1
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Bassey EN, Reeves PJ, Seymour ID, Grey CP. 17O NMR Spectroscopy in Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: Challenges and Interpretation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18714-18729. [PMID: 36201656 PMCID: PMC9585580 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Modern studies of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode materials
employ
a large range of experimental and theoretical techniques to understand
the changes in bulk and local chemical and electronic structures during
electrochemical cycling (charge and discharge). Despite its being
rich in useful chemical information, few studies to date have used 17O NMR spectroscopy. Many LIB cathode materials contain paramagnetic
ions, and their NMR spectra are dominated by hyperfine and quadrupolar
interactions, giving rise to broad resonances with extensive spinning
sideband manifolds. In principle, careful analysis of these spectra
can reveal information about local structural distortions, magnetic
exchange interactions, structural inhomogeneities (Li+ concentration
gradients), and even the presence of redox-active O anions. In this
Perspective, we examine the primary interactions governing 17O NMR spectroscopy of LIB cathodes and outline how 17O
NMR may be used to elucidate the structure of pristine cathodes and
their structural evolution on cycling, providing insight into the
challenges in obtaining and interpreting the spectra. We also discuss
the use of 17O NMR in the context of anionic redox and
the role this technique may play in understanding the charge compensation
mechanisms in high-capacity cathodes, and we provide suggestions for
employing 17O NMR in future avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan N Bassey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Ieuan D Seymour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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2
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Wang T, Huang TQ, Li XL, Ma L, Wang YK, Qiao Y, Gao SP, Shadike Z, Fu ZW. Anomalous Redox Features Induced by Strong Covalency in Layered NaTi 1-y V y S 2 Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205444. [PMID: 35468263 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The rising demand for energy density of cathodes means the need to raise the voltage or capacity of cathodes. Transition metal (TM) doping has been employed to enhance the electrochemical properties in multiple aspects. The redox voltage of doped cathodes usually falls in between the voltage of undoped layered cathodes. However, we found anomalous redox features in NaTi1-y Vy S2 . The first discharge platform potential (2.4 V) is significantly higher than that of undoped NaTiS2 and NaVS2 (both around 2.2 V), and the energy density is raised by 15 %. We speculate that the anomalous voltage is mainly attributed to the strong hybridization in the Ti-V-S system. Ti3+ and V3+ undergo charge transfer and form a more stable Ti (t2g 0 eg 0 ) and V (t2g 3 eg 0 ) electronic configuration. Our results indicate that higher voltage of cathode materials could be achieved by strong TM-ligand covalency, and this conclusion provides possible opportunities to explore high voltage materials for future layered cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Tao-Qing Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lu Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yu-Ke Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shang-Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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3
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Wang T, Huang T, Li X, Ma L, Wang Y, Qiao Y, Gao S, Shadike Z, Fu Z. Anomalous Redox Features Induced by Strong Covalency in Layered NaTi
1−
y
V
y
S
2
Cathodes for Na‐Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Tao‐Qing Huang
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Xun‐Lu Li
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Lu Ma
- National Synchrotron Light Source II Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
| | - Yu‐Ke Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shang‐Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Institute of Fuel Cells School of Mechanical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zheng‐Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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4
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Guo H, Hu J, Yuan H, Wu N, Li Y, Liu G, Qin N, Liao K, Li Z, Luo W, Gu S, Wan W, Shi B, Xu X, Yang Q, Shi J, Lu Z. Ternary Transition Metal Sulfide as High Real Energy Cathode for Lithium-Sulfur Pouch Cell Under Lean Electrolyte Conditions. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2101402. [PMID: 35174999 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of a highly porous sulfur host and using excess electrolyte is a common strategy to enhance sulfur utilization. However, flooded electrolyte limits the practical energy density of Li-S pouch cells. In this study, a novel Fe0.34 Co0.33 Ni0.33 S2 (FCN) is proposed as host for sulfur to realize Ah-level Li-S full cells demonstrating excellent electrochemical performances under 2 µL mg-1 lean electrolyte conditions. Moreover, Kelvin probe force microscopy shows that the FCN surface contains positive charge with a potential of ≈70 mV, improving the binding of polysulfides through Lewis acid base interaction. In particular, the FCN@S possesses inherent electrochemical activity of simultaneous anionic and cationic redox for lithium storage in the voltage window of 1.8-2.1 V, which additionally contributes to the specific capacity. Due to the low carbon content (≈10 wt%), the sulfur loading is as high as ≈6 mg cm-2 , approaching an outstanding energy density of 394.9 and 267.2 Wh kg-1 at the current density of 1.5 and 4 mA cm-2 , respectively. Moreover, after 60 cycles at 1.5 mA cm-2 , the pouch cell still retains an energy of 300.2 Wh kg-1 . This study represents a milestone in the practical applications of high-energy Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huimin Yuan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ningning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Yingzhi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guiyu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kemeng Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weihua Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Xusheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Qinghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Jiayuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Zhouguang Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Interfacial Science and Engineering of Materials, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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5
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Wang T, Ren GX, Xia HY, Shadike Z, Huang TQ, Li XL, Yang SY, Chen MW, Liu P, Gao SP, Liu XS, Fu ZW. Anionic Redox Regulated via Metal-Ligand Combinations in Layered Sulfides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107353. [PMID: 34738266 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for energy storage is calling for improvements in cathode performance. In traditional layered cathodes, the higher energy of the metal 3d over the O 2p orbital results in one-band cationic redox; capacity solely from cations cannot meet the needs for higher energy density. Emerging anionic redox chemistry is promising to access higher capacity. In recent studies, the low-lying O nonbonding 2p orbital was designed to activate one-band oxygen redox, but they are still accompanied by reversibility problems like oxygen loss, irreversible cation migration, and voltage decay. Herein, by regulating the metal-ligand energy level, both extra capacities provided by anionic redox and highly reversible anionic redox process are realized in NaCr1- y Vy S2 system. The simultaneous cationic and anionic redox of Cr/V and S is observed by in situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). Under high d-p hybridization, the strong covalent interaction stabilizes the holes on the anions, prevents irreversible dimerization and cation migration, and restrains voltage hysteresis and voltage decay. The work provides a fundamental understanding of highly reversible anionic redox in layered compounds, and demonstrates the feasibility of anionic redox chemistry based on hybridized bands with d-p covalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry and Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guo-Xi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - He-Yi Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry and Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Institute of Fuel Cells, Interdisciplinary Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao-Qing Huang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lu Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry and Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ming-Wei Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced High-Temperature Materials and Precision Forming, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shang-Peng Gao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry and Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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6
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Nagarajan S, Hwang S, Balasubramanian M, Thangavel NK, Arava LMR. Mixed Cationic and Anionic Redox in Ni and Co Free Chalcogen-Based Cathode Chemistry for Li-Ion Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15732-15744. [PMID: 34524818 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mixed cationic and anionic redox cathode chemistry is emerging as the conventional cationic redox centers of transition-metal-based layered oxides are reaching their theoretical capacity limit. However, these anionic redox reactions in transition metal oxide-based cathodes attained by taking excess lithium ions have resulted in stability issues due to weak metal-oxygen ligand covalency. Here, we present an alternative approach of improving metal-ligand covalency by introducing a less electronegative chalcogen ligand (sulfur) in the cathode structural framework where the metal d band penetrates into the ligand p band, thereby utilizing reversible mixed anionic and cationic redox chemistry. Through this design strategy, we report the possibility of developing a new family of layered cathode materials when partially filled d orbital redox couples like Fe2+/3+ are introduced in the Li-ion conducting phase (Li2SnS3). Further, the electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structure analyses are used to qualitatively identify the charge contributors at the metal and ligand sites during Li+ extraction. The detailed high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy investigations reveal the multi-redox induced structural modifications and its surface amorphization with nanopore formation during cycling. Findings from this study will shed light on designing Ni and Co free chalcogen cathodes and various functional materials in the chalcogen-based dual anionic and cationic redox cathode avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhan Nagarajan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mahalingam Balasubramanian
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Naresh Kumar Thangavel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Leela Mohana Reddy Arava
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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7
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Sakaushi K, Nishihara H. Two-Dimensional π-Conjugated Frameworks as a Model System to Unveil a Multielectron-Transfer-Based Energy Storage Mechanism. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3003-3015. [PMID: 33998232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusAlthough electrochemical energy storage is commonplace in our society, further advancements in this technology are indispensable for the transition to a low-carbon society. Recent intensive research has expanded concepts in this field; however, finding one suitable material to obtain a high energy density accomplishing the criteria of next-generation batteries is still a conundrum. To solve this issue, material investigations based on big data combined with artificial intelligence are a present trend. On the contrary, this Account focuses on an alternative approach, i.e., fundamental research to shed light on key basic principles to design new electrode materials and new principles achieving multielectron transfer, which is a key to improve a specific capacity. In addition to the cation-redox mechanism, materials showing the multielectron-transfer mechanism based on cation-/anion-redox can enrich material choices with high theoretical energy densities. The challenge in this mechanism is that a rational design of electrode materials based on microscopic understanding of underlying electrode processes has not been fully achieved so far. This is a key bottleneck in machine-learning approaches as well because the reliability of outputs from an algorithm is dependent on the reliability of data from a corresponding microscopic electrode process. Therefore, uncovering fundamental mechanisms in electrochemical energy storage remains one of the primary goals for the present research. In our series of investigations, we developed concepts for replacing complex practical electrode materials, such as polyanion or Li-rich layered oxides, by simplified model systems based on two-dimensional (2D) π-conjugated frameworks, which are based on purely organic aromatic systems and metal-containing coordination polymers. These materials are relatively simple, but it is still possible to control their complexity of systems in order to mimic certain aspects of structure-property relations in practical electrode materials. In particular, recent studies have shown that we can tune electronic structures of 2D π-conjugated frameworks, which is a key feature to investigate electron-transfer mechanisms, along with the concept of the threefold correlation approach, i.e., the relations in chemical structures, electronic structures, and electrochemical reactions. In this Account, several model studies focusing on microscopic understandings of structure-electrochemical energy storage functions are presented in which we investigate how the structural periodicity and nature of the coordination environment affect their electronic properties and the electrochemical reactions. In particular, we investigate the effects of combinations of linkers and metal ions toward the mechanism of the electrochemical energy storage reaction. We identified few major factors determining the energy storage mechanism of 2D π-conjugated frameworks. Local configurations of coordinate covalent bonding and organic linkers interact with each other, and these effects provide unique electronic states. These electronic states are projections of intriguing electrochemical features in this materials system, such as cation/anion co-redox mechanism, anion-insertion mechanism, or inductive effect. This Account indicates that 2D π-conjugated frameworks can be applied as models to extract fundamental/microscopic principles in the complicated electrode processes, which is linked to practical electrode materials, such as oxides. Therefore, the approach shown here is a powerful tool to unveil microscopic electrochemical energy storage mechanisms, which is indispensable to advance clean energy technology and accelerate decarbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sakaushi
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Research Center for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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8
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Zhu Q, Wang J, Liu X, Ebejer N, Rambabu D, Vlad A. Mixed Anionic and Cationic Redox Chemistry in a Tetrathiomolybdate Amorphous Coordination Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16579-16586. [PMID: 32506637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report the electrochemistry of a hitherto unexplored Na2 MoS4 phase as a conversion electrode material for Na- and Li-ion batteries. The material adopts an amorphous coordination polymer structure with mixed Mo and S valences. XPS and XRD analysis reveal a complex interplay between Mo and S redox chemistry, while excluding the formation of free sulfur, lithium sulfide, or other crystalline phases. Na2 MoS4 behaves as a mixed ionic-electronic conductor, with electronic conductivity of 6.1×10-4 S cm-1 , that permits carbon-free application in an electrochemical cell. A reversible capacity of up to 500 mAh g-1 was attained, corresponding to a five-electron redox exchange, with species ranging from <Na<1 MoS4 > (highest oxidized state) to <Na>5 MoS4 > (lowest oxidized state). This study emphasizes the excellent charge-storage performances of Na2 MoS4 for Li- or Na-ion batteries, and enriches the emerging library and knowledge of sulfide phases with mixed anionic and cationic redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jiande Wang
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Darsi Rambabu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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9
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Zhu Q, Wang J, Liu X, Ebejer N, Rambabu D, Vlad A. Mixed Anionic and Cationic Redox Chemistry in a Tetrathiomolybdate Amorphous Coordination Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesMolecular Chemistry, Materials and CatalysisUniversité catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Jiande Wang
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesMolecular Chemistry, Materials and CatalysisUniversité catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesMolecular Chemistry, Materials and CatalysisUniversité catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Neil Ebejer
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesMolecular Chemistry, Materials and CatalysisUniversité catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Darsi Rambabu
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesMolecular Chemistry, Materials and CatalysisUniversité catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute of Condensed Matter and NanosciencesMolecular Chemistry, Materials and CatalysisUniversité catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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10
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Zou L, Li J, Liu Z, Wang G, Manthiram A, Wang C. Lattice doping regulated interfacial reactions in cathode for enhanced cycling stability. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3447. [PMID: 31371730 PMCID: PMC6673690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfacial reactions between electrode and electrolyte are critical, either beneficial or detrimental, for the performance of rechargeable batteries. The general approaches of controlling interfacial reactions are either applying a coating layer on cathode or modifying the electrolyte chemistry. Here we demonstrate an approach of modification of interfacial reactions through dilute lattice doping for enhanced battery properties. Using atomic level imaging, spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculation, we reveal aluminum dopants in lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide are partially dissolved in the bulk lattice with a tendency of enrichment near the primary particle surface and partially exist as aluminum oxide nano-islands that are epitaxially dressed on the primary particle surface. The aluminum concentrated surface lowers transition metal redox energy level and consequently promotes the formation of a stable cathode-electrolyte interphase. The present observations demonstrate a general principle as how the trace dopants modify the solid-liquid interfacial reactions for enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfeng Zou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jianyu Li
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Guofeng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA.
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11
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Naveen N, Park WB, Singh SP, Han SC, Ahn D, Sohn KS, Pyo M. KCrS 2 Cathode with Considerable Cyclability and High Rate Performance: The First K + Stoichiometric Layered Compound for Potassium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803495. [PMID: 30353995 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
KCrS2 is presented as a stable and high-rate layered material that can be used as a cathode in potassium-ion batteries. As far as it is known, KCrS2 is the only layered material with stoichiometric amounts of K+ , which enables coupling with a graphite anode for full-cell construction. Cr(III)/Cr(IV) redox in KCrS2 is also unique, because LiCrS2 and NaCrS2 are known to experience S2- /S2 2- redox. O3-KCrS2 is first charged to P3-K0.39 CrS2 and subsequently discharged to O'3-K0.8 CrS2 , delivering an initial discharge capacity of 71 mAh g-1 . The following charge/discharge (C/D) shows excellent reversibility between O'3-K0.8 CrS2 and P3-K0.39 CrS2 , retaining ≈90% of the initial capacity during 1000 continuous cycles. The rate performance is also noteworthy. A C/D rate increase of 100-fold (0.05 to 5 C) reduces the reversible capacity only by 39% (71 to 43 mAh g-1 ). The excellent cyclic stability and high rate performance are ascribed to the soft sulfide framework, which can effectively buffer the stress caused by K+ deinsertion/insertion. During the transformation between P3-K0.39 CrS2 and O'3-K0.8 CrS2 , the material resides mostly in the P3 phase, which minimizes the abrupt dimension change and allows facile K+ diffusion through spacious prismatic sites. Structural analysis and density functional theory calculations firmly support this reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmalesh Naveen
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Chonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Bae Park
- Faculty of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Satendra Pal Singh
- Faculty of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Cheol Han
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Chonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Docheon Ahn
- Beamline Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Sun Sohn
- Faculty of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungho Pyo
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Chonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
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12
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Li B, Xia D. Anionic Redox in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701054. [PMID: 28660661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The extraordinarily high capacities delivered by lithium-rich oxide cathodes, compared with conventional layered oxide electrodes, are a result of contributions from both cationic and anionic redox processes. This phenomenon has invoked a lot of research exploring new kinds of lithium-rich oxides with multiple-electron redox processes. Though proposed many years ago, anionic redox is now regarded to be crucial in further developing high-capacity electrodes. A basic overview of the previous work on anionic redox is given, and issues related to electronic and geometric structures are discussed, including the principles of activation, reversibility, and the energy barrier of anionic redox. Anionic redox also leads to capacity loss and structural degradation, as well as voltage hysteresis, which shows the importance of controlling anionic redox reactions. Finally, the techniques used for characterizing anionic redox processes are reviewed to aid the rational choice of techniques in future studies. Important perspectives are highlighted, which should instruct future work concerning anionic redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Dingguo Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Advanced Batteries Materials, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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13
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Lin F, Liu Y, Yu X, Cheng L, Singer A, Shpyrko OG, Xin HL, Tamura N, Tian C, Weng TC, Yang XQ, Meng YS, Nordlund D, Yang W, Doeff MM. Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13123-13186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94035, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Oleg G. Shpyrko
- Department
of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Huolin L. Xin
- Center for
Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chixia Tian
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ying Shirley Meng
- Department
of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94035, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marca M. Doeff
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Shadike Z, Zhou YN, Chen LL, Wu Q, Yue JL, Zhang N, Yang XQ, Gu L, Liu XS, Shi SQ, Fu ZW. Antisite occupation induced single anionic redox chemistry and structural stabilization of layered sodium chromium sulfide. Nat Commun 2017; 8:566. [PMID: 28924149 PMCID: PMC5603526 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intercalation compounds with various electrochemically active or inactive elements in the layered structure have been the subject of increasing interest due to their high capacities, good reversibility, simple structures, and ease of synthesis. However, their reversible intercalation/deintercalation redox chemistries in previous compounds involve a single cationic redox reaction or a cumulative cationic and anionic redox reaction. Here we report an anionic redox chemistry and structural stabilization of layered sodium chromium sulfide. It was discovered that the sulfur in sodium chromium sulfide is electrochemically active, undergoing oxidation/reduction rather than chromium. Significantly, sodium ions can successfully move out and into without changing its lattice parameter c, which is explained in terms of the occurrence of chromium/sodium vacancy antisite during desodiation and sodiation processes. Our present work not only enriches the electrochemistry of layered intercalation compounds, but also extends the scope of investigation on high-capacity electrodes.The rational design of intercalation electrodes is largely confined to the optimization of redox chemistry of transition metals and oxygen. Here, the authors report the single anionic redox process in NaCrS2 where it is sulfur rather than chromium that works as the electrochemical active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulipiya Shadike
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry & Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yong-Ning Zhou
- Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lan-Li Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qu Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ji-Li Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry & Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiao-Song Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Si-Qi Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Zheng-Wen Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry & Laser Chemistry Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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15
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Luo K, Roberts MR, Guerrini N, Tapia-Ruiz N, Hao R, Massel F, Pickup DM, Ramos S, Liu YS, Guo J, Chadwick AV, Duda LC, Bruce PG. Anion Redox Chemistry in the Cobalt Free 3d Transition Metal Oxide Intercalation Electrode Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11211-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Luo
- Departments
of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Roberts
- Departments
of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Niccoló Guerrini
- Departments
of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Tapia-Ruiz
- Departments
of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Hao
- Departments
of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Massel
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter
Physics, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David M. Pickup
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Ramos
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Sheng Liu
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alan V. Chadwick
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent C. Duda
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Division of Molecular and Condensed Matter
Physics, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter G. Bruce
- Departments
of Materials and Chemistry, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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16
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Luo K, Roberts MR, Hao R, Guerrini N, Pickup DM, Liu YS, Edström K, Guo J, Chadwick AV, Duda LC, Bruce PG. Charge-compensation in 3d-transition-metal-oxide intercalation cathodes through the generation of localized electron holes on oxygen. Nat Chem 2016; 8:684-91. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Gauthier M, Carney TJ, Grimaud A, Giordano L, Pour N, Chang HH, Fenning DP, Lux SF, Paschos O, Bauer C, Maglia F, Lupart S, Lamp P, Shao-Horn Y. Electrode-electrolyte interface in Li-ion batteries: current understanding and new insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4653-72. [PMID: 26510477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface (EEI) is essential to developing strategies to enhance cycle life and safety of lithium batteries. Despite research in the past four decades, there is still limited understanding by what means different components are formed at the EEI and how they influence EEI layer properties. We review findings used to establish the well-known mosaic structure model for the EEI (often referred to as solid electrolyte interphase or SEI) on negative electrodes including lithium, graphite, tin, and silicon. Much less understanding exists for EEI layers for positive electrodes. High-capacity Li-rich layered oxides yLi2-xMnO3·(1-y)Li1-xMO2, which can generate highly reactive species toward the electrolyte via oxygen anion redox, highlight the critical need to understand reactions with the electrolyte and EEI layers for advanced positive electrodes. Recent advances in in situ characterization of well-defined electrode surfaces can provide mechanistic insights and strategies to tailor EEI layer composition and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Livia Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , Via Roberto Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Simon F Lux
- BMW Group Technology Office USA , 2606 Bayshore Parkway, Mountain View, California 94043, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Lamp
- BMW Group , Petuelring 130, 80788 München, Germany
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18
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Liu X, Wang YJ, Barbiellini B, Hafiz H, Basak S, Liu J, Richardson T, Shu G, Chou F, Weng TC, Nordlund D, Sokaras D, Moritz B, Devereaux TP, Qiao R, Chuang YD, Bansil A, Hussain Z, Yang W. Why LiFePO4is a safe battery electrode: Coulomb repulsion induced electron-state reshuffling upon lithiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:26369-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04739k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined spectroscopic and theoretical study clarifies the electron states associated with the intrinsic safety of LiFePO4electrodes.
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19
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Chen Z, Li J, Zhang Z. First principles investigation of electronic structure change and energy transfer by redox in inverse spinel cathodes LiNiVO4 and LiCoVO4. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Yang G, Kim Y, Goodenough JB. The influence on Fermi energy of Li-site change in LizTi1−yNiyS2 on crossing z = 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04227g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Vasala S, Lehtimäki M, Huang Y, Yamauchi H, Goodenough J, Karppinen M. Degree of order and redox balance in B-site ordered double-perovskite oxides, Sr2MMoO6−δ (M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn). J SOLID STATE CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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