1
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Rom CL, Novick A, McDermott MJ, Yakovenko AA, Gallawa JR, Tran GT, Asebiah DC, Storck EN, McBride BC, Miller RC, Prieto AL, Persson KA, Toberer E, Stevanović V, Zakutayev A, Neilson JR. Mechanistically Guided Materials Chemistry: Synthesis of Ternary Nitrides, CaZrN 2 and CaHfN 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4001-4012. [PMID: 38291812 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Recent computational studies have predicted many new ternary nitrides, revealing synthetic opportunities in this underexplored phase space. However, synthesizing new ternary nitrides is difficult, in part because intermediate and product phases often have high cohesive energies that inhibit diffusion. Here, we report the synthesis of two new phases, calcium zirconium nitride (CaZrN2) and calcium hafnium nitride (CaHfN2), by solid state metathesis reactions between Ca3N2 and MCl4 (M = Zr, Hf). Although the reaction nominally proceeds to the target phases in a 1:1 ratio of the precursors via Ca3N2 + MCl4 → CaMN2 + 2 CaCl2, reactions prepared this way result in Ca-poor materials (CaxM2-xN2, x < 1). A small excess of Ca3N2 (ca. 20 mol %) is needed to yield stoichiometric CaMN2, as confirmed by high-resolution synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies reveal that nominally stoichiometric reactions produce Zr3+ intermediates early in the reaction pathway, and the excess Ca3N2 is needed to reoxidize Zr3+ intermediates back to the Zr4+ oxidation state of CaZrN2. Analysis of computationally derived chemical potential diagrams rationalizes this synthetic approach and its contrast from the synthesis of MgZrN2. These findings additionally highlight the utility of in situ diffraction studies and computational thermochemistry to provide mechanistic guidance for synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Rom
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andrew Novick
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Matthew J McDermott
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrey A Yakovenko
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jessica R Gallawa
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Gia Thinh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Dominic C Asebiah
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Emily N Storck
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Brennan C McBride
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Rebecca C Miller
- Analytical Resources Core, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Amy L Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric Toberer
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Vladan Stevanović
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andriy Zakutayev
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - James R Neilson
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Tort R, Bagger A, Westhead O, Kondo Y, Khobnya A, Winiwarter A, Davies BJV, Walsh A, Katayama Y, Yamada Y, Ryan MP, Titirici MM, Stephens IEL. Searching for the Rules of Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14513-14522. [PMID: 38026818 PMCID: PMC10660346 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Li-mediated ammonia synthesis is, thus far, the only electrochemical method for heterogeneous decentralized ammonia production. The unique selectivity of the solid electrode provides an alternative to one of the largest heterogeneous thermal catalytic processes. However, it is burdened with intrinsic energy losses, operating at a Li plating potential. In this work, we survey the periodic table to understand the fundamental features that make Li stand out. Through density functional theory calculations and experimentation on chemistries analogous to lithium (e.g., Na, Mg, Ca), we find that lithium is unique in several ways. It combines a stable nitride that readily decomposes to ammonia with an ideal solid electrolyte interphase, balancing reagents at the reactive interface. We propose descriptors based on simulated formation and binding energies of key intermediates and further on hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB principle) to generalize such features. The survey will help the community toward electrochemical systems beyond Li for nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tort
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivia Westhead
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Artem Khobnya
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Anna Winiwarter
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yu Katayama
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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3
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Preparation of iron(IV) nitridoferrate Ca 4FeN 4 through azide-mediated oxidation under high-pressure conditions. Nat Commun 2021; 12:571. [PMID: 33495442 PMCID: PMC7835361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal nitrides are an important class of materials with applications as abrasives, semiconductors, superconductors, Li-ion conductors, and thermoelectrics. However, high oxidation states are difficult to attain as the oxidative potential of dinitrogen is limited by its high thermodynamic stability and chemical inertness. Here we present a versatile synthesis route using azide-mediated oxidation under pressure that is used to prepare the highly oxidised ternary nitride Ca4FeN4 containing Fe4+ ions. This nitridometallate features trigonal-planar [FeN3]5− anions with low-spin Fe4+ and antiferromagnetic ordering below a Neel temperature of 25 K, which are characterised by neutron diffraction, 57Fe-Mössbauer and magnetisation measurements. Azide-mediated high-pressure synthesis opens a way to the discovery of highly oxidised nitrides. High-valent metal nitrides are difficult to stabilise due to the high thermodynamic stability and chemical inertness of N2. Here, the authors employ a large volume press to prepare an iron(IV) nitridoferrate Ca4FeIVN4 from Fe2N and Ca3N2 via azide-mediated oxidation under high pressure conditions.
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Boucenna S, Haddadi K, Bouhemadou A, Louail L, Soyalp F, Khenata R. Elastic, electronic, chemical bonding and thermodynamic properties of the ternary nitride Ca 4TiN 4: Ab initio predictions. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 92:74-85. [PMID: 31344546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to shed light on the unexplored properties of the ternary nitride Ca4TiN4, we report for the first time the results of an ab initio study of its structural, electronic, elastic, chemical bonding and thermodynamic properties. Calculated equilibrium structural parameters are in excellent concordance with available experimental data. Electronic properties were explored through the calculation of the energy band dispersions and density of states. It is found that Ca4TiN4 has an indirect band gap (Z-Γ) of 1.625 (1.701) eV using LDA (GGA). Nature of the chemical bonding was studied via Mulliken population analysis and charge density distribution map. It is found that the Ca-N bond is dominantly ionic, whereas the Ti-N one is dominantly covalent. Elastic properties of both single-crystal and polycrystalline phases of the title compound were explored in details using the stain-stress approach. Analysis of the calculated elastic moduli reveals that the title compound is mechanically stable, ductile and elastically anisotropic. Temperature and pressure dependencies of the unit-cell volume, bulk modulus, heat capacities, volume thermal expansion coefficient, Grüneisen parameter and Debye temperature were investigated based on the quasiharmonic Debye model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boucenna
- Unité de Recherche Matériaux Emergents, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - K Haddadi
- Unité de Recherche Matériaux Emergents, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, 19000, Setif, Algeria.
| | - A Bouhemadou
- Laboratory for Developing New Materials and Their Characterizations, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - L Louail
- Unité de Recherche Matériaux Emergents, University Ferhat Abbas Setif 1, 19000, Setif, Algeria
| | - F Soyalp
- Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eǧitim Fakültesi Fizik Bölümü, Van, Turkey
| | - R Khenata
- Laboratoire de Physique Quantique et de Modélisation Mathématique (LPQ3M), Département de Technologie, Université de Mascara, 29000, Mascara, Algeria
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Ovchinnikov A, Bobnar M, Prots Y, Borrmann H, Sichelschmidt J, Grin Y, Höhn P. Ca 12 [Mn 19 N 23 ] and Ca 133 [Mn 216 N 260 ]: Structural Complexity by 2D Intergrowth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11579-11583. [PMID: 29897653 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two new calcium nitridomanganates, Ca12 [Mn19 N23 ] (P3, a=11.81341(3) Å, c=5.58975(2) Å, Z=1) and Ca133 [Mn216 N260 ] (P3‾ , a=39.477(1) Å, c=5.5974(2) Å, Z=1), were obtained by a gas-solid reaction of Ca3 N2 and Mn with N2 at 1273 K and 1223 K, respectively. The crystal structure of Ca12 [Mn19 N23 ] was determined from high-resolution X-ray synchrotron powder diffraction data, whereas single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to establish the crystal structure of the Ca133 [Mn216 N260 ] phase, which classifies as a complex metallic alloy (CMA). Both crystal structures have 2D nitridomanganate layers containing similar building blocks but of different levels of structural complexity. Bonding analysis as well as magnetic susceptibility and electron spin resonance measurements revealed that only a fraction of the Mn atoms in both structures carries a localized magnetic moment, while for most Mn species the magnetism is quenched as a result of metal-metal bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ovchinnikov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Horst Borrmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Sichelschmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter Höhn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Ovchinnikov A, Bobnar M, Prots Y, Borrmann H, Sichelschmidt J, Grin Y, Höhn P. Ca 12[Mn 19N 23] and Ca 133[Mn 216N 260]: Structural Complexity by 2D Intergrowth. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ovchinnikov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Delaware; Newark DE 19716 USA
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Horst Borrmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Jörg Sichelschmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Peter Höhn
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe; Nöthnitzer Strasse 40 01187 Dresden Germany
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7
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Gharavi MA, Armiento R, Alling B, Eklund P. Theoretical study of phase stability, crystal and electronic structure of MeMgN 2 (Me = Ti, Zr, Hf) compounds. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2017; 53:4294-4305. [PMID: 31997832 PMCID: PMC6956942 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-017-1849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scandium nitride has recently gained interest as a prospective compound for thermoelectric applications due to its high Seebeck coefficient. However, ScN also has a relatively high thermal conductivity, which limits its thermoelectric efficiency and figure of merit (zT). These properties motivate a search for other semiconductor materials that share the electronic structure features of ScN, but which have a lower thermal conductivity. Thus, the focus of our study is to predict the existence and stability of such materials among inherently layered equivalent ternaries that incorporate heavier atoms for enhanced phonon scattering and to calculate their thermoelectric properties. Using density functional theory calculations, the phase stability of TiMgN2, ZrMgN2 and HfMgN2 compounds has been calculated. From the computationally predicted phase diagrams for these materials, we conclude that all three compounds are stable in these stoichiometries. The stable compounds may have one of two competing crystal structures: a monoclinic structure (LiUN2 prototype) or a trigonal superstructure (NaCrS2 prototype; R 3 ¯ mH). The band structure for the two competing structures for each ternary is also calculated and predicts semiconducting behavior for all three compounds in the NaCrS2 crystal structure with an indirect band gap and semiconducting behavior for ZrMgN2 and HfMgN2 in the monoclinic crystal structure with a direct band gap. Seebeck coefficient and power factors are also predicted, showing that all three compounds in both the NaCrS2 and the LiUN2 structures have large Seebeck coefficients. The predicted stability of these compounds suggests that they can be synthesized by, e.g., physical vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Gharavi
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - R. Armiento
- Theory and Modelling Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - B. Alling
- Theory and Modelling Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P. Eklund
- Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Wang L, Xian W, Zhang K, Liu W, Qin H, Zhou Q, Qian Y. One-step solid state reaction for the synthesis of ternary nitrides Co3Mo3N and Fe3Mo3N. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00447h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Co3Mo3N and Fe3Mo3N have been synthesized by a one step solid-state reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
| | - Wanjun Xian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
| | - Kailong Zhang
- Resource Environment and Clean Energy Laboratory
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Weiqiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
| | - Hengfei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
| | - Quanfa Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Environment Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
| | - Yitai Qian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026
- China
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9
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Yamane H, Morito H. Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Ca4SiN4 and New Polymorph of Ca5Si2N6. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:5559-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400522z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Yamane
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research
for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Morito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research
for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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10
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The synthesis and structure of new transition metal lithium calcium nitride compounds. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Wang L, Tang K, Zhu Y, Li Q, Zhu B, Wang L, Si L, Qian Y. Solid state synthesis of a new ternary nitride MgMoN2 nanosheets and micromeshes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30844d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Luo H, Wang H, Bi Z, Feldmann DM, Wang Y, Burrell AK, McCleskey TM, Bauer E, Hawley ME, Jia Q. Epitaxial Ternary Nitride Thin Films Prepared by a Chemical Solution Method. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:15224-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja803544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Luo
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zhenxing Bi
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - David M. Feldmann
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Anthony K. Burrell
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - T. Mark McCleskey
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Eve Bauer
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Marilyn E. Hawley
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Quanxi Jia
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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