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Bellomo TR, Reikersdorfer K, Grobman B, Lella SK, Zacharias N, Abai B, Slaw K, Garcia-Toca M. A Comprehensive Analysis of Leadership Attributes, Discrepancies, and Implications for Gender Equity in Vascular Surgery. J Vasc Surg 2024:S0741-5214(24)01236-9. [PMID: 38838967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2024.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Well-developed leadership skills have been associated with a better understanding of healthcare context, increased team performance, and improved patient outcomes. Surgeons, in particular, stand to benefit from leadership development. While studies have focused on investigating knowledge gaps and needs of surgeons in leadership roles, there is a noticeable gap in the literature concerning leadership in Vascular Surgery. The goal of this study was to characterize current leadership attributes of vascular surgeons and understand demographic influences on leadership patterns. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was a descriptive analysis of vascular surgeons and their observers who took the leadership practice inventory (LPI) from 2020 to 2023. The LPI is a 30 question inventory that measures the frequency of specific leadership behaviors across five practices of leadership. RESULTS A total of 110 vascular surgeons completed the LPI. The majority of participants were white (56%) and identified as male (60%). Vascular surgeons most frequently observed the "enabling others to act" leadership practice style (8.90 ± 0.74) by all evaluators. Vascular surgeons were most frequently above the 70th percentile in the "challenge the process" leadership practice style (49%) compared to the average of other leaders world-wide. Observers rated vascular surgeons as displaying significantly more frequent leadership behaviors than vascular surgeons rated themselves in every leadership practice style (P-value < 0.01). The only demographic variable associated with a significantly increased occurrence of achieving 70th percentile across all five leadership practice styles was the male gender: a multivariable model adjusting for objective experience showed men were at least 3.5 times more likely to be rated above the 70th percentile than women. CONCLUSIONS Vascular surgeons under report the frequency at which they practice leadership skills across all five leadership practice styles and should recognize their strengths of enabling others to act and challenging the process. Men are recognized as exhibiting all five leadership practices more frequently than women, regardless of current position or experience level. This observation may reflect the limited leadership positions available for women, thereby restricting their opportunities to demonstrate leadership practices as frequently or recognizably as their male counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Bellomo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Benjamin Grobman
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Srihari K Lella
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharias
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Babak Abai
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ken Slaw
- Society for Vascular Surgery, Rosemont, IL
| | - Manuel Garcia-Toca
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Grover A, Santen SA, Lockeman K, Burns D, Akuamoah-Boateng K, Siner C, Miller S, Sparkman BK, Ellis L, Nye C. Defining Types of Leadership Within an Academic Surgery Department to Promote Change for Decreasing Rates of Burnout. Am Surg 2024:31348241244643. [PMID: 38648008 DOI: 10.1177/00031348241244643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Successful leaders influence the group they represent. Effective surgical care is tied to its leadership climate. However, most surgical providers are not attuned to their individual strengths which if known they could leverage them within their teams. This study identifies leadership types within a department of surgery which may be used to better understand and cultivate their strengths. METHODS In 2022, 172 providers in an academic surgery department were offered the GallupTM CliftonStrengths assessment, a proprietary instrument that maps 34 strengths across 4 domains of leadership. The assessment provides a respondent with their top 5 strengths and the domain in which they naturally "lead". RESULTS Of 172 providers, 127 (74%) completed the assessment. While providers have strengths in multiple domains, they "lead with" a specific domain. Mapped from the providers' top 10 strengths, the most common "lead with" domain for surgical providers was Executing: the ability to implement ideas and produce results. Strategic Thinking: those who are analytical and push teams forward and Relationship Building: the ability to create strong and effective teams were followed by the least common domain. Influencing: the ability to communicate ideas and lead others. Formal leaders were significantly more likely to lead with Strategic Thinking. There were no significant differences between APPs and physicians. CONCLUSION A majority of surgical providers "lead with" the GallupTM Executing domain. Those who lead with executing skills work tirelessly to produce outcomes. Learning to leverage the strengths of our teams to create cohesion and efficiency may improve engagement and retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Grover
- Department of Surgery VCU School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sally A Santen
- VCU School of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kelly Lockeman
- VCU School of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dana Burns
- School of Nursing, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah Miller
- VCU School of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brian K Sparkman
- VCU School of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Lisa Ellis
- VCU School of Medicine University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carla Nye
- School of Nursing, VCU, Richmond, VA, USA
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MacKechnie MC, Miclau E, MacKechnie MA, Miclau T. Leadership development training for orthopaedic trauma surgeons: an international survey. OTA Int 2024; 7:e302. [PMID: 38155733 PMCID: PMC10752451 DOI: 10.1097/oi9.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined the leadership development themes that global orthopaedic surgeons in differently resourced countries perceive as essential components and evaluated barriers to attending leadership development programs. Methods This multinational, 45-question survey engaged orthopaedic surgeons (one expert per country). The questionnaire collected participants' demographics, perception of effective leadership traits, and valuation of various leadership themes based on importance and interest. Results The survey was completed by 110 orthopaedic surgeons worldwide. Respondents most commonly reported holding a leadership position (87%) in hospital settings (62%), clinical settings (47%), and national orthopaedic societies (46%). The greatest proportion of participants reported having never attended a leadership course (42%). Participants regarded "high performing team-building," "professional ethics," and "organizational structure and ability to lead" as the most important leadership themes. No significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were identified among perceived importance or interest in leadership themes between income levels; however, statistically significant differences were identified in the questionnaire; respondents in low- and middle-income countries (LICs/LMICs) demonstrated a stronger interest in attending a leadership course than those in high-income countries (HICs) (98% vs. 79%, P = 0.013), and fewer surgeons in LICs/LMICs had taken personality assessment tests than those in HICs (22% vs. 49%, P = 0.019). The most common barriers to attending leadership courses were lack of opportunities and invitations (57%), difficulty missing work (22%), and cost of course attendance (22%). Conclusions These findings can better inform the development of effective curricula and provide a framework for a successful model for the future. Level of Evidence V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline C. MacKechnie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Theodore Miclau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA
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Gogalniceanu P, Kunduzi B, Ruckley C, Kaafarani H, Sevdalis N, Mamode N. Surgical leadership in a culture of safety: An inter-professional study of metrics and tools for improving clinical practice. Am J Surg 2024; 228:32-42. [PMID: 37709628 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leadership in a safety culture environment is essential in avoiding patient harm. However, leadership in surgery is not routinely taught or assessed. This study aims to identify a framework, metrics and tools to improve surgical leadership and safety outcomes. METHODS Qualitative interviews were performed with leadership experts from safety-critical professions. Non-probability-based sampling was undertaken in major international airlines. Data underwent thematic analysis and clinical adaptation by multiple surgeon-analysts using the framework method. RESULTS 583 codes were synthesised into 10 themes. Leaders were identified as 'threat and error managers' who placed safety first. Their core attribute was humble confidence. This allowed them to set the tone for high standards of practice, whilst empowering individuals to speak up about safety issues. Safety-oriented leaders assumed complete responsibility and applied their authority discerningly to obtain optimal outcomes. Finally, effective leaders rallied support for their mission by instilling confidence, building collaborations and managing conflict. CONCLUSIONS Surgical leadership requires the ability to manage risk, opportunity and people. The study provides an assessment matrix and deliverable tools for improving surgical safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrut Gogalniceanu
- Guy's and St.Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; King's College London, UK.
| | - Basir Kunduzi
- Guy's and St.Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Haytham Kaafarani
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Standiford TC, Eltawil Y, Durr ML, Pletcher SD, Chang JL. Leadership Training Curriculum for Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Residents: A Scoping Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:1436-1444. [PMID: 37555241 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Otolaryngologists take on various leadership roles throughout their daily practice, but specific training focused on leadership development during otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) residency is not well-defined. This project explores the current state of leadership curricula for OHNS residents. DATA SOURCES Google Scholar, Embase, PubMed, and MedEdPORTAL. REVIEW METHODS A scoping review was performed on English-language, full-text, peer-reviewed articles that describe leadership curricula for OHNS residents. Investigators reviewed curriculum settings, content, delivery methods, and assessment; curriculum effectiveness was evaluated using Kirkpatrick effectiveness scores and article quality was assessed using the Best Evidence in Medical Education (BEME) index. CONCLUSION Three thousand four hundred sixteen articles met search criteria, 198 articles were included for full-text review, and 4 articles met inclusion criteria. Curriculum content and delivery methods were diverse. Curriculum cadence ranged from 2-day immersion trainings to year-long longitudinal programs. Only one of the included studies utilized a needs assessment to inform curriculum development. Two articles achieved Kirkpatrick effectiveness scores of 2, indicating changes in the attitudes or perceptions among participants and a quality measure of 3, indicating clear conclusions drawn from the results. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The current state of leadership training in OHNS residency is limited and nonuniform. These data align with descriptions of leadership training in other surgical residencies which are reported as heterogenous and lacking in effectiveness. This review highlights the need for standardized leadership training for OHNS residents. The high-quality leadership development initiatives within graduate medical education are reviewed to inform future directions for effective curriculum development and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C Standiford
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yasmin Eltawil
- San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megan L Durr
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven D Pletcher
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jolie L Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Sleep Surgery and General Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Bornman J, Louw B. Leadership Development Strategies in Interprofessional Healthcare Collaboration: A Rapid Review. J Healthc Leadersh 2023; 15:175-192. [PMID: 37641632 PMCID: PMC10460600 DOI: 10.2147/jhl.s405983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Contemporary healthcare practitioners require leadership skills for a variety of professional roles related to improved patient/client outcomes, heightened personal and professional development, as well as strengthened interprofessional collaboration and teamwork. Objective/Aim The aim of this study is to systematically catalogue literature on leadership in healthcare practice and education to highlight the leadership characteristics and skills required by healthcare practitioners for collaborative interprofessional service delivery and the leadership development strategies found to be effective. Methods/Design A rapid review was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses (PRISMA) diagram shows that the 11 databases, yielded 465 records. A total of 147 records were removed during the initial screening phase. The remaining 318 records were uploaded onto Rayyan, an online collaborative review platform. Following abstract level screening, a further 236 records were removed with 82 records meeting the eligibility criteria at full text level, of which 42 were included in the data extraction. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used for quality appraisal. Results Results showed variability in methodologies used, representing various healthcare disciplines with a range in population size (n = 6 to n = 537). Almost half of the results reported on new programs, with interprofessional collaboration and teamwork being the most frequently mentioned strategies. The training content, strategies used as well as the length of training varied. There were five outcomes which showed positive change, namely skills, knowledge, confidence, attitudes, and satisfaction. Conclusion This rapid review provided an evidence-base, highlighted by qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research, which presents distinct opportunities for curriculum development by focusing on both content and the methods needed for leadership programs. Anchoring this evidence-base within a systematic search of the extant literature provides increased precision for curriculum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bornman
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Brenda Louw
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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Gauly J, Court R, Currie G, Seers K, Clarke A, Metcalfe A, Wilson A, Hazell M, Grove AL. Advancing leadership in surgery: a realist review of interventions and strategies to promote evidence-based leadership in healthcare. Implement Sci 2023; 18:15. [PMID: 37179327 PMCID: PMC10182608 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-023-01274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare systems invest in leadership development of surgeons, surgical trainees, and teams. However, there is no agreement on how interventions should be designed, or what components they must contain to be successful. The objective of this realist review was to generate a programme theory explaining in which context and for whom surgical leadership interventions work and why. METHODS Five databases were systematically searched, and articles screened against inclusion considering their relevance. Context-mechanism-outcome configurations (CMOCs) and fragments of CMOCs were identified. Gaps in the CMOCs were filled through deliberation with the research team and stakeholder feedback. We identified patterns between CMOCs and causal relationships to create a programme theory. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included and 19 CMOCs were developed. Findings suggests that interventions for surgeons and surgical teams improve leadership if timely feedback is delivered on multiple occasions and by trusted and respected people. Negative feedback is best provided privately. Feedback from senior-to-junior or peer-to-peer should be delivered directly, whereas feedback from junior-to-senior is preferred when delivered anonymously. Leadership interventions were shown to be most effective for those with awareness of the importance of leadership, those with confidence in their technical surgical skills, and those with identified leadership deficits. For interventions to improve leadership in surgery, they need to be delivered in an intimate learning environment, consider implementing a speak-up culture, provide a variety of interactive learning activities, show a genuine investment in the intervention, and be customised to the needs of surgeons. Leadership of surgical teams can be best developed by enabling surgical teams to train together. CONCLUSIONS The programme theory provides evidence-based guidance for those who are designing, developing and implementing leadership interventions in surgery. Adopting the recommendations will help to ensure interventions are acceptable to the surgical community and successful in improving surgical leadership. TRIAL REGISTRATION The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021230709).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauly
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Rachel Court
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Graeme Currie
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Scarman Rd, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kate Seers
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Aileen Clarke
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Andy Metcalfe
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anna Wilson
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Matthew Hazell
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK
| | - Amy Louise Grove
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7HL, UK.
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Yang P, Diaz A, Chhabra KR, Byrnes ME, Rajkumar A, Nathan H, Dimick JB. Surgical Leadership Competencies for Navigating Hospital Network Expansion. J Surg Res 2023; 283:76-83. [PMID: 36375265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Today, many hospitals are part of a multihospital network, which changes the context in which surgeons are asked to lead. This study explores key leadership competencies that surgical leaders use to navigate this hospital network expansion. METHODS In this qualitative study, 30 surgical leaders were interviewed. Interviews were coded and analyzed via thematic analysis. RESULTS We identified three key competencies that leaders felt were important leadership skills to successfully navigate expanding hospital networks. First, leaders must steer the departmental vision within the evolving hospital network landscape. Second, leaders must align the visions of the department and of the hospital network. Third, leaders must build a network-oriented culture within their department. CONCLUSIONS As networks expand, leaders are tasked with unifying vision in their department. Leaders identified a unique opportunity to leverage their growing influence across the hospital network and invested in the people and culture of their department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Yang
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Adrian Diaz
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; National Clinician Scholars Program at the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Karan R Chhabra
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; National Clinician Scholars Program at the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary E Byrnes
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Hari Nathan
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Justin B Dimick
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Five Years In: The AAOS Resident Assembly, "Bidirectional Communication," and Early Career Involvement in Orthopaedic Leadership. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:641-647. [PMID: 35171858 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Established in 2014, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Resident Assembly (RA) has served as a mode of "bidirectional communication" between AAOS and a combined resident body. Training and education initiatives relevant to the current issues facing residency training can be passed up to and directly addressed by the leadership of AAOS, whereas AAOS recruitment and membership initiatives can be disseminated to the full resident body through the RA. Since its inception in 2014, the RA has grown markedly, with representation from most MD and DO residency programs in the United States and Canada. It also has included an increasing number of medical students from Orthopaedic Surgery Interest Groups to directly take part in RA activities. For the past half decade, the RA has served as a partner for the AAOS in addition to a valuable recruitment tool to engage the broadest diversity of potential orthopaedic leaders at their earliest stages of training. This work is a review of the development of the RA over its first half decade, as well as a discussion of its future goals in line with AAOS priorities.
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Cheah JW, Cabell GH, Bonazza NA, Taylor DC. Use of an Individualized Development Plan to Identify Career Development Needs in Prospective Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellows. Orthop J Sports Med 2021; 9:23259671211059125. [PMID: 34917692 PMCID: PMC8669128 DOI: 10.1177/23259671211059125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mentorship is a key aspect of leadership development for orthopaedic surgeons, but there are few formalized mentorship programs in medical training. The individualized development plan (IDP) is a tool that potentially improves mentorship opportunities through identifying specific competency deficiencies and facilitating communication with mentors. Purpose To assess the views of prospective orthopaedic surgery sports medicine fellows on the skills necessary for career development and the utility of an IDP for longitudinal career mentorship during a sports medicine fellowship. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Candidates who interviewed for an orthopaedic surgery sports medicine fellowship voluntarily completed an anonymous IDP as well as a survey to assess their perceptions of the IDP tool to define their career goals and its use for longitudinal mentorship. The IDP included quantitative and qualitative responses for the self-assessment of multiple skill domains (general research, teaching, professional, interpersonal, leadership, and management) using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = needs improvement, 5 = highly proficient). Quantitative results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Student t test. Results A total of 25 candidates completed the IDP and survey. The mean ± standard deviation composite score of all skill domains was 3.62 ± 0.91. The candidates' greatest deficit was in grant writing (2.28 ± 0.94; P < .01), while their greatest strength was getting along with others (4.52 ± 0.65; P < .01). Candidates identified, as short-term goals, obtaining a fellowship training position, completion of research/academic projects, and improvement of surgical skills; their common long-term goals included having a role in an academic institution, professional society, and/or research and innovation environment. The majority of participants agreed that the IDP is a valuable tool to characterize career and personal goals (74%) and facilitate longitudinal fellowship mentorship (83.3%). Conclusion The majority of candidates valued the IDP for their short- and long-term goals. Program implementation of an IDP could be beneficial in allowing trainees to effectively identify areas of weakness and strengths while facilitating efficient communication of these needs to mentors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Cheah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Grant H Cabell
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Dean C Taylor
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Leadership development for orthopaedic trauma surgeons in Latin America: opportunities for and barriers to skill acquisition. OTA Int 2021; 4:e146. [PMID: 34765897 PMCID: PMC8575414 DOI: 10.1097/oi9.0000000000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction There is growing interest in leadership courses for physicians. Few opportunities are available in global regions with limited resources. This study describes orthopaedic trauma surgeons' desired leadership skill acquisition, opportunities, and barriers to course participation in Latin America. Methods Latin American orthopaedic trauma surgeons from the Asociación de Cirujanos Traumatólogos de las Americas (ACTUAR) network were surveyed. This survey solicited and gauged the surgeons' level of interest in leadership topics and their relative importance utilizing a 5-point Likert-scale. Additionally, comparisons were calculated between middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs) to ascertain if needs were different between groups. The survey included demographic information, nationality, level of training, years in practice, leadership position, needs assessment, and perceived barriers for leadership educational opportunities. Results One hundred forty-four orthopaedic surgeons completed the survey, representing 18 countries across Latin America; 15 MICs and 3 HICs. Participants had more than 20 years in practice (49%) and held leadership positions (81%) in hospital settings (62%), national orthopaedic societies (45%), and/or clinical settings (40%). Sixty-three percent had never attended a leadership course due to lack of opportunities/invitations (69%), difficulty missing work (24%), and costs (21%). Ninety-seven percent expressed interest in attending a leadership course. No difference in needs was determined between respondents from MICs and HICs. Professional Ethics, Crisis Management/Organizational Change Management, and High Performing Team-Building were identified as the most important leadership topics. Conclusion Orthopaedic surgeons in Latin America demonstrate an interest in acquiring additional leadership skills but have few opportunities. Identifying interests, knowledge gaps, and core competencies can guide the development of such opportunities.
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Leadership in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Survey of the Value of Leadership Development for Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2021; 5:01979360-202110000-00016. [PMID: 34705737 PMCID: PMC8553252 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-21-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to survey current orthopaedic department chairs at ACGME-accredited orthopaedic surgery programs in the United States to determine whether department chairs valued the importance of formal leadership training and, if so, to understand the leadership development opportunities available along with the benefits of these program for their orthopaedic faculty.
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Torres-Landa S, Wairiri L, Cochran A, Brasel KJ. Evaluation of leadership curricula in general surgery residency programs. Am J Surg 2021; 222:916-921. [PMID: 34116793 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and dynamic surgical environment requires leaders that can help guide their teams to desired outcomes while delivering patient-centered care. The need for early implementation of leadership curricula has been identified; however, most available leadership curricula are tailored for faculty and not embedded within surgery training. The ideal intervention(s) to close this gap while addressing the unique challenges of the demanding surgical training are yet to be identified. This manuscript reviews the current status of residency leadership programs and the relationship of leadership to other essential aspects for optimal training of future surgeon leaders. The use of best practice medical education frameworks is key to help guide effective and sustainable evidence-based leadership curricula. The collaboration, standardization, and publication of leadership curricula for surgery residents can serve as prototypes to address specific needs at different training institutions with the aim of equipping surgeons with the necessary leadership tools for their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Torres-Landa
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Acute Care Surgery, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181, SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - Loise Wairiri
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181, SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, United States.
| | | | - Karen J Brasel
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Acute Care Surgery, and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181, SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, United States.
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14
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Barnes T, Rennie SC. Leadership and surgical training part 1: preparing to lead the way? ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:1068-1074. [PMID: 33825315 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Every day surgeons lead teams on the wards, in clinics and operating theatres, but most trainees and some surgeons do not consider themselves as leaders. Leadership skills are increasingly important for surgeons, who need knowledge of organizational structure and policy, management strategy and team dynamics to deliver and improve health care in resource-constrained environments. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons recognizes leadership as one of 10 core surgical competencies but leadership curricula within surgical training programmes are not well defined. There is limited opportunity for formal leadership training and development prior to becoming a consultant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Barnes
- Department of General Surgery, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah C Rennie
- Education Unit, The University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Barnes T, Rennie SC. Leadership and surgical training part 2: training toolkit for leadership development during surgical training. ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:1075-1082. [PMID: 33825292 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons identifies leadership as an everyday surgical skill and one of the 10 key competences expected of surgeons. However, there is limited opportunity for formal leadership training and development prior to becoming a consultant, with surgical leadership curricula within worldwide training programmes often poorly defined. As a consequence of a focus on general professional skill development, rather than specific training and assessment in leadership, observed trainee leadership skills show scope for improvement. Many studies indicate trainees report leadership skills training as beneficial and are receptive to interventions. However, most surgical leadership development courses prepare pre-identified leaders for formal leadership positions rather than developing all surgical trainees leadership skills. Although the recently established Royal Australasian College of Surgeons 'Surgeons as Leaders in Everyday Practice' course helps to fill this gap, it is aimed at consultant surgeons. Most successful leadership development programmes are also longitudinal throughout surgical training and multi-faceted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Barnes
- Department of General Surgery, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, The University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah C Rennie
- Education Unit, The University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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16
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Singh SK, Bi A, Kurlansky PA, Argenziano M, Smith CR. A Cross-sectional Review of Cardiothoracic Surgery Department Chairs and Program Directors. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2021; 78:665-671. [PMID: 32741689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Departmental leadership, namely the chair and program director, are sought after positions among academic cardiothoracic surgeons. However, the path to achieving these positions remains unclear. This study sought to characterize the demographics, educational pathways, and career trajectories of current cardiothoracic academic leaders in the United States. METHODS A comprehensive list of ACGME accredited thoracic surgery residency and fellowship programs was obtained. Department chairs and program directors were identified for each program from May to June 2019. For each surgeon, demographic data, education, and training institutions were identified. Information was obtained primarily using institutional based websites. RESULTS A total of 72 department chairs or division chiefs and 77 program directors were identified. A minority of chairs and program directors were female (4.2%, 10.4%) or had PhD degrees (4.2%, 6.5%). A large number of surgeons trained in the North East region (35%), with Brigham and Women's hospital being the most common training institution (8%). Few chairs (31%) and program directors (39%) hold leadership positions at the institution at which they trained, however a larger proportion (52.8%, 58.4%) remain or return to the same region. Finally, 34.7% of chairs and 32.5% of program directors had some institutional exposure to where they currently practice, through medical school or training. CONCLUSION Cardiothoracic department chairs and program directors represent an important group of surgical leaders within our evolving field. As we better understand this group of surgeon-leaders, young trainees and junior faculty that aspire for leadership positions may have a clearer idea of the path to these positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer K Singh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Andrew Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Paul A Kurlansky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Argenziano
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Craig R Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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17
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Nuyen B, Altamirano J, Fassiotto M, Alyono J. Effects of surgeon sociodemographics on patient-reported satisfaction. Surgery 2021; 169:1441-1445. [PMID: 33531133 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-reported satisfaction scores, including the Press Ganey surveys, are increasingly used as measures for quality healthcare among surgical subspecialties. However, the influence of surgeon sociodemographics is not clear. METHODS This cross-sectional study analyzed Press Ganey surveys linked to outpatient surgical visits at a single academic institution from January 2015 to December 2018 as they related to surgeon age, gender, and race. The primary outcome variable was achievement of a top-box score (5/5) on likelihood to recommend surgeon queries. Secondary analysis examined the relationship of likelihood to recommend surgeon to other survey questions, such as those regarding surgeon courtesy, concern, understandability, patient inclusion in medical decision making, and patient confidence in surgeon. χ2 tests and generalized estimating equation regression models were run to assess correlation. RESULTS In bivariate analysis of 36,840 surveys, non-Hispanic white surgeons were more likely to receive likelihood to recommend surgeon top-box ratings than Asian (P < .001) or underrepresented minority surgeons (P < .001). Additionally, male gender (P < .01) and older surgeon age (P < .001) were associated with higher top-box scores. However, in multivariate generalized estimating equation analysis, the effect of age was no longer significant, but female gender continued to be associated with lower odds of top-box likelihood to recommend surgeon ratings (odds ratio 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.70%-0.99%), as did Asian compared with white race (odds ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.65%-0.95%). Likelihood to recommend surgeon scores correlated most closely with patients' "confidence" in the surgeon rather than measures of courtesy, concern, understandability, or inclusion in medical decision making. CONCLUSION Top-box scores varied by surgeon race and gender in correlation with patients' perceived confidence in the provider. Interpretation of Press Ganey scores should account for potential bias in patient satisfaction surveys based on surgeon demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Nuyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan Altamirano
- Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Magali Fassiotto
- Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Jennifer Alyono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
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18
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Abstract
Due to an increasing lack of qualified personnel, the German healthcare system and especially surgical departments face tremendous challenges. This shortage of qualified personnel not only results in constraints in the provision of patient care but also has a negative impact on the health of available personnel, as these are by default expected to fill the gap. The situation is aggravated by demands and expectations of the younger generation of employees, who are particularly concerned with key topics, such as leadership, working hours and work-life balance. This transformation will inevitably necessitate both chief surgeons and hospital management to re-evaluate and adapt their strategies in order to retain full operability and high quality of medical care of clinics in the future. The objective of this article is to provide a personal assessment of the current and future situation in surgical clinics in Germany with a focus on human resources and leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Grade
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Michael Ghadimi
- Klinik für Allgemein‑, Viszeral- und Kinderchirurgie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Deutschland.
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Conceptual Framework for a Plastic Surgery Residency Leadership Curriculum. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2852. [PMID: 32802633 PMCID: PMC7413817 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Leadership development remains an overlooked component in the plastic surgery residency curriculum. Through a mixed-methods assessment of physician perceptions, this study aims to establish the value and structure of a formal leadership course for trainees.
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20
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Lee TC, Reyna C, Shah SA, Lewis JD. The road to academic surgical leadership: Characteristics and experiences of surgical chairpersons. Surgery 2020; 168:707-713. [PMID: 32660864 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolving landscape of academic surgery demands leaders who are not only effective clinicians and researchers, but also administrators able to navigate complex hospital organizations, financial pressures in the era of quality measures, and inclusion of an increasingly diverse workforce. The aim of this study was to characterize achievements and assess perspectives in becoming a surgical chair in order to guide young surgeons in their career trajectories to surgical leadership. METHODS A survey encompassing demographics, surgical training, nonmedical advanced degrees, academic advancement, and leadership experiences was sent via electronic mail to members of the American College of Surgeons Society of Surgical Chairs in December 2018. RESULTS Of 191 Society of Surgical Chairs members, 52 (27.2%) completed the survey, with 6 (11.5%) women, 40 (76.9%) white, and the majority becoming chair between ages 46 and 60 (n = 39, 75.0%). Training beyond residency included fellowships (n = 41, 78.8%) and advanced nonmedical degrees (n = 15, 28.8%). Median H-index was 47 (range 10-120) with 126 (5-500) research publications, and grants received was 2 (0-38) for federal and 5 (0-43) for industry. Female chairs appear to have fewer nonmedical degrees (n = 1) and no difference in age at becoming chair (66.7% vs 79.6% between ages 46 and 60), H-index (26 [10-41] vs 49 [17-120]), or publications (93 [10-189] vs 150 [5,500]). Prior educational (n = 36, 69.2%) and clinical (n = 44, 84.6%) leadership roles were common, with 30 chairs (57.7%) having held both roles. Experiences which respondents felt have most helped them function as chair included serving as a clinical division director (n = 37, 71.2%), residency program director (n = 28, 53.8%), leadership courses (n = 28, 53.8%), a research career (n = 22, 42.3%), and being a vice/interim chair (n = 15, 28.8%). Personal traits felt to be most important in becoming a successful chair included being effective at communication (n = 37, 71.2%), collaborative (n = 35, 67.3%), trustworthy (n = 30, 57.7%), and a problem-solver (n = 27, 51.9%). CONCLUSION Becoming a department surgical chair often involves not only surgical subspecialty expertise, but also nonmedical training and prior leadership roles, which help facilitate development of skills integral to navigating the collaborative and diverse nature of academic surgery in the current era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany C Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Chantal Reyna
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Shimul A Shah
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Jaime D Lewis
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH.
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21
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Hirpara DH, Taylor B. Leadership proficiency in surgery: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Can J Surg 2020; 63:E229-E230. [PMID: 32386472 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.006020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accentuated the importance of leadership training for health care professionals, particularly surgeons. Surgeons are expected to lead and thrive in multidisciplinary teams. There is, however, a critical gap in teaching residents about fundamental leadership principles, such as developing productive and vision-driven teams, conflict resolution and emotional intelligence. We discuss the merits of leadership training for surgical residents and future directions for implementing a leadership curriculum for Canadian residency programs in the competency by design era.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryce Taylor
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
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22
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Evidence-based leadership development for physicians: A systematic literature review. Soc Sci Med 2020; 246:112709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yayac M, Trojan JD, Brown S, Mulcahey MK. Formal leadership training for orthopedic surgeons: Limited opportunities amongst growing demand. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2019; 11:8151. [PMID: 31897275 PMCID: PMC6912144 DOI: 10.4081/or.2019.8151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leadership skills are important to all orthopedic surgeons, regardless of practice or location, as interactions with patients, staff, and other physicians necessitate professionalism and leadership. Leadership skills are best developed through formal training and experiential opportunities. Several programs emphasizing leadership skills for orthopedic surgeons exist; however, the number of programs is not adequate to meet the demand. It is difficult for orthopedic surgeons to take advantage of these opportunities, given clinical and professional responsibilities. To appropriately adapt to the changing healthcare environment and ensure advancement of the orthopedic field, formal leadership skills development should be widely integrated into orthopedic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yayac
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jeffrey D Trojan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Symone Brown
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Mary K Mulcahey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Abstract
Because of the ever increasing economic, social, legal, and regulatory complexities of the current healthcare environment, traditional clinical training may be insufficient to establish a thriving surgical practice and to achieve individual career goals. Competing constituencies and agendas require thoughtful strategies to achieve professional goals. An orthopaedic surgeon's formal professional education, research experience, and clinical expertise may not fully equip individuals for success in the contemporary healthcare market. With the pressures of modern surgical practices, formal and informal senior mentorship may be critically important, especially for young orthopaedic surgeons. The role of mentorship in job satisfaction, retention, clinical productivity, and research output has been recently investigated across multiple medical and surgical disciplines. These data support the theory that senior mentorship is critical for retention, job satisfaction, clinical volume, professional networking, career progression, and research productivity.
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25
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Wentzell DD, Chung H, Hanson C, Gooi P. Competency-based medical education in ophthalmology residency training: a review. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 55:12-19. [PMID: 31712003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Competency-based medical education (CBME) is an outcomes-based training model that has become the new standard of medical education internationally. Regulatory and accrediting bodies have responded by establishing key competencies that residency programs may use to reshape their curricula. Available literature on the implementation of CBME in ophthalmology residency training programs across North America was examined. Ophthalmology-specific residency training objectives and milestones have been proposed within North America in the last 4 years. Curriculum guidelines and implementation blueprints and principles have also been proffered from various sources internationally but have met with some barriers. Assessment tools within ophthalmology have seen the most innovative development within the domain of surgical skills objectives. Competencies outside of the medical expert and patient care roles have proven more challenging to teach and assess. One ophthalmology program in Canada has undergone early implementation of a novel CBME curriculum. There is still considerable work to be done to successfully implement CBME curricula within ophthalmology residency programs in North America. Collaborative efforts to develop customizable curricula, tackle implementation barriers, and create specific assessment modalities will assist programs in meeting the competency mandates of CBME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Chung
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Christopher Hanson
- Cloudbreak Eye Care, Calgary, Alta.; Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Patrick Gooi
- Cloudbreak Eye Care, Calgary, Alta.; Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
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Vitous CA, Shubeck S, Kanters A, Mulholland M, Dimick JB. Reflections on a leadership development program: Impacts on culture in a surgical environment. Surgery 2019; 166:721-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Tanious A, McMullin H, Jokisch C, Edwards JB, Boitano LT, Conrad MF, Eagleton MJ, Shames ML. Defining a Leader—Characteristics That Distinguish a Chair of Surgery. J Surg Res 2019; 242:332-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Siu S, Scarffe AD, Barrett DR, Strong MJ, Schulz V, Dixon DR, Calvin JE. Enhancing Physician Managerial Capabilities: Partnership between Medicine and Business. MEDEDPUBLISH 2019; 8:96. [PMID: 38089335 PMCID: PMC10712598 DOI: 10.15694/mep.2019.000096.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background Physicians are typically appointed to leadership roles within health care organizations on the basis of individual accomplishments in research, education, and/or clinical care. However, these types of achievements seldom provide the requisite management capabilities to lead within health organizations. In this manuscript, we described our initial experience in developing an in-house program to provide current and aspiring physician leaders with the managerial capabilities to enhance the quality of health care delivery within their respective organization. Methods In a partnership established between a Medical School and a Business School, we designed two series of weekend workshops to provide current and aspiring physician leaders with the financial capabilities to assist them in their future healthcare leadership careers. This course was then expanded to a Management Principles for Physician workshop with open enrollment to physicians at all levels. Baseline demographics and participant evaluations of each course were recorded. In the open enrollment Management Principles for Physician workshop, we examined the relationship between participant background and their course evaluations as well as their areas of interest for further training. Results All 3 workshops received excellent evaluations by participants. The positive impact of the open enrollment program, based on participants' self-evaluations, was the highest in female physicians, as well as early to mid-career physicians. Additionally, physicians who do not currently hold leadership positions and those who are leading at Divisional levels were the most interested in further training in finance. Conclusion In summary, this series of workshops demonstrated the feasibility of an in-house physician leadership program and yielded important information for the design of future leadership development curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Siu
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry
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Salazar DH, Herndon JH, Vail TP, Zuckerman JD, Gelberman RH. The Academic Chair: Achieving Success in a Rapidly Evolving Health-Care Environment: AOA Critical Issues. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100:e133. [PMID: 30334894 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that an accomplished curriculum vitae and prior achievement as an academician may not correlate with success as a chairperson of a contemporary academic orthopaedic department. As surgeons, formal professional education, research expertise, and clinical experience often are inadequate to foster the necessary skills and experience in executive leadership, change management, business administration, and strategy. The recruiting and hiring processes to fill academic leadership roles have been slow to adapt and recognize the skills that are necessary to be a successful chairperson. Recent research has identified emotional competency, resiliency, leadership, communication, results orientation, and personnel development as skills that correlate with success in academic leadership. Formal courses and training in executive leadership and business management may be helpful in enhancing knowledge and skills in these disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane H Salazar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Health System, Maywood, Illinois
| | - James H Herndon
- Partners Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas P Vail
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph D Zuckerman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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30
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Salazar DH, Herndon JH, Vail TP, Zuckerman JD, Gelberman RH. Academic Orthopaedic Leadership: Current Challenges and Lessons Learned: AOA Critical Issues. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2018; 100:e103. [PMID: 30063601 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.17.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Health-care reform, market competition, cost containment, and pressure for productivity have dramatically impacted the practice of orthopaedic surgery and academic surgical training. Orthopaedic leaders and training programs are striving to identify and solve these contemporary challenges. Herein, we focus on 4 areas that currently pose important challenges to modern orthopaedic surgical departments and academic hospital systems, including the demanding and evolving skill sets that are required of physician leaders, the effects of the changing medical-legal environment on academic medicine, the impact of increased clinical productivity emphasis on surgical education, and departmental leadership transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane H Salazar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Health System, Hines, Illinois
| | - James H Herndon
- Partners Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas P Vail
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Joseph D Zuckerman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY
| | - Richard H Gelberman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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31
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Torbeck L, Rozycki G, Dunnington G. Leaders Growing Leaders: Designing a Tier-Based Leadership Program for Surgeons. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2018; 75:947-956. [PMID: 29428368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leadership has emerged as a crucial component of professional development for physicians in academic medicine. Most leadership skills can be learned and therefore best practices of delivering leadership development are in high demand. For practicing surgeons, specific strategies to teach leadership have been lacking. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to describe the structure of a tier-based leadership development program called Leaders Growing Leaders, to identify the major curricular components to each tier including measures and outcomes, and to share lessons learned for those who may want to begin a similar leadership development program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Torbeck
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Grace Rozycki
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gary Dunnington
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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32
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Turner S, Chan MK, McKimm J, Dickson G, Shaw T. Discipline-specific competency-based curricula for leadership learning in medical specialty training. Leadersh Health Serv (Bradf Engl) 2018; 31:152-166. [PMID: 29771224 DOI: 10.1108/lhs-08-2017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Doctors play a central role in leading improvements to healthcare systems. Leadership knowledge and skills are not inherent, however, and need to be learned. General frameworks for medical leadership guide curriculum development in this area. Explicit discipline-linked competency sets and programmes provide context for learning and likely enhance specialty trainees' capability for leadership at all levels. The aim of this review was to summarise the scholarly literature available around medical specialty-specific competency-based curricula for leadership in the post-graduate training space. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature search method was applied using the Medline, EMBASE and ERIC (education) online databases. Documents were reviewed for a complete match to the research question. Partial matches to the study topic were noted for comparison. Findings In this study, 39 articles were retrieved in full text for detailed examination, of which 32 did not comply with the full inclusion criteria. Seven articles defining discipline-linked competencies/curricula specific to medical leadership training were identified. These related to the areas of emergency medicine, general practice, maternal and child health, obstetrics and gynaecology, pathology, radiology and radiation oncology. Leadership interventions were critiqued in relation to key features of their design, development and content, with reference to modern leadership concepts. Practical implications There is limited discipline-specific guidance for the learning and teaching of leadership within medical specialty training programmes. The competency sets identified through this review may aid the development of learning interventions and tools for other medical disciplines. Originality/value The findings of this study provide a baseline for the further development, implementation and evaluation work required to embed leadership learning across all medical specialty training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Turner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ming-Ka Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Judy McKimm
- School of Medicine, Swansea University , Swansea, UK
| | - Graham Dickson
- Centre for Health Leadership and Research, Royal Roads University , Victoria, Canada
| | - Timothy Shaw
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
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Design Principles for Building a Leadership Development Program in a Department of Surgery. Ann Surg 2018; 267:39-41. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
BRIEF DESCRIPTION This SURGICAL PERSPECTIVE paper brings to our readers the general topic of "followership." Leadership has received a lot of attention in the administrative education domain; however, there is a history of academic research on the role and importance of the effective follower. We review some of the critical articles in this field, and present a possible approach for incorporating the notion of effective followership in a surgical context.
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Clark A, Dackiw AP, White WD, Nwariaku FE, Holt SA, Rabaglia JL, Oltmann SC. Early endocrine attending surgeon presence increases operating room efficiency. J Surg Res 2016; 205:272-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pradarelli JC, Jaffe GA, Lemak CH, Mulholland MW, Dimick JB. A leadership development program for surgeons: First-year participant evaluation. Surgery 2016; 160:255-63. [PMID: 27138180 PMCID: PMC4938724 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a dynamic health care system, strong leadership has never been more important for surgeons. Little is known about how to design and conduct effectively a leadership program specifically for surgeons. We sought to evaluate critically a Leadership Development Program for practicing surgeons by exploring how the program's strengths and weaknesses affected the surgeons' development as physician-leaders. METHODS At a large academic institution, we conducted semistructured interviews with 21 surgical faculty members who applied voluntarily, were selected, and completed a newly created Leadership Development Program in December 2012. Interview transcripts underwent qualitative descriptive analysis with thematic coding based on grounded theory. Themes were extracted regarding surgeons' evaluations of the program on their development as physician-leaders. RESULTS After completing the program, surgeons reported personal improvements in the following 4 areas: self-empowerment to lead, self-awareness, team-building skills, and knowledge in business and leadership. Surgeons felt "more confident about stepping up as a leader" and more aware of "how others view me and my interactions." They described a stronger grasp on "giving feedback" as well as a better understanding of "business/organizational issues." Overall, surgeon-participants reported positive impacts of the program on their day-to-day work activities and general career perspective as well as on their long-term career development plans. Surgeons also recommended areas where the program could potentially be improved. CONCLUSION These interviews detailed self-reported improvements in leadership knowledge and capabilities for practicing surgeons who completed a Leadership Development Program. A curriculum designed specifically for surgeons may enable future programs to equip surgeons better for important leadership roles in a complex health care environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Pradarelli
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (JCP, GAJ, JBD), the University of Michigan Medical School (JCP), and the Department of Surgery (MWM, JBD) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and the Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (CHL)
| | - Gregory A. Jaffe
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (JCP, GAJ, JBD), the University of Michigan Medical School (JCP), and the Department of Surgery (MWM, JBD) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and the Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (CHL)
| | - Christy Harris Lemak
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (JCP, GAJ, JBD), the University of Michigan Medical School (JCP), and the Department of Surgery (MWM, JBD) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and the Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (CHL)
| | - Michael W. Mulholland
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (JCP, GAJ, JBD), the University of Michigan Medical School (JCP), and the Department of Surgery (MWM, JBD) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and the Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (CHL)
| | - Justin B. Dimick
- Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (JCP, GAJ, JBD), the University of Michigan Medical School (JCP), and the Department of Surgery (MWM, JBD) at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, and the Department of Health Services Administration, School of Health Professions at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (CHL)
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