5/13), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that FISH is significantly more sensitive than routine cytology for the detection of malignancy in bile duct brushing specimens. However, in our study, the specificity of FISH was poor compared to the excellent specificity of routine cytology. The compromised specificity of FISH may limit its utility in the detection of malignant bile duct brushing specimens.
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Pereira P, Vilas-Boas F, Peixoto A, Andrade P, Lopes J, Macedo G. How SpyGlass™ May Impact Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Practice and Patient Management. GE PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 25:132-137. [PMID: 29761149 PMCID: PMC5939843 DOI: 10.1159/000481859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholangiopancreatoscopy with SpyGlass™ Direct Visualization System (SGDVS) is being used in specialized centers for improving the sensitivity of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients with indeterminate pancreatobiliary strictures (PBS). The aims of this study were to report our initial experience with SGDVS in the evaluation of indeterminate PBS, and discuss the improvements of ERCP brought by this technique in our center. METHODS The usefulness of SGDVS in patients with indeterminate PBS (defined after nondiagnostic previous ERCP with brush cytology) was evaluated in a prospective observational cohort study conducted at a single tertiary biliopancreatic unit. The accuracy of diagnosis by the SGDVS visual findings, SGDVS-guided biopsy, technical success, image quality, change in patient management after the procedure, and complication rate were assessed. RESULTS In our single-center cohort, there were 13 SGDVS procedures for evaluating indeterminate PBS. Technical success, defined by the ability to progress with the SpyScope to the target lesion, was achieved in all the cases. The diagnostic accuracy of visual findings (87.5%) was superior to SGDVS-guided biopsy (55%). In 11 (85%) procedures, the image quality was considered good. The procedure permitted exclusion of malignancy and avoiding surgery in 9 patients (69%). There were no complications during the procedures. However, in the post-procedure monitoring, 3 patients developed acute pancreatitis (19%) and 2 patients developed acute cholangitis (13%). CONCLUSION The SGDVS can be considered useful in the context of indeterminate PBS. The intervention is associated with high procedural success and alters clinical outcome compared to conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armando Peixoto
- Gastroenterology Department - Centro Hospitalar de São João, WGO Oporto Training Center, Porto Medical School - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Xie C, Aloreidi K, Patel B, Ridgway T, Thambi-Pillai T, Timmerman G, Khan A, Atiq M. Indeterminate biliary strictures: a simplified approach. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 12:189-199. [PMID: 29034764 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1391090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pre-operative evaluation of biliary strictures remains challenging. The dilemma that exists is how to balance the risk of failing to detect malignancy and the potential morbidity caused by unnecessary surgery in patients with benign etiologies. With emerging novel diagnostic modalities, this study aims to assess the efficacy of diagnostic techniques and facilitate a clinical approach to indeterminate biliary strictures. Areas covered: Conventional imaging modalities are crucial in identifying the location of a stricture and are helpful for choosing further diagnostic modalities. Utilization of endoscopic techniques, including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is key in establishing a diagnosis. The emergence of novel diagnostic modalities, such as fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), peroral cholangioscopy (POC), intraductal endoscopic ultrasound (IDUS) and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), enhance the diagnostic yield in the evaluation of indeterminate biliary strictures. Expert commentary: More reliable and validated visual criteria for differentiating malignancy from benign biliary conditions, utilizing advanced imaging modalities such as POC and CLE, need to be established. It is of significance to further evaluate these novel diagnostic modalities through ongoing trials and to develop a diagnostic algorithm that reconciles cost-effectiveness with diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Xie
- a Internal Medicine , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
| | - Khalil Aloreidi
- a Internal Medicine , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
| | - Bhavesh Patel
- b Surgery , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
| | - Timothy Ridgway
- b Surgery , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
| | - Thavam Thambi-Pillai
- a Internal Medicine , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
| | - Gary Timmerman
- a Internal Medicine , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
| | - Adeel Khan
- c Surgery , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Muslim Atiq
- b Surgery , University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine , Sioux Falls , SD , USA
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Severino V, Dumonceau JM, Delhaye M, Moll S, Annessi-Ramseyer I, Robin X, Frossard JL, Farina A. Extracellular Vesicles in Bile as Markers of Malignant Biliary Stenoses. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:495-504.e8. [PMID: 28479376 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Algorithms for diagnosis of malignant common bile duct (CBD) stenoses are complex and lack accuracy. Malignant tumors secrete large numbers of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into surrounding fluids; EVs might therefore serve as biomarkers for diagnosis. We investigated whether concentrations of EVs in bile could discriminate malignant from nonmalignant CBD stenoses. METHODS We collected bile and blood samples from 50 patients undergoing therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at university hospitals in Europe for CBD stenosis of malignant (pancreatic cancer, n = 20 or cholangiocarcinoma, n = 5) or nonmalignant (chronic pancreatitis [CP], n = 15) origin. Ten patients with CBD obstruction due to biliary stones were included as controls. EV concentrations in samples were determined by nanoparticle tracking analyses. The discovery cohort comprised the first 10 patients with a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, based on tissue analysis, and 10 consecutive controls. Using samples from these subjects, we identified a threshold concentration of bile EVs that could best discriminate between patients with pancreatic cancer from controls. We verified the diagnostic performance of bile EV concentration by analyzing samples from the 30 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of malignant (pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma, n = 15) or nonmalignant (CP, n = 15) CBD stenosis. Samples were compared using the Mann-Whitney test and nonparametric Spearman correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was used to determine diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS In both cohorts, the median concentration of EVs was significantly higher in bile samples from patients with malignant CBD stenoses than controls or nonmalignant CBD stenoses (2.41 × 1015 vs 1.60 × 1014 nanoparticles/L in the discovery cohort; P < .0001 and 4.00 × 1015 vs 1.26 × 1014 nanoparticles/L in the verification cohort; P < .0001). A threshold of 9.46 × 1014 nanoparticles/L in bile best distinguished patients with malignant CBD from controls in the discovery cohort. In the verification cohort, this threshold discriminated malignant from nonmalignant CBD stenoses with 100% accuracy. Serum concentration of EVs distinguished patients with malignant vs patients with nonmalignant CBD stenoses with 63.3% diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Concentration of EVs in bile samples discriminates between patients with malignant vs nonmalignant CBD stenosis with 100% accuracy. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Clinical Trial registration no: ISRCTN66835592.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Severino
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Myriam Delhaye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatopancreatology and GI Oncology, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Solange Moll
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Xavier Robin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jean-Louis Frossard
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Service of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Annarita Farina
- Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Human Protein Science, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Cost utility of ERCP-based modalities for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85:773-781.e10. [PMID: 27590963 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Although several ERCP-based diagnostic modalities are available for diagnosing CCA, it is unclear whether one modality is more cost-effective than the others. The primary aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of ERCP-based techniques for diagnosing CCA in patients with PSC-induced biliary strictures. METHODS We performed a cost utility analysis to assess the net monetary benefit for accurately diagnosing CCA using 5 different diagnostic strategies: (1) ERCP with bile duct brushing for cytology, (2) ERCP with brushings for cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-trisomy, (3) ERCP with brushings for cytology and FISH-polysomy, (4) ERCP with intraductal biopsy sampling, and (5) single-operator cholangioscopy (SOC) with targeted biopsy sampling. A Monte Carlo simulation assessed outcomes including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Sensitivity analyses were also performed. RESULTS SOC with targeted biopsy sampling, as compared with ERCP with brushing for FISH-polysomy, produced an incremental QALY gain of .22 at an additional cost of $8562.44, resulting in a base case ICER of $39,277.25. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated that diagnosis with SOC was cost-effective at conventional willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50,000 and $100,000. SOC was the most cost-effective diagnostic strategy. CONCLUSIONS SOC with biopsy sampling is the most cost-effective diagnostic modality for CCA in PSC strictures.
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Diagnosis of pancreaticobiliary malignancy by detection of minichromosome maintenance protein 5 in biliary brush cytology. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:349-355. [PMID: 28081547 PMCID: PMC5294492 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biliary brush cytology is the standard method of evaluating biliary strictures, but is insensitive at detecting malignancy. In pancreaticobiliary cancer minichromosome maintenance replication proteins (MCM 2–7) are dysregulated in the biliary epithelium and MCM5 levels are elevated in bile samples. This study aimed to validate an immunocolorimetric ELISA assay for MCM5 as a pancreaticobiliary cancer biomarker in biliary brush samples. Methods: Biliary brush specimens were collected prospectively at ERCP from patients with a biliary stricture. Collected samples were frozen at −80 °C. The supernatant was washed and lysed cells incubated with HRP-labelled anti-MCM5 mouse monoclonal antibody. Test positivity was determined by optical density absorbance. Patients underwent biliary brush cytology or additional investigations as per clinical routine. Results: Ninety-seven patients were included in the study; 50 had malignant strictures. Median age was 65 years (range 21–94) and 51 were male. Compared with final diagnosis the MCM5 assay had a sensitivity for malignancy of 65.4% compared with 25.0% for cytology. In the 72 patients with paired MCM5 assay and biliary brush cytology, MCM5 demonstrated an improved sensitivity (55.6% vs 25.0% P=0.0002) for the detection of malignancy. Conclusions: Minichromosome maintenance replication protein5 is a more sensitive indicator of pancreaticobiliary malignancy than standard biliary brush cytology.
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16
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Adult bile duct strictures: differentiating benign biliary stenosis from cholangiocarcinoma. Med Mol Morphol 2016; 49:189-202. [PMID: 27350291 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-016-0143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Biliary epithelial cells preferentially respond to various insults under chronic pathological conditions leading to reactively atypical changes, hyperplasia, or the development of biliary neoplasms (such as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, and cholangiocarcinoma). Moreover, benign biliary strictures can be caused by a variety of disorders (such as IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, eosinophilic cholangitis, and follicular cholangitis) and often mimic malignancies, despite their benign nature. In addition, primary sclerosing cholangitis is a well-characterized precursor lesion of cholangiocarcinoma and many other chronic inflammatory disorders increase the risk of malignancies. Because of these factors and the changes in biliary epithelial cells, biliary strictures frequently pose a diagnostic challenge. Although the ability to differentiate neoplastic from non-neoplastic biliary strictures has markedly progressed with the advance in radiological modalities, brush cytology and bile duct biopsy examination remains effective. However, no single modality is adequate to diagnose benign biliary strictures because of the low sensitivity. Therefore, understanding the underlying causes by compiling the entire clinical, laboratory, and imaging data; considering the under-recognized causes; and collaborating between experts in various fields including cytopathologists with multiple approaches is necessary to achieve an accurate diagnosis.
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Yang J, Li S, Li J, Wang F, Chen K, Zheng Y, Wang J, Lu W, Zhou Y, Yin Q, Zhang H, Guo C. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic value of detecting K-ras mutation in pancreatic juice as a molecular marker for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2016; 16:605-14. [PMID: 27237100 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND K-ras codon 12 mutation is one of the earliest genetic changes in the development of pancreatic cancer (PC) and accurate detection of K-ras mutations is gaining increasing attention in the field of molecular diagnosis. METHODS Original research articles which evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of K-ras mutation detection in PC were selected. Data were presented as forest plots and summary receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to summarize the overall test performance. RESULTS We assessed 16 studies from 15 published articles. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 59% (95%CI: 54%-64%) and 87% (95%CI: 84%-89%), respectively. The pooled positive likelihood ratio and negative likelihood ratio were 4.13 (95%CI: 2.73-6.25) and 0.42 (95%CI: 0.32-0.56), respectively, and the pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 13.66 (95% CI: 7.25-25.74). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the analysis of K-ras mutations in pancreatic juice has a considerable diagnostic value in PC. Further studies with rigorous design, large sample size, and multi-regional co-operation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenxia Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuqing Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Abstract
Biliary strictures frequently present a diagnostic challenge during pre-operative evaluation to determine their benign or malignant nature. A variety of benign conditions, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, frequently mimic malignancies. In addition, PSC and other chronic biliary diseases increase the risk of cholangiocarcinoma and so require ongoing vigilance. Although traditional methods of evaluation including imaging, detection of circulating tumour markers, and sampling by endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography have a high specificity, they suffer from low sensitivity. Currently, up to 20% of biliary strictures remain indeterminate after pre-operative evaluation and necessitate surgical intervention for a definitive diagnosis. The discovery of novel biomarkers, new imaging modalities and advanced endoscopic techniques suggests that a multimodality approach might lead to better diagnostic accuracy.
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Oliver JB, Burnett AS, Ahlawat S, Chokshi RJ. Cost-effectiveness of the evaluation of a suspicious biliary stricture. J Surg Res 2014; 195:52-60. [PMID: 25623604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary stricture without mass presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because the poor sensitivity of the available tests and significant mortality and cost with operation. METHODS A decision model was developed to analyze costs and survival for 1) investigation first with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and fine needle aspiration, 2) investigation first with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and brushing, or 3) surgery on every patient. The average age of someone with a biliary stricture was found to be 62-y-old and the rate of cancer was 55%. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated based on the change in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs (US$) between the different options, with a threshold of $150,000 to determine the most cost-effective strategy. One-way, two-way, and probabilistic-sensitivity analysis were performed to validate the model. RESULTS ERCP results in 9.05 QALYs and a cost of $34,685.11 for a cost-effectiveness ratio of $3832.33. EUS results in an incremental increase in 0.13 QALYs and $2773.69 for an ICER of $20,840.28 per QALY gained. Surgery resulted in a decrease of 1.37 QALYs and increased cost of $14,323.94 (ICER-$10,490.53). These trends remained within most sensitivity analyses; however, ERCP and EUS were dependent on the test sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a biliary stricture with no mass, the most cost-effective strategy is to investigate the patient before operation. The choice between EUS and ERCP should be institutionally dependent, with EUS being more cost-effective in our base case analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Oliver
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
| | - Atuhani S Burnett
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Sushil Ahlawat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ravi J Chokshi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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