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Song Y, Min J, Guo Y, Li R, Zou G, Li M, Zang Y, Feng W, Yao X, Liu T, Zhang X, Yu J, Liu Q, Zhang P, Yu R, Cao X, Zhu J, Dong K, Wang G, Bao X. Surface Activation by Single Ru Atoms for Enhanced High-Temperature CO 2 Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202313361. [PMID: 38088045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Cathodic CO2 adsorption and activation is essential for high-temperature CO2 electrolysis in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, the component of oxygen ionic conductor in the cathode displays limited electrocatalytic activity. Herein, stable single Ruthenium (Ru) atoms are anchored on the surface of oxygen ionic conductor (Ce0.8 Sm0.2 O2-δ , SDC) via the strong covalent metal-support interaction, which evidently modifies the electronic structure of SDC surface for favorable oxygen vacancy formation and enhanced CO2 adsorption and activation, finally evoking the electrocatalytic activity of SDC for high-temperature CO2 electrolysis. Experimentally, SOEC with the Ru1 /SDC-La0.6 Sr0.4 Co0.2 Fe0.8 O3-δ cathode exhibits a current density as high as 2.39 A cm-2 at 1.6 V and 800 °C. This work expands the application of single atom catalyst to the high-temperature electrocatalytic reaction in SOEC and provides an efficient strategy to tailor the electronic structure and electrocatalytic activity of SOEC cathode at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Junyong Min
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yige Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rongtan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Geng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Mingrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yipeng Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weicheng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tianfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Jingcheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qingxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Runsheng Yu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xingzhong Cao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Kun Dong
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guoxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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2
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Das D, Prakash J, Goutam UK, Manna S, Gupta SK, Sudarshan K. Oxygen vacancy and valence engineering in CeO 2 through distinct sized ion doping and their impact on oxygen reduction reaction catalysis. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18572-18582. [PMID: 36444845 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Defect tuning in ceria to enhance its catalytic properties is a subject of great interest for the scientific community owing to the growing demand for catalytic materials in drug, automobile and chemical industries. Doping induced defect engineering was found to be one of the most sought out strategies particularly in oxides for achieving multifunctionality. Here, in this study, we have doped ceria with distinct sized trivalent rare-earth ions, namely, Y3+, Eu3+ and La3+, using combustion techniques. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) suggested enhanced defect density with doping in general and higher concentration of oxygen vacancies in La3+ doped ceria compared to Y3+ and Eu3+ counterparts. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggested the existence of both Ce3+ and Ce4+, with the former having higher fraction in CeO2:La3+ compared to CeO2:Y3+. The electron transfer resistance (Rct) reduced in all the doped samples when compared to undoped ceria and they demonstrated improved catalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The highest reduction in Rct was seen in the 5% La doped sample owing to the very high concentration of oxygen vacancies and Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio and CeO2:5.0% La3+ showed the best performance towards ORR electrocatalysis. The studies are expected to help in further tuning the catalysts in terms of dopant concentrations, and in future work, the strategy will be to control the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio and see its implication in both catalytic and magnetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Das
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - Jyoti Prakash
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India.,Materials Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - U K Goutam
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - S Manna
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India.,Analytical Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India
| | - Santosh K Gupta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
| | - K Sudarshan
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai-400094, India
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3
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Das D, Gupta SK, Mohapatra M, Sudarshan K. Defect engineering in trivalent ion doped ceria through vanadium assisted charge compensation: insight using photoluminescence, positron annihilation and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17378-17389. [PMID: 34792043 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pair matching charge compensation with trivalent and pentavalent dopants in ceria was found to be an attractive strategy in engineering defects with minimal distortions in the lattice and obtaining enhanced catalytic properties. In the present study, charge compensation with a vanadium codopant in trivalent ion doped ceria is studied. Defect evolution in the trivalent ion doped ceria with vanadium codoping has been studied in CeO2:Eu3+, CeO2:La3+,Eu3+ and CeO2:Y3+,Eu3+ systems and the choices of the dopant and co-dopant are triggered by their ionic radius. Eu3+ photoluminescence (PL) is used as a spectroscopic probe to monitor local structural changes around the dopants. Positron lifetime studies showed that oxygen vacancies formed due to trivalent ion doping are weakly associated when larger ions are doped and result in the formation of vacancy aggregates. Positron lifetime studies along with XRD studies show that vanadium codoping effectively removes the vacancies but the distortions are significant when the size mismatch between the pair match used for charge compensation is higher. Photoluminescence demonstrated that the oxygen vacancies associated with Eu are more effectively removed in the case of Y codoped samples. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) studies suggested that vanadium in excess over the stoichiometric concentration of the trivalent ion can lead to additional defects. These studies are expected to help in tuning the vacancy concentrations as well as controlling the lattice distortions for technological applications such as catalysis, ionic conductivity, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Das
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
| | - Santosh K Gupta
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094, India
| | - M Mohapatra
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094, India
| | - K Sudarshan
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai - 400094, India
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4
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Yao L, Chen Z, Li J, Shi C. Creation of oxygen vacancies to activate lanthanum-doped bismuth titanate nanosheets for efficient synchronous photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and methyl orange. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Green Synthetic Fuels: Renewable Routes for the Conversion of Non-Fossil Feedstocks into Gaseous Fuels and Their End Uses. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innovative renewable routes are potentially able to sustain the transition to a decarbonized energy economy. Green synthetic fuels, including hydrogen and natural gas, are considered viable alternatives to fossil fuels. Indeed, they play a fundamental role in those sectors that are difficult to electrify (e.g., road mobility or high-heat industrial processes), are capable of mitigating problems related to flexibility and instantaneous balance of the electric grid, are suitable for large-size and long-term storage and can be transported through the gas network. This article is an overview of the overall supply chain, including production, transport, storage and end uses. Available fuel conversion technologies use renewable energy for the catalytic conversion of non-fossil feedstocks into hydrogen and syngas. We will show how relevant technologies involve thermochemical, electrochemical and photochemical processes. The syngas quality can be improved by catalytic CO and CO2 methanation reactions for the generation of synthetic natural gas. Finally, the produced gaseous fuels could follow several pathways for transport and lead to different final uses. Therefore, storage alternatives and gas interchangeability requirements for the safe injection of green fuels in the natural gas network and fuel cells are outlined. Nevertheless, the effects of gas quality on combustion emissions and safety are considered.
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6
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Wu G, Zhao G, Sun J, Cao X, He Y, Feng J, Li D. The effect of oxygen vacancies in ZnO at an Au/ZnO interface on its catalytic selective oxidation of glycerol. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Sudarshan K, Tiwari V, Utpalla P, Gupta SK. Defect evolution in Eu3+, Nb5+ doped and co-doped CeO2: X-ray diffraction, positron annihilation lifetime and photoluminescence studies. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Defects and their influence on light emitting properties were explored in CeO2:Eu,Nb using Rietveld refinement, positron annihilation and luminescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sudarshan
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - V. Tiwari
- K.J. Somaiya College of Science and Commerce
- Mumbai-400077
- India
| | - P. Utpalla
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
| | - S. K. Gupta
- Radiochemistry Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai-400085
- India
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8
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Zhang J, Ke C, Wu H, Yu J, Wang J. Lattice thermal expansion and solubility limits of neodymium-doped ceria. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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10
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Barbiellini B, Kuriplach J. Proposed parameter-free model for interpreting the measured positron annihilation spectra of materials using a generalized gradient approximation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:147401. [PMID: 25910161 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Positron annihilation spectroscopy is often used to analyze the local electronic structure of materials of technological interest. Reliable theoretical tools are crucial to interpret the measured spectra. Here, we propose a parameter-free gradient correction scheme for a local-density approximation obtained from high-quality quantum Monte Carlo data. The results of our calculations compare favorably with positron affinity and lifetime measurements, opening new avenues for highly precise and advanced positron characterization of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Barbiellini
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jan Kuriplach
- Department of Low Temperature Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ-180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Huang W. Crystal Plane-Dependent Surface Reactivity and Catalytic Property of Oxide Catalysts Studied with Oxide Nanocrystal Model Catalysts. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Zhang Q, Xu J, Yan D, Li S, Lu J, Cao X, Wang B. The in situ shape-controlled synthesis and structure–activity relationship of Pd nanocrystal catalysts supported on layered double hydroxide. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cy00143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Shape-dependent interplay between oxygen vacancies and Ag–CeO2 interaction in Ag/CeO2 catalysts and their influence on the catalytic activity. J Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Hua G, Zhang L, Fei G, Fang M. Enhanced catalytic activity induced by defects in mesoporous ceria nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm13610d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kong M, Li Y, Chen X, Tian T, Fang P, Zheng F, Zhao X. Tuning the relative concentration ratio of bulk defects to surface defects in TiO2 nanocrystals leads to high photocatalytic efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16414-7. [PMID: 21923140 DOI: 10.1021/ja207826q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TiO(2) nanocrystals with tunable bulk/surface defects were synthesized and characterized with TEM, XRD, BET, positron annihilation, and photocurrent measurements. The effect of defects on photocatalytic activity was studied. It was found for the first time that decreasing the relative concentration ratio of bulk defects to surface defects in TiO(2) nanocrystals could significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus significantly enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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17
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Sun W, Li Y, Shi W, Zhao X, Fang P. Formation of AgI/TiO2 nanocomposite leads to excellent thermochromic reversibility and photostability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm10155b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Synthesis of Zero, One, and Three Dimensional CeO2 Particles and CO Oxidation over CuO/CeO2. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(10)60251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Liu X, Zhou K, Wang L, Wang B, Li Y. Oxygen Vacancy Clusters Promoting Reducibility and Activity of Ceria Nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3140-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808433d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 906] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kebin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Baoyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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