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Li J, Tong DM, Lv P, Xu P, Zhang C. Individualised prediction of chemotherapy benefit in early-onset colorectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:625. [PMID: 39505748 PMCID: PMC11541974 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSES Whether patients with early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) receive chemotherapy has been controversial, so our study aimed to screen patients with EOCRC who benefit from chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 2166 EOCRC patients were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients were divided into chemotherapy and non-chemotherapy groups, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the differences between the groups, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cancer-specific survival (CSS) of EOCRC patients. Multifactorial COX regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors for CSS and to construct a nomogram for predicting CSS in EOCRC patients. The overall risk score was calculated based on Nomogram, and EOCRC patients were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups to assess further chemotherapy's therapeutic effect on patients with different risk stratification. RESULTS Before PSM, patients in the chemotherapy group had poorer CSS (p < 0.001). After PSM, there was no significant difference in patient CSS between the two groups (p = 0.057). Independent prognostic factors (Race, Grade, Pathology, AJCC.N, AJCC.M, CEA, Marital. Status) were screened according to multifactorial COX regression analyses and included in the Nomogram predicting CSS in EOCRC patients. A risk stratification system for EOCRC patients was further developed, and the results showed that chemotherapy had no significant effect on CSS in the low-risk group of patients, but in the high-risk group, chemotherapy significantly improved CSS in EOCRC patients. CONCLUSIONS We developed a clinical risk model by combining different risk factors, which can accurately screen those with high-risk EOCRC for benefit from chemotherapy. For low-risk EOCRC patients, our results did not observe a better survival benefit from chemotherapy, and more prospective studies are needed in the future to prove our conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Teaching Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - De Ming Tong
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Teaching Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Teaching Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Teaching Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Teaching Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China.
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Liu F, Jiang S, Cui J, Wu Y, Chen S, Yu Z. Prognostic value of the postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level in colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Surg 2024; 48:2359-2375. [PMID: 39304973 DOI: 10.1002/wjs.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 10/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is one of the commonly used preoperative biomarkers for colorectal cancer (CRC), but no meta-analysis has evaluated the findings of all recently published studies to determine whether its postoperative level can serve as a prognostic indicator. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for eligible literature from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases in October 2023. Studies that investigated the relationship between postoperative serum CEA levels and prognosis in CRC patients were included. Outcome indicators, including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and progression-free survival (PFS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS), were analyzed using a fixed-effects or random-effects model. The pooled hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as effective values. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 20 eligible studies involving 10,114 CRC patients from the East Asian and Western countries. A comprehensive analysis revealed that elevated postoperative CEA levels were associated with low OS (HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 2.36-3.62, and p < 0.000), DFS (HR: 2.81, 95% CI: 2.01-3.94, and p < 0.000), and RFS/PFS (HR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.75-3.62, p < 0.000). A subgroup analysis by region, analysis type, distant metastasis, HR obtain method, sample size, postoperative measurement date, and study design demonstrated that the negative correlation observed between high serum CEA levels after surgery and poor prognosis was not significantly different between the subgroups. CONCLUSION When CEA levels are found to be elevated during postoperative follow-up, more active intervention measures should be implemented to further improve the patient's survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furui Liu
- Department of Abdominal Wall Hernia Surgery, Qingdao University Affiliated Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Abdominal Wall Hernia Surgery, Qingdao University Affiliated Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Jianli Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingdao University Affiliated Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Yueqiao Wu
- Department of Liver Diseases, Taian Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhui Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingdao University Affiliated Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhan Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Qingdao University Affiliated Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
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Zheng CW, Yang YM, Yang H. Impact of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy on tumor markers and T lymphocyte subsets for advanced gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:3905-3912. [PMID: 39350984 PMCID: PMC11438769 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i9.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced gastric cancer (AGC) remains a challenging malignancy with poor prognosis. The combination of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab has shown promising results in AGC treatment. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy on serum tumor markers and T lymphocyte subsets in patients with AGC and to explore their potential as predictive biomarkers for treatment response. AIM To investigate the impact of oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy on serum markers and T cell subsets in patients with AGC. METHODS This prospective study enrolled 60 patients with AGC. All patients received oxaliplatin (130 mg/m2, every 3 weeks) and trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks) for six cycles. Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) were measured before and after treatment. T-lymphocyte subsets, including CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+ /CD8+ ratios, were also evaluated. The clinical response was assessed using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. RESULTS After six cycles of treatment, the CEA, CA19-9, and CA72-4 serum levels significantly decreased compared to baseline levels (P < 0.001). The percentages of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas the percentage of CD8+ T lymphocytes decreased (P < 0.05). The CD4+/CD8+ ratio also significantly increased after treatment (P < 0.05). Patients with a higher decrease in serum tumor markers (≥ 50% reduction) and a higher increase in CD4+/CD8+ ratio (≥ 1.5-fold) showed better clinical response rates (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Oxaliplatin and trastuzumab combination therapy effectively reduced serum tumor marker levels and modulated T lymphocyte subsets in patients with AGC. Combination therapy not only has a direct antitumor effect, but also enhances the immune response in patients with AGC. Serum tumor markers and T lymphocyte subsets may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for treatment response in patients with AGC receiving combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wan Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun-Mo Yang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
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Ren G, Zheng G, Du K, Dang Z, Dan H, Dou X, Duan L, Xie Z, Niu L, Tian Y, Zheng J, Feng F. Prognostic value of dynamic changes of pre- and post-operative tumor markers in colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2024; 26:2047-2059. [PMID: 38453817 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis assessment is vital for personalized treatment plans. This study investigates the prognostic value of dynamic changes of tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, CA125, and AFP before and after surgery and constructs prediction models based on these indicators. METHODS A retrospective clinical study of 2599 CRC patients who underwent radical surgery was conducted. Patients were randomly divided into training (70%) and validation (30%) datasets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified independent prognostic factors, and nomograms were constructed. RESULTS A total of 2599 CRC patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into training (70%, n = 1819) and validation (30%, n = 780) sets. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified age, total number of resected lymph nodes, T stage, N stage, the preoperative and postoperative changes in the levels of CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 as independent prognostic factors. When their postoperative levels are normal, patients with elevated preoperative levels have significantly worse overall survival. However, when the postoperative levels of CEA/CA19-9/CA125 are elevated, whether their preoperative levels are elevated or not has no significance for prognosis. Two nomogram models were developed, and Model I, which included CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 groups, demonstrated the best performance in both training and validation sets. CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant predictive value of dynamic changes in tumor markers CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 before and after CRC surgery. Incorporating these markers into a nomogram prediction model improves prognostic accuracy, enabling clinicians to better assess patients' conditions and develop personalized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Ren
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of General Surgery, Air Force 986(Th) Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gaozan Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kunli Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhangfeng Dang
- Department of General Surgery, Air Force 986(Th) Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hanjun Dan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinyu Dou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lili Duan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenyu Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liaoran Niu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyong Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Mihailović J, Roganović J, Starčević I, Nikolić I, Prvulović Bunović N, Nikin Z. Diagnostic Performance of F-18 FDG PET/CT in the Detection of Recurrent Colorectal Cancer: Correlation with Biochemical Markers and Conventional Imaging Modalities. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3602. [PMID: 38930131 PMCID: PMC11204678 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Although the role of PET/CT imaging is well established in oncology, its diagnostic value in routine monitoring for recurrent colorectal cancer (CRC) is still controversial. The aim was to evaluate the diagnostic value of F-18 FDG PET/CT in detecting recurrent CRC in correlation with CEA, CA 19-9 levels, and conventional imaging modalities (CIM). Methods: Between 2009 and 2023, a retrospective study was performed including 134 CRC patients referred for PET/CT imaging on the suspicion of recurrence, based on elevated CEA and/or CA 19-9 and/or equivocal CIM findings. According to our institution's Tumor Board CRC protocol, after the initial treatment, which was dependent on the TNM stage (neoadjuvant therapy, primary resection, or adjuvant treatment), patients underwent a standard 5-year surveillance including CEA and CA 19-9 measurements, CIM, and colonoscopy, every six months. The statistics, including univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using the IBM SPSS 20.0 statistical software. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Recurrent CRC was confirmed in 54/134 (40.3%) patients with elevated tumor markers. PET/CT showed high diagnostic performance in detecting recurrent CRC with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of 94.4%, 82.5%, 78.5%, 95.7%, and 87.3%, respectively. The CEA showed a high sensitivity of 98.1% but both low specificity and accuracy of 15% and 48.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for CA 19-9 and CIM for diagnosis of CRC recurrence were 44.4%, 67.5%, 58.2%, and 51.9%, 98.8%, 79.9%, respectively. The AUC for PET/CT, elevated CEA levels, CIM, and elevated CA 19-9 levels was 0.885 (95% CI: 0.824-0.946; p < 0.001), 0.844 (95% CI: 0.772-0.916; p < 0.001), 0.753 (95% CI: 0.612-0.844; p < 0.001), and 0.547 (95% CI: 0.442-0.652; p = 0.358), respectively. Univariate analysis showed that both PET/CT and CIM positive results were highly associated with CRC recurrence (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). At the same time, gender, mucinous tumor type, presence of initial lymph node metastasis (N+), and presence of initial distant metastasis (M+) had no significance (p = 0.211, p = 0.158, p = 0.583, and p = 0.201, respectively). Our multivariate analysis showed that independent predictors for CRC recurrence are positive PET/CT scans (p < 0.001), positive CIM results (p = 0.001), and elevated CA 19-9 levels (p = 0.023). Although CA 19-9 was not detected as a statistically significant predictor in the univariate analysis (p = 0.358), in a multivariate analysis it was recognized as a significant predicting factor in detecting the CRC recurrence (p = 0.023). Conclusions: F-18 FDG PET/CT showed high diagnostic efficacy in CRC recurrence detection, in correlation with CEA levels, CA 19-9 levels, and CIM. This imaging modality should be routinely integrated into the post-operative follow-op in patients with elevated tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Mihailović
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (J.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Jelena Roganović
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (J.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Ivana Starčević
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia; (J.R.); (I.S.)
| | - Ivan Nikolić
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Nataša Prvulović Bunović
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Centre for Diagnostic Imaging, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Zoran Nikin
- Department for Pathoanatomical Diagnostics, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
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6
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Rao L, Xu P, Zhang G, Zu R, Luo Y, Zhang K, Yang Y, Wang D, He S, Luo H, Ye B. Prognostic value of creatine kinase (CK)-MB to total-CK ratio in colorectal cancer patients after curative resection. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:543. [PMID: 38684978 PMCID: PMC11059638 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of postoperative Creatine Kinase type M and B (CK-MB) to total Creatine Kinase (CK) ratio (CK-MB/CK) in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients after radical resection. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective cohort analysis. Subjects were stage I-III CRC patients hospitalized in Sichuan Cancer Hospital from January 2017 to May 2021. Patients were divided into abnormal group and normal group according to whether the CK-MB/CK ratio was abnormal after surgery. Through a comparative analysis of clinical data, laboratory test results, and prognosis differences between the two groups, we aimed to uncover the potential relationship between abnormal CK-MB > CK results and CRC patients. To gauge the impact of CK-MB/CK on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), we employed the multivariable COX regression and LASSO regression analysis. Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis, logistic regression, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were conducted to assess the predictive value of the CK-MB/CK ratio for postoperative liver metastasis. RESULTS Cox regression analysis revealed that the CK-MB/CK ratio was a stable risk factors for OS (HR = 3.82, p < 0.001) and DFS (HR = 2.31, p < 0.001). To distinguish hepatic metastases after surgery, the ROC area under the curve of CK-MB/CK was 0.697 (p < 0.001), and the optimal cut-off value determined by the Youden index was 0.347. CONCLUSIONS Postoperative abnormal CK-MB/CK ratio predicts worse prognosis in CRC patients after radical resection and serves as a useful biomarker for detecting postoperative liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubei Rao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Pingyao Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Guiji Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ruiling Zu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yajun Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaijiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Information, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shuya He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huaichao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 55, Section 4, Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.
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Hao YJ, Chang LW, Yang CY, Lo LC, Lin CP, Jian YW, Jiang JK, Tseng FG. The rare circulating tumor microemboli as a biomarker contributes to predicting early colorectal cancer recurrences after medical treatment. Transl Res 2024; 263:1-14. [PMID: 37558203 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Early prognosis of cancer recurrence remains difficult partially due to insufficient and ineffective screening biomarkers or regimes. This study evaluated the rare circulating tumor microemboli (CTM) from liquid biopsy individually and together with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and serum CEA/CA19-9 in a panel, on early prediction of colorectal cancer (CRC) recurrence. Stained CTCs/CTM were detected by a microfluidic chip-based automatic rare-cell imaging platform. ROC, AUC, Kaplan-Meier survival, and Cox proportional hazard models regarding 4 selected biomarkers were analyzed. The relative risk, odds ratio, predictive accuracy, and positive/negative predictive value of biomarkers individually and in combination, to predict CRC recurrence were assessed and preliminarily validated. The EpCAM+Hochest+CD45- CTCs/CTM could be found in all cancer stages, where more recurrences were observed in late-stage cases. Significant correlations between CTCs/CTM with metastatic stages and clinical treatment were illustrated. CA19-9 and CTM could be seen as independent risk factors in patient survivals, while stratified patients by grouped biomarkers on the Kaplan-Meier analyses presented more significant differences in predicting CRC recurrences. By monitoring the panel of selected biomarkers, disease progressions of 4 CRC patients during follow-up visits after first treatments within 3 years were predicted successfully. This study unveiled the value of rare CTM on clinical studies and a panel of selected biomarkers on predicting CRC recurrences in patients at the early time after medical treatment, in which the CTM and serum CA19-9 could be applied in clinical surveillance and CRC management to improve the accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jie Hao
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Wey Chang
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Yang
- Department of Teaching and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Commission for General Education, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan; General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lo
- National Genomics Center for Clinical and Biotechnological Applications, Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Lin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wei Jian
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kai Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Xie H, Wei L, Liu M, Liang Y, Wang Q, Tang S, Gan J. The value of carcinoembryonic antigen stage in staging, prognosis, and management of colorectal cancer: results from two cohort studies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1268783. [PMID: 37869103 PMCID: PMC10586050 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1268783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Combining the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (C stage) with TNM staging can provide a more comprehensive prognostic assessment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the clinical value of incorporating CEA status into the TNM staging system needs to be evaluated. Methods We used the SEER database (N = 49,350) and a retrospective cohort from China (N = 1,440). A normal CEA level was staged as C0 and an elevated CEA level was staged as C1. Restricted cubic spline analysis was used to examine the dose-response relationship between the CEA level and survival. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used to plot survival curves. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models with forward stepwise variable selection were used to estimate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results Patients with C1 were more likely to have advanced disease than those with C0. CEA on a continuous scale was positively associated with mortality risk. Compared with patients with C0 stage, those with C1 stage had significantly lower survival rates. In the SEER dataset, C1 was independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with CRC, with an approximately 70% increased risk of mortality. Patients with C1 stage had significantly lower survival than those with C0 stage at all clinical stages. Incorporating the C stage into the TNM staging refined the prediction of prognosis of patients with CRC, with a gradual decline in prognosis from stage I C0 to stage IV C1. A similar pattern was observed in the present retrospective cohort study. At each lymph node stage, patients with C1 had significantly lower 5-year survival rates than patients with C0. Compared with lymph node positivity, CEA positivity may have a stronger correlation with a worse prognosis. Conclusion Our findings not only validated the independent prognostic significance of CEA in CRC but also demonstrated its enhanced prognostic value when combined with TNM staging. Our study provides evidence supporting the inclusion of C stage in the TNM staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Xie
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lishuang Wei
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory Disease Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingxiang Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanren Liang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiwen Wang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuangyi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jialiang Gan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Cai M, He H, Hong S, Weng J. Synergistic diagnostic value of circulating tumor cells and tumor markers CEA/CA19-9 in colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:54-60. [PMID: 35968572 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulation tumor cells (CTCs) play a crucial role in cancer spread and have a strong correlation with cancer progression. Previous works of research have shown that the number of CTCs can be used to predict the recurrence of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS In this study, we used the Cyttel method to isolate and detect CTCs, and analyzed their correlation with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels. RESULTS We found that the amount and positive (CTC number ≥2 in 3.2 mL peripheral blood) rate of CTCs were higher in peripheral blood (PB) of patients in stage III/IV than that of patients in stage I/II, suggesting the number of CTCs in CRC patients may have a higher correlation with metastasis. Furthermore, the number of CTCs was correlated to CEA and CA19-9 levels in individuals with all stages of CRC, and all of them predicted a worse prognosis and higher recurrence rate. Notably, triple positive (CTCs ≥ 2, CEA ≥ 5 ng/mL, CA19-9 ≥ 37 U/mL in PB) leads to the worst outcome indicated by overall survival and recurrence rate. CONCLUSION Taken together, this study first revealed that a triple combination of CTCs, which were detected by the Cyttel method but not other approaches, CEA and CA19-9 is a promising prognostic marker on the recurrence of colorectal cancer and overall survival in clinic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Cai
- Department of General Surgery, ZhangZhou Affiliated Hospital of FuJian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Huiduan He
- Department of Pathology, ZhangZhou Affiliated Hospital of FuJian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Shaojun Hong
- Department of Pathology, ZhangZhou Affiliated Hospital of FuJian Medical University, Fujian, China
| | - Jianming Weng
- Department of Pathology, ZhangZhou Affiliated Hospital of FuJian Medical University, Fujian, China
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Li Z, Zhu H, Pang X, Mao Y, Yi X, Li C, Lei M, Cheng X, Liang L, Wu J, Ding Y, Yang J, Sun Y, Zhang T, You D, Liu Z. Preoperative serum CA19-9 should be routinely measured in the colorectal patients with preoperative normal serum CEA: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:962. [PMID: 36076189 PMCID: PMC9454113 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Whether preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19–9 (CA19-9) is an independent prognostic factor and there are interactions of serum CA19-9 with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on the risk of recurrence in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are still not clarified. Methods Consecutive patients with CRC who underwent curative resection for stage II-III colorectal adenocarcinoma at five hospitals were collected. Based on Cox models, associations of preoperative CA19-9 with recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated in patients with or without elevated CEA, and interactions between CEA and CA19-9 were also calculated. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves were used to evaluate the associations between preoperative CA19-9 and CRC outcomes on a continuous scale. Results A total of 5048 patients (3029 [60.0%] men; median [interquartile range, IQR] age, 61.0 [51.0, 68.0] years; median [IQR] follow-up duration 46.8 [36.5–62.4] months) were included. The risk of recurrence increased with the elevated level of preoperative CA19-9, with the slope steeper in patients with normal CEA than those with elevated CEA. Worse RFS was observed for elevated preoperative CA19-9 (> 37 U/mL) (n = 738) versus normal preoperative CA19-9 (≤ 37 U/mL) (n = 4310) (3-year RFS rate: 59.4% versus 78.0%; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.79 to 2.28), and significant interaction was found between CA19-9 and CEA (P for interaction = 0.001). Increased risk and interaction with CEA were also observed for OS. In the Cox multivariable analysis, elevated CA19-9 was associated with shorter RFS and OS regardless of preoperative CEA level, even after adjustment for other prognostic factors (HR: 2.08, 95% CI:1.75 to 2.47; HR: 2.25, 95% CI:1.80 to 2.81). Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses yielded largely similar results. These associations were maintained in patients with stage II disease (n = 2724). Conclusions Preoperative CA19-9 is an independent prognostic factor in CRC patients. Preoperative CA19-9 can be clinically used as a routine biomarker for CRC patients, especially with preoperative normal serum CEA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10051-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Haibin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
| | - Xiaolin Pang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yun Mao
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoping Yi
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Xianshuo Cheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jiamei Wu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Department of Radiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Yingshi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Dingyun You
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zaiyi Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Image Analysis and Application, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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11
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Takeda Y, Nakano T, Yanagaki M, Takada N, Kumamoto T, Furukawa K, Onda S, Neki K, Ikegami T, Eto K. The time-dependent changes in serum carcinoembryonic antigen impact on posthepatectomy outcomes of colorectal liver metastasis. Surgery 2022; 172:625-632. [PMID: 35644688 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2022.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have examined the impact of carcinoembryonic antigen variation in patients before and after curative resection of colorectal liver metastasis . This study examined the correlation between carcinoembryonic antigen levels and patient prognosis. METHODS Patients who underwent curative resection for colorectal liver metastasis between 2000 and 2017 were enrolled. This study examined patients with high preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels that normalized after resection of colorectal liver metastasis and the correlation between prognosis and time-dependent changes in carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The similarity in the risk of recurrence in patients with normal preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 143 consecutive patients were included in the study cohort and classified into the normal preoperative (46 patients), normalized postoperative (57 patients), and elevated preoperative and postoperative (40 patients) carcinoembryonic antigen groups. All clinicopathologic characteristics were comparable between patients grouped according to carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates for all patients were 30.4% and 56.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed that elevated preoperative and postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels (hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-2.87) were independently associated with poor disease-free survival; normalization of postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.57-1.53) was statistically indistinguishable from normal preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels. The risk of recurrence was similar to that of patients with normal preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels CONCLUSION: Patients with elevated preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen levels that normalized after resection of colorectal liver metastasis were not at risk of poor disease-free survival. Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen levels after surgery are independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takeda
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Nakano
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misturu Yanagaki
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Takada
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Kumamoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenei Furukawa
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Onda
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kai Neki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ikegami
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Eto
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Maryńczak K, Włodarczyk J, Sabatowska Z, Dziki A, Dziki Ł, Włodarczyk M. Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in a Tertiary Referral Center: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030866. [PMID: 35160321 PMCID: PMC8836563 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a risk factor in developing colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CA-CRC). CA-CRC causes the death of about 15% IBD patients and the risk is 1.5–2.4 fold higher among IBD sufferers than in the general population. The dysplasia CA-CRC develops in a different mechanism in comparison to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed at evaluating the surgical treatment and its outcomes as well as 5-year survival rates in the CA-CRC and sporadic CRC patients. Materials and methods: This single-center, retrospective, propensity score-matched case-control study was conducted with 2204 patients operated on due to primary CRC, who were hospitalized from 2003 to 2019. The CA-CRC group consisted of 49 patients with CRC in the course of IBD. The sporadic CRC group was selected with the propensity score matching technique and comprised 98 patients with sporadic CRC who did not have clinical or histopathological features characteristic for IBD. Results: CA-CRC is characterized by a more aggressive clinical course. Surgical treatment of CA-CRC involves more palliative operations and is related with a higher risk of perioperative and postoperative complications. Further studies of CA-CRC risk factor stratification and the development of molecular markers hold promise in reducing CRC in IBD patients in the future were warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Maryńczak
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Zofia Sabatowska
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Adam Dziki
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 Żeromskiego, 90-624 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Dziki
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
| | - Marcin Włodarczyk
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Ł.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Preoperative CA19-9: a competitive predictor of recurrence in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases after hepatectomy. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:767-778. [PMID: 33420522 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) patients is still unclear. The present study aimed to explore the prognostic significance of preoperative CA19-9 in those patients. METHODS A total of 691 CRLM patients were included in this study. X-tile analyses were performed to determine the optimal cut-off values of CA19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Prognostic predictors were identified by multivariate analyses. RESULTS The optimal cut-off values of CA19-9 and CEA for 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 35.24 U/ml and 20.4 ng/ml, respectively. Patients with high-level CA19-9 had significantly worse RFS and overall survival (OS) than those with low-level CA19-9 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). In addition, patients with high-level CA19-9 had poor RFS and OS (P = 0.028 and P = 0.011, respectively) at low-level CEA. Multivariate analyses confirmed that preoperative CA19-9 was an independent predictor for RFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.295; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.043-1.607; P = 0.019) but not for OS (HR 1.213; 95% CI 0.902-1.631; P = 0.201). CONCLUSION CA19-9 is a promising predictor of recurrence for CRLM patients undergoing hepatectomy, and an effective supplement for patients with low-level CEA.
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14
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Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of CEA and CA19-9 in Colorectal Cancer. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9010021. [PMID: 33802962 PMCID: PMC8006010 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. A diagnosis at early stages with enhanced screening methods is vital as metastases and recurrences increase mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the tumor markers CEA and CA19-9 combined in correlation with diagnostics and prognosis. Therefore, 1487 patients with CRC who were diagnosed and treated between 2000 and 2015 at the University Hospital Ulm, Germany, were retrospectively evaluated. Overall and recurrence-free survival was analyzed in association with preoperative CEA and CA19-9 separately and combined and a multivariate analysis was performed. The 5-year overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with a CEA or CA19-9 level ≥200 compared to patients with an increased, but <200, or normal level (CEA: 69%/44%/7%; CA19-9: 66%/38%/8%). Patients with both tumor markers increased also showed a remarkably shorter 5-year survival rate (CEA+/CA19-9+: 23%). The multivariate analysis emphasizes these results (p-value < 0.0001). Patients with both tumor markers elevated had the shortest 5-year recurrence-free survival rate, followed by patients with either CEA or CA19-9 elevated (CEA-/CA19-9-: 79%; CEA+/CA19-9; CEA-/CA19-9+: 65%; CEA+/CA19-9+: 44%). In conclusion, measuring CEA and CA19-9 preoperatively in CRC patients is reasonable and could be useful as a prognostic factor.
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Hermunen K, Soveri LM, Boisen MK, Mustonen HK, Dehlendorff C, Haglund CH, Johansen JS, Osterlund P. Postoperative serum CA19-9, YKL-40, CRP and IL-6 in combination with CEA as prognostic markers for recurrence and survival in colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:1416-1423. [PMID: 32790589 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2020.1800086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, guidelines only recommend measurement of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), although postoperative CEA may be more informative. However, the sensitivity of both preoperative and postoperative CEA in identifying relapse is limited. We studied whether CA19-9, YKL-40, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 add prognostic information combined with postoperative CEA. MATERIAL AND METHODS This post-hoc analysis included 147 radically resected stage II (n = 38), III (n = 91) and IV (n = 18) CRC patients treated with adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy in the phase III LIPSYT study (ISRCTN98405441). We collected postoperative blood samples a median of 48 days after surgery. We analysed relapses, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by bootstrap, Kaplan-Meier and adjusted Cox-models in the elevated vs. normal biomarker groups. RESULTS Elevated postoperative CEA associated with impaired DFS (HR 7.23; CI95% 3.85-13.58), impaired OS (HR 7.16; CI95% 3.76-13.63), and more relapses (HR 7.9; CI95% 3.4-18.2); but sensitivity for CEA in finding relapses was only 31% (CI95% 21-48%). Normal CEA combined with an elevated YKL-40 or elevated CRP showed more relapses (HR for YKL-40 2.13 [CI95% 1.10-4.13], HR for CRP 3.14 [CI95% 1.21-8.16]), impaired DFS (HR 2.18 [CI95% 1.12-4.24] or 3.23 [CI95% 1.34-7.82]), and impaired OS (2.33 [CI95%1.24-4.40] or 2.68 [CI95%1.12-6.44]). Elevated CEA combined with a concomitantly elevated CA19-9, YKL-40, CRP or IL-6 showed a respective PPV of 100, 90, 100, and 100%. CONCLUSION In radically operated stage II to IV CRC patients who received adjuvant 5-FU-based chemotherapy, a postoperatively elevated CEA alone or in combination with CA19-9, YKL-40, CRP, or IL-6, or a normal CEA combined with an elevated YKL-40 or with an elevated CRP, may indicate patients at high risk of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kethe Hermunen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Soveri
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hyvinkää Hospital and Hyvinkää Homecare, Hyvinkää, Finland
| | - Mogens Karsbøl Boisen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Harri K. Mustonen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Dehlendorff
- Statistics and Pharmacoepidemiology, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caj H. Haglund
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Medicine Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Sidenius Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Osterlund
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Luo M, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhang Y. Metastatic rectal cancer to papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case report and review of literature. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:136. [PMID: 32375670 PMCID: PMC7204023 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a rare event. Rectal cancer to primary thyroid neoplasm metastasis is extremely rare. Herein, we reported a case of metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma to a papillary thyroid carcinoma. The incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of metastatic colorectal cancer to a thyroid gland neoplasm were described, and the pertinent literature was reviewed. CASE PRESENTATION A 34-year-old female patient had curative treatment of initial rectal adenocarcinoma in 2012, and was found to have lung metastases by follow-up CT scan 3 years later. In 2018, she was found to have thyroid metastasis by imaging due to left neck pain and hoarseness. A fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) result suggested suspicious papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy and bilateral cervical lymph nodes dissection. The histopathology of thyroidectomy specimen revealed a rectal adenocarcinoma metastatic to the thyroid concomitant with the papillary carcinoma in metastatic adenocarcinoma. The patient received levothyroxine supplementation therapy and palliative chemotherapy with irinotecan and anti-angiogenesis for the metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma. After 1 year of thyroidectomy, no newly developed lesion evidence of recurrent PTC was observed. The patient remains still alive. CONCLUSION The possibility of metastases should be considered in patients with a history of rectal cancer and with a thyroid lesion, particularly in those with ageing, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or long-term survival. The diagnosis should be histologically confirmed for the presence of both primary thyroid lesions and secondary thyroid neoplasms. Thyroidectomy may be a feasible treatment for symptomatic thyroid metastasis or thyroid cancer. we need to gain more available evidence from large or multi-center clinical data to help clinicians to diagnose rectal cancer to thyroid neoplasm metastases and evaluate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.71, Hedi road, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.71, Hedi road, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.71, Hedi road, Nanning, 530021, PR China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.71, Hedi road, Nanning, 530021, PR China.
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Yu H, Ma L, Zhu Y, Li W, Ding L, Gao H. Significant diagnostic value of circulating tumour cells in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:317-325. [PMID: 32565958 PMCID: PMC7285991 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have potential utility in various clinical applications for cancer management. The present study focused on evaluating the diagnostic role of CTCs in colorectal cancer (CRC). A total of 89 blood samples from 59 patients diagnosed with CRC and 30 healthy individuals were collected for CTC detection. The Cyttel method is an improved CTC detection strategy, which combines negative enrichment with immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization. This method effectively detected a significant increase in total CTCs in patients with CRC (49/59) compared with those in healthy controls (3/30). A cut-off value of 2 CTCs/3.2 ml blood yielded a sensitivity of 83.05% and a specificity of 100%. Additionally, three traditional serum tumour markers, namely carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and CA72-4, were examined by immunoassays. The diagnostic sensitivity of CTCs was much higher than that of CEA, CA19-9 and CA72-4 alone or in combination, particularly in patients with early stage CRC. The combined sensitivity of CTCs and CEA reached 91.53%, which was only slightly lower than the sensitivity of all four markers combined (CTCs + CEA + CA19-9 + CA72-4). CTCs with aneuploidy of chromosome 7 or 8 were carefully distinguished, and the associations among different types of CTCs, clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival were statistically analysed. Total CTCs were revealed to be significantly associated with tumour differentiation and nerve invasion. CTCs were more likely to be detected in poorly differentiated CRC tumours than in well- and moderately-differentiated tumours (P=0.026). Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report that CTCs with multiploidy of chromosome 7 were significantly associated with TNM stage. These CTCs exhibited a high chance of being identified in the peripheral blood of patients with late-stage CRC (stage III–IV; P=0.031). The present study suggests that the combination of CTCs and CEA may serve as an effective potential diagnostic and prognostic indicator in patients with CRC. Detection of CTCs with aneuploidy may have increased specificity in predicting highly malignant and invasive tumours in CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Yu
- Department of Colorectal Tumour Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Colorectal Tumour Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yubing Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Tumour Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Wenxia Li
- Department of Colorectal Tumour Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Colorectal Tumour Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Colorectal Tumour Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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Hall C, Clarke L, Pal A, Buchwald P, Eglinton T, Wakeman C, Frizelle F. A Review of the Role of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Clinical Practice. Ann Coloproctol 2019; 35:294-305. [PMID: 31937069 PMCID: PMC6968721 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2019.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is not normally produced in significant quantities after birth but is elevated in colorectal cancer. The aim of this review was to define the current role of CEA and how best to investigate patients with elevated CEA levels. A systematic review of CEA was performed, in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were identified from PubMed, Cochrane library, and controlled trials registers. We identified 2,712 papers of which 34 were relevant. Analysis of these papers found higher preoperative CEA levels were associated with advanced or metastatic disease and thus poorer prognosis. Postoperatively, failure of CEA to return to normal was found to be indicative of residual or recurrent disease. However, measurement of CEA levels alone was not sufficient to improve survival rates. Two algorithms are proposed to guide investigation of patients with elevated CEA: one for patients with elevated CEA after CRC resection, and another for patients with de novo elevated CEA. CEA measurement has an important role in the investigation, management and follow-up of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hall
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Louise Clarke
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Atanu Pal
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - Pamela Buchwald
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tim Eglinton
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Wakeman
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Frank Frizelle
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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You W, Sheng N, Yan L, Chen H, Gong J, He Z, Zheng K, Chen Z, Wang Y, Tan G, Xie L, Wang Z. The difference in prognosis of stage II and III colorectal cancer based on preoperative serum tumor markers. J Cancer 2019; 10:3757-3766. [PMID: 31333793 PMCID: PMC6636282 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Preoperative serum tumor markers have been widely used to predict prognosis in stage II and III colorectal cancer (CRC). However, few previous studies addressed the effect of increased preoperative numbers of tumor markers. Methods: Patients with stage II and III CRC who underwent curative resection were included from January 2009 to October 2015. The relationship between serum tumor markers and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. DFS and OS were compared in stage II and III CRC. Results: The median follow-up was 45 months. In this study, 735 enrolled patients were assessed based on the numbers of increased tumor markers. We found that these increased tumor markers were closely associated with clinical stage, T stage, N stage, tumor location, pathology type, differentiation, lymphatic invasion and vascular invasion (all p values < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of increased tumor markers directly affected the survival of patients with CRC after curative surgery. The 3-year DFS and OS of patients with a score of 0 were 84.0% and 91.0%, respectively, which are much higher than those of patients with a score of 4 (42.9% and 37.8%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The 5-year DFS and OS of patients with a score of 0 were 75.9% and 77.9%, respectively, which are much higher than those of patients with a score of 4 (31.7% and 23.6%, respectively). Interestingly, our results suggested that stage III CRC patients with a score of 0 had longer DFS and OS times than stage II patients with scores of 3 and 4. Further analysis revealed statistically significant differences in OS (p < 0.05) but not in DFS. Conclusions: The number of increased tumor markers could significantly predict prognosis in stage II and III CRC. In addition, these increased tumor markers had direct impacts on metastasis as well as the recurrence status and survival time of stage II and III CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang You
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Nengquan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenghui He
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Kaiwen Zheng
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhaohuan Chen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yafang Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gewen Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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20
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Zhou W, Yang F, Peng J, Wang F, Lin Y, Jiang W, Yang X, Li L, Lu Z, Wan D, Pan Z, Fan W. High pretreatment serum CA19-9 level predicts a poor prognosis for patients with stage III colon cancer after curative resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. J Cancer 2019; 10:3810-3818. [PMID: 31333798 PMCID: PMC6636281 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is one of the most widely used tumor markers in gastrointestinal cancer. However, serum CA19-9 is not a recommended routine measurement in colon cancer. In this study, we evaluated the value of the preoperative serum CA19-9 level for the prediction of postoperative prognosis in stage III colon cancer. The medical records of 367 consecutive patients with stage III colon cancer who underwent curative resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine between December 2007 and April 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. We determined the optimal cutoff value of CA19-9 for 3-year recurrence using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method. Differences in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates stratified by CA19-9 level were compared by using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify prognostic variables for DFS and OS. The statistically determined best cutoff value for CA19-9 was 24 U/ml. High CA19-9 levels (> 24 U/ml) were significantly associated with poorly differentiated tumors, abnormal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, and a high cumulative incidence of lung metastasis. Additionally, compared with low CA19-9 levels, high preoperative CA19-9 levels were associated with inferior 3-year DFS and OS rates, especially for high-risk patients (T4Nany or TanyN2). Multivariate analyses revealed that CA19-9 was an independent factor associated with both DFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.248; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.393-3.628; P = 0.001) and OS (HR: 2.081; 95% CI: 1.137-3.808; P = 0.017). The results of this study showed that high levels of preoperative serum CA19-9 indicated a worse prognostic outcome for stage III colon cancer patients. An early follow-up protocol to assess lung metastasis and a full course of adjuvant chemotherapy should be used for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Fulong Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhu Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wu Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhai Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Desen Wan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Fan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, P.R. China
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Nozawa H, Takiyama H, Hasegawa K, Kawai K, Hata K, Tanaka T, Nishikawa T, Sasaki K, Kaneko M, Murono K, Emoto S, Sonoda H, Nakajima J. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves prognosis of resectable stage IV colorectal cancer: a comparative study using inverse probability of treatment weighting. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2019; 11:1758835919838960. [PMID: 31019569 PMCID: PMC6469283 DOI: 10.1177/1758835919838960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) is known to be beneficial for stage III colorectal cancer (CRC). In contrast, only a few studies have reported the survival benefits of AC for stage IV CRC after curative surgery. METHODS We identified 155 CRC patients with various organ metastases who underwent curative surgery in our hospital between 2003 and 2017. Clinicopathological parameters and postoperative AC were reviewed. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. Moreover, the effects of AC on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using inverse probability of treatment weighting. RESULTS The cohort comprised 94 males and 61 females, with a mean age of 63 years. AC was administered to 57% of patients who underwent surgery between 2003 and 2010 and 76% between 2011 and 2017 (p = 0.015). AC was more likely administered to patients with a good performance status, high preoperative albumin level, regional node and peritoneal metastases, and no intraoperative blood transfusion. Multivariate analyses identified AC as a significant prognostic factors for RFS and OS [hazard ratio (HR): 1.86, p = 0.003, and 2.66, p = 0.002, respectively]. After adjusting for different backgrounds, 5-year RFS and OS rates were higher in patients receiving AC (27% and 67%) than in those without AC (14% and 46%, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0005). Subgroup analyses showed that AC significantly improved RFS in node-negative patients (HR: 2.16, p = 0.029), and RFS and OS in node-positive patients (HR: 2.03, p < 0.0001, and 2.02, p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION AC can be discussed with resectable stage IV CRC patients because of its significant survival-improving effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic
Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Kaneko
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sonoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Nakajima
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Jiang J, Chang W, Fu Y, Gao Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Zhang S. SAV1, regulated by microRNA-21, suppresses tumor growth in colorectal cancer. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 97:91-99. [PMID: 30681889 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the role and action of the Salvador 1 protein (SAV1, also called WW45) in colorectal cancer (CRC). For this, CRC SW480 and HCT116 cells were infected with lentiviruses of SAV1 overexpression vector (lenti-SAV1) and SAV1 short hairpin RNA (sh-SAV1) to overexpress and silence SAV1 respectively, or transfected with microRNA-21 (miR-21) mimic to overexpress miR-21. Relative mRNA levels of SAV1 and relative miR-21 levels in CRC tissues or cells were detected. The effects of SAV1 and miR-21 on cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and annexin V – fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) – propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry, respectively. Our results revealed that SAV1 was downregulated in CRC tissues compared with the adjacent noncancerous tissues. Furthermore, SAV1 overexpression inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in SW480 and HCT116 cells, whereas knockdown of SAV1 exerted the opposite effect. Additionally, the tumorigenesis of SW480 cells in xenografted mice was significantly inhibited by SAV1 overexpression but promoted by SAV1 knockdown. MiR-21 levels significantly and negatively correlated with SAV1 expression in CRC tissues. More importantly, miR-21 overexpression significantly abolished the SAV1-mediated inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis of SW480. In conclusion, SAV1 suppresses tumor growth in CRC and is regulated by miR-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wei Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yongshun Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chunlin Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiefu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of ZhengZhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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Hidaka E, Maeda C, Nakahara K, Wakamura K, Ishiyama Y, Shimada S, Seki J, Takano Y, Oae S, Enami Y, Sawada N, Ishida F, Kudo SE. High Serum CA19-9 Concentration Predicts Poor Prognosis in Elderly Patients with Stage IV Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Tumors 2019; 5:117-124. [PMID: 30976583 PMCID: PMC6422141 DOI: 10.1159/000493793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The optimal treatment strategy for elderly patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial due to limited research data. The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment results and to clarify the prognostic factors, especially poor prognosis factors, in elderly patients with stage IV CRC. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of 82 elderly patients (aged ≥75 years) with stage IV CRC who underwent surgical treatment at our hospital between April 2001 and March 2017. Factors that affected prognosis and the ability to undergo treatment were analyzed via multivariate analysis. RESULTS The median overall survival (OS) in the patients with high pretreatment serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) concentration (> 370 U/mL) was significantly worse than in those with lower serum CA19-9 concentration (0-370 U/mL) (8.5 vs. 19.2 months, p = 0.0059). In univariate analysis, age (≥80 years) (p = 0.014), performance status of 1-3 (p = 0.028), and high pretreatment serum CA19-9 concentration (p = 0.014) were significant prognostic factors for poor OS. By contrast, resection of the primary tumor (p = 0.024), chemotherapy (p < 0.0001), and resection of distant metastasis (p = 0.0005) were significant prognostic factors for favorable OS. Multivariate analysis showed that a high pretreatment serum CA19-9 concentration was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS (p = 0.01). Meanwhile, resection of the primary tumor (p = 0.033), chemotherapy (p < 0.0001), and resection of distant metastasis (p = 0.0008) were prognostic factors for favorable OS. CONCLUSIONS A high pretreatment serum CA19-9 concentration (> 370 U/mL) was a reliable predictive factor for poor prognosis, and aggressive treatments should be performed carefully in these patients. Moreover, various treatments, including surgery and chemotherapy, might improve OS in elderly patients with stage IV CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Hidaka
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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24
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Dai C, Zheng Y, Li Y, Tian T, Wang M, Xu P, Deng Y, Hao Q, Wu Y, Zhai Z, Dai Z, Lyu J. Prognostic values of HE4 expression in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:4491-4500. [PMID: 30349381 PMCID: PMC6188164 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s178345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the prognostic impact of HE4 expression in patients with cancer. Materials and methods We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and WangFang databases for publications concerning HE4 expression in patients with cancer. The correlation of HE4 expression level with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed. Results In this meta-analysis, 29 studies, with a total of 4,235 patients, were included. Our results showed that HE4 expression was significantly associated with poorer OS (hazard ratio [HR] =2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.77–2.62, P<0.001). Further subgroup analysis found that this correlation was not affected by race (White: HR =1.92, 95% CI =1.53–2.39, P<0.001; Asian: HR =2.62, 95% CI =2.06–3.35, P<0.001) or tumor types (endometrial cancer: HR =2.91, 95% CI =1.86–4.53, P<0.001; ovarian cancer: HR =1.82, 95% CI =1.50–2.22, P<0.001; lung cancer: HR =2.31, 95% CI =1.54–3.47, P<0.001). Our meta-analysis showed that HE4 overexpression was significantly associated with DFS (HR =2.50, 95% CI =1.86–3.37, P<0.001) and PFS (HR =1.27, 95% CI =1.11–1.45, P=0.001). Conclusion These results suggest that expression of HE4 was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with cancer. HE4 is a potential novel prognostic factor in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Dai
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yuanjie Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yujiao Deng
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhen Zhai
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhijun Dai
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jun Lyu
- Clinical Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China,
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25
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Yu Z, Chen Z, Wu J, Li Z, Wu Y. Prognostic value of pretreatment serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level in patients with colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188139. [PMID: 29141049 PMCID: PMC5687748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) is one of the most frequently used tumor markers for gastrointestinal cancer, particularly for diagnostic purposes. However, its value in predicting prognosis remains controversial. In this study, we sought to clarify this by conducting a meta-analysis of relevant studies. METHODS We systematically searched several databases, including PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for articles pertaining to the relationship between pretreatment serum CA 19-9 levels and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). The reported hazard ratios (HR) of overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), pooled progression-free survival (PFS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the analyzed studies were compared by fixed effects/random effects models. RESULTS Seventeen studies involving 6434 patients with CRC were included in our meta-analysis. A comprehensive analysis of the collected data revealed that high serum CA 19-9 levels before treatment were significantly associated with poor OS (HR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.36-1.83, P<0.001), DFS (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.38-2.13, P<0.001), PFS (HR: 1.30,95%CI:0.93-1.82, P = 0.121) and RFS (HR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.11-1.83, P = 0.006). This association between high pretreatment serum CA 19-9 levels and poor survival held true across different geographical regions, analysis types, methods used for HR determination, sample size, and treatment methods. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that pretreatment serum CA 19-9 level can be used as a prognostic indicator for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yu
- Department of general surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of general surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- Department of general surgery, The second people's Hospital of Jiangyin, Jiangyin, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of general surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yugang Wu
- Department of general surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Tong D, Liu F, Li W, Zhang W. The impacts of surgery of the primary cancer and radiotherapy on the survival of patients with metastatic rectal cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89214-89227. [PMID: 29179513 PMCID: PMC5687683 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of surgery of the primary cancer and radiation in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is still controversial currently, and evidence implied that colon cancer (CC) and rectal cancer (RC) should be treated with difference. Hence we focused on metastatic rectal cancer (mRC) solely to compare the cancer cause-specific survival (CSS) of patients receiving varied treatments of the primary cancer: no treatment, surgery only, radiation only, and surgery plus radiation, based on the records of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A total of 8669 patients were included. Results demonstrated that the 2-year CSS was 28.1% for no treatment group, 30.7% for only radiation group, 50.2% for only surgery group, and 66.5% for surgery plus radiation group, reaching statistical difference (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the CSSs of mRC patients in the surgery group were similar regardless of resection ranges (P = 0.44). Besides, we analyzed the prognostic factors for mRC and found carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, metastasis (M) stage, Tumor (T) stage, tumor size, differentiate grade, age and marital status should be taken into consideration when estimating the prognosis. Particularly, patients with normal CEA level or M1a stage showed a significant survival advantage. Overall, present study suggested that surgery of the primary cancer and radiation might help to improve the survival of mRC patients, especially when both treatments were conducted. Our results may assist clinicians to make better treatment strategy for patients with mRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Tong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhao JX, Liu LR, Yang XY, Liu F, Zhang ZG. Serum CA19-9 as a marker of circulating tumor cells in first reflux blood of colorectal cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67918-67932. [PMID: 28978084 PMCID: PMC5620224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are used for metastasis surveillance in cancer patients, but low detection rates limit their use in colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the distribution of CTCs in peripheral and portal blood of CRC patients, and analyzed the relationship between serum tumor CEA/CA19-9 markers and CTCs blood levels. CTC levels detected in first reflux/portal vein blood were higher than in peripheral blood, and liver reduced CTCs amount. CTCs-positive patients had increased serum CEA and CA 19-9 levels, and the CEA and CA 19-9 levels correlated with the CTCs levels. Even in non-metastatic CRC patients with barely detectable CTCs in peripheral blood, serum CA 19-9 levels correlated with the CTC levels in first reflux/portal vein blood. These results demonstrate that CTC detection in the first reflux vein/portal vein blood is more sensitive than in peripheral blood, suggesting that clinical diagnosis using the CellSearch System should be based on the CTC detection in first reflux vein blood due to the high detection rates. In addition, our results indicate that serum CA 19-9 levels may serve as a diagnostic marker for further evaluation of CTC levels in portal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.,Department of Colorectal Cancer Oncological Surgery, Large-Scale Data Analysis Center of Cancer Precision Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Institute and Hospital, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Li-Ren Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Oncological Surgery, Large-Scale Data Analysis Center of Cancer Precision Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Institute and Hospital, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Oncological Surgery, Large-Scale Data Analysis Center of Cancer Precision Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Institute and Hospital, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Zhong-Guo Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer Oncological Surgery, Large-Scale Data Analysis Center of Cancer Precision Medicine, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Cancer Institute and Hospital, Shenyang 110042, China
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