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Berbentea A, Ciopec M, Duteanu N, Negrea A, Negrea P, Nemeş NS, Pascu B, Svera (m. Ianasi) P, Ianăşi C, Duda Seiman DM, Muntean D, Boeriu E. Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters. TOXICS 2024; 12:405. [PMID: 38922085 PMCID: PMC11209206 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The need to develop advanced wastewater treatment techniques and their use has become a priority, the main goal being the efficient removal of pollutants, especially those of organic origin. This study presents the photo-degradation of a pharmaceutical wastewater containing Kabi cytarabine, using ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and a synthesized catalyst, a composite based on bismuth and iron oxides (BFO). The size of the bandgap was determined by UV spectroscopy, having a value of 2.27 eV. The specific surface was determined using the BET method, having a value of 0.7 m2 g-1. The material studied for the photo-degradation of cytarabine presents a remarkable photo-degradation efficiency of 97.9% for an initial concentration 0f 10 mg/L cytarabine Kabi when 0.15 g of material was used, during 120 min of interaction with UV radiation at 3 cm from the irradiation source. The material withstands five photo-degradation cycles with good results. At the same time, through this study, it was possible to establish that pyrimidine derivatives could be able to combat infections caused by Escherichia coli and Candida parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Berbentea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, no. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania (A.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Mihaela Ciopec
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, no. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania (A.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Narcis Duteanu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, no. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania (A.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Adina Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, no. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania (A.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Petru Negrea
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University Timişoara, Victoriei Square, no. 2, 300006 Timisoara, Romania (A.N.); (P.N.)
| | - Nicoleta Sorina Nemeş
- Research Institute for Renewable Energies—ICER, Politehnica University Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu Street, no. 138, 300774 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Bogdan Pascu
- Research Institute for Renewable Energies—ICER, Politehnica University Timisoara, Gavril Musicescu Street, no. 138, 300774 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Paula Svera (m. Ianasi)
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144th Dr. A. P. Podeanu Street, 300569 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cătălin Ianăşi
- Coriolan Drăgulescu’ Institute of Chemistry, Bv. Mihai Viteazul, No. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Daniel Marius Duda Seiman
- Department of Cardiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Piata Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Delia Muntean
- Multidisciplinary Research Centre on Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Estera Boeriu
- Department of Pediatrics, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Manchón-Gordón AF, Perejón A, Gil-González E, Kowalczyk M, Sánchez-Jiménez PE, Pérez-Maqueda LA. Low Temperature Magnetic Transition of BiFeO 3 Ceramics Sintered by Electric Field-Assisted Methods: Flash and Spark Plasma Sintering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:ma16010189. [PMID: 36614529 PMCID: PMC9821829 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature magnetic properties of BiFeO3 powders sintered by flash and spark plasma sintering were studied. An anomaly observed in the magnetic measurements at 250 K proves the clear existence of a phase transition. This transformation, which becomes less well-defined as the grain sizes are reduced to nanometer scale, was described with regard to a magneto-elastic coupling. Furthermore, the samples exhibited enhanced ferromagnetic properties as compared with those of a pellet prepared by the conventional solid-state technique, with both a higher coercivity field and remnant magnetization, reaching a maximum value of 1.17 kOe and 8.5 10-3 emu/g, respectively, for the specimen sintered by flash sintering, which possesses the smallest grains. The specimens also show more significant exchange bias, from 22 to 177 Oe for the specimen prepared by the solid-state method and flash sintering technique, respectively. The observed increase in this parameter is explained in terms of a stronger exchange interaction between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic grains in the case of the pellet sintered by flash sintering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Perejón
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departament de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva Gil-González
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departament de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Escuela Politécnica Superior, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Maciej Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 141 Wołoska st., 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pedro E. Sánchez-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
- Departament de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Escuela Politécnica Superior, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis A. Pérez-Maqueda
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, C. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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3
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Misiurev D, Kaspar P, Holcman V. Brief Theoretical Overview of Bi-Fe-O Based Thin Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15248719. [PMID: 36556529 PMCID: PMC9784397 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper will provide a brief overview of the unique multiferroic material Bismuth ferrite (BFO). Considering that Bismuth ferrite is a unique material which possesses both ferroelectric and magnetic properties at room temperature, the uniqueness of Bismuth ferrite material will be discussed. Fundamental properties of the material including electrical and ferromagnetic properties also will be mentioned in this paper. Electrical properties include characterization of basic parameters considering the electrical resistivity and leakage current. Ferromagnetic properties involve the description of magnetic hysteresis characterization. Bismuth ferrite can be fabricated in a different form. The common forms will be mentioned and include powder, thin films and nanostructures. The most popular method of producing thin films based on BFO materials will be described and compared. Finally, the perspectives and potential applications of the material will be highlighted.
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Köferstein R, Ebbinghaus SG. Effect of sintering additives on the densification and dielectric properties of Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 ceramics synthesized by a soft-chemistry method. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Phase Dependent Electrochemical Characteristics of Bismuth Ferrite: A Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Supercapacitors and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Spark Plasma Sintering-Assisted Synthesis of Bi 2Fe 4O 9/Bi 25FeO 40 Heterostructures with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Removal of Antibiotics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012652. [PMID: 36293508 PMCID: PMC9604494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bismuth ferrite-based heterojunction composites have been considered as promising visible-light responsive photocatalysts because of their narrow band gap structure; however, the synthetic methods reported in the literature were usually time-consuming. In this study, we report a facile and quick preparation of bismuth ferrite-based composites by the hydrothermal method, combined with spark plasma sintering (SPS), a technique that is usually used for the high-speed consolidation of powders. The result demonstrated that the SPS-assisted synthesized samples possess significant enhanced photoelectric and photocatalytic performance. Specifically, the SPS650 (sintered at the 650 °C for 5 min by SPS) exhibits a 1.5 times enhancement in the photocurrent density and a 3.8 times enhancement in the tetracycline hydrochloride photodegradation activity than the unmodified bismuth ferrite samples. The possible influence factors of SPS on photoelectric and photocatalytic performance of bismuth ferrite-based composites were discussed carefully. This study provides a feasible method for the facile and quick synthesis of a highly active bismuth ferrite-based visible-light-driven photocatalyst for practical applications.
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Efficient removal of ciprofloxacin by BiFe1−xCuxO3 for the photo assisted heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Effects of Scaling Up on the Phase Evolution of Microcrystalline Bismuth Ferrite during Hydrothermal Process. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2022-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Subhiksha V, Kokilavani S, Sudheer Khan S. Recent advances in degradation of organic pollutant in aqueous solutions using bismuth based photocatalysts: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133228. [PMID: 34896424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Today, a major concern associated with the environment is the water pollution occurred due to the introduction of variety of persistent organic pollutants and residual dyes from different sources (e.g., dye and dye intermediates industries, paper and pulp industries, textile industries, tannery and craft bleaching industries, pharmaceutical industries, etc.) into our natural water resources. Recently, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) by photocatalyst have garnered great attention as a new frontier promising eco-friendly and sustainable wastewater treatment technology. Utilization of the photocatalytic technology efficiently is significant for cleaner environment. Bismuth based photocatalyst have aroused widespread attention as a visible light responsive photocatalyst for waste water treatment due to their non-toxicity, low cost, modifiable morphology, and outstanding optical and chemical properties. In this review, we have dealt with the research progress on bismuth-based photocatalysts for waste water treatment. However, it seems to give limitation over pristine photocatalysts such as slow migration of charge carriers, charge carrier recombination, low visible light absorption, etc., Various bismuth based photocatalyst and its modifications via doping, heterojunction, Z-scheme etc., are discussed in detail. Further, the strategies adopted to improve the photocatalytic activity of bismuth based photocatalyst to improve the waste water treatment (mostly drugs and dyes) are critically reviewed. Also, we have discussed the bacterial inactivation by bismuth based photocatalyst. Finally, the challenges and future aspects against bismuth based photocatalyst are explored for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Subhiksha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Kokilavani
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Sudheer Khan
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
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10
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Growth of sillenite Bi 12FeO 20 single crystals: structural, thermal, optical, photocatalytic features and first principle calculations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22052. [PMID: 33328500 PMCID: PMC7744533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideal sillenite type Bi12FeO20 (BFO) micron sized single crystals have been successfully grown via inexpensive hydrothermal method. The refined single crystal X-ray diffraction data reveals cubic Bi12FeO20 structure with single crystal parameters. Occurrence of rare Fe4+ state is identified via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The lattice parameter (a) and corresponding molar volume (Vm) of Bi12FeO20 have been measured in the temperature range of 30–700 °C by the X-ray diffraction method. The thermal expansion coefficient (α) 3.93 × 10–5 K−1 was calculated from the measured values of the parameters. Electronic structure and density of states are investigated by first principle calculations. Photoelectrochemical measurements on single crystals with bandgap of 2 eV reveal significant photo response. The photoactivity of as grown crystals were further investigated by degrading organic effluents such as Methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) under natural sunlight. BFO showed photodegradation efficiency about 74.23% and 32.10% for degrading MB and CR respectively. Interesting morphology and microstructure of pointed spearhead like BFO crystals provide a new insight in designing and synthesizing multifunctional single crystals.
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11
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Perejón A, Gil-González E, Sánchez-Jiménez PE, West AR, Pérez-Maqueda LA. Electrical properties of bismuth ferrites: Bi2Fe4O9 and Bi25FeO39. Ann Ital Chir 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Gao M, Zhu D, Zhang X, Liu Y, Gao X, Zhou X, Wen W. In Situ Studies of 30% Li-Doped Bi 25FeO 40 Conversion Type Lithium Battery Electrodes. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2344-2352. [PMID: 31459476 PMCID: PMC6648275 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the important discharge mechanisms for lithium batteries is the conversion reaction mechanism, where a metal oxide (fluoride) can decompose into metallic nanoparticles embedded in a Li2O (LiF) matrix. Here, 30% Li-doped Bi25FeO40 is successfully synthesized and displays an electrochemical discharge capacity of ∼300 mAh/g above 1.5 V (vs Li/Li+). During the electrochemical cycling process, 30% Li-doped Bi25FeO40 is decomposed into metallic Bi. During the subsequent charging process, the metallic bismuth can be first converted into an amorphous bismuth oxide phase, which contributed to the electrochemical discharge activities observed between 2 and 2.5 V. At a higher charging voltage between 3.5 and 5 V, metallic Bi can be oxidized to BiO x 2-O3-2x -, which contributes to the discharge activities observed above 2.5 V. Using graphite as current collectors can prevent the corrosion from O- species and the discharge capacity is greatly enhanced at the voltage region between 1.5 and 2.5 V. This work provides a deeper understanding over the role of oxygen ions during the conversion reaction process and is beneficial for the future design of battery systems based on the conversion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Gao
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daming Zhu
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmin Zhang
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of
Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute
of Applied Physics and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Xingtai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of
Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute
of Applied Physics and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Wen Wen
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of
Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute
of Applied Physics and Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People’s Republic
of China
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13
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Köferstein R, Arnold M, Robl C. Crystal Structure and Characterization of Two Layered Copper(II) Coordination Polymers with Anions of 3-Phosphonopropionic Acid and ( RS
)-2-Phosphonobutyric Acid. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Köferstein
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Michael Arnold
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Robl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 8 07743 Jena Germany
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Moniz SJA, Blackman CS, Southern P, Weaver PM, Tang J, Carmalt CJ. Visible-light driven water splitting over BiFeO₃ photoanodes grown via the LPCVD reaction of [Bi(OtBu)₃] and [Fe(OtBu)₃]₂ and enhanced with a surface nickel oxygen evolution catalyst. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:16343-16353. [PMID: 26383028 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04804d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phase-pure BiFeO3 films were grown directly via dual-source low-pressure CVD (LPCVD) from the ligand-matched precursors [Bi(O(t)Bu)3] and [Fe(O(t)Bu)3]2, without the requirement for oxidising gas or post deposition annealing. Photocatalytic testing for water oxidation revealed extremely high activity for PEC water splitting and photocatalytic water oxidation under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) with a benchmark IPCE for BiFeO3 of 23% at 400 nm. The high activity is ascribed to the ultrafine morphology achieved via the LPCVD process. The performance was enhanced by over four times when the BiFeO3 photoanode is coupled to a Ni-B surface OEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio J A Moniz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Zou Y, Xu YH, Pan CL, Hu JS, Hou CM. Hydrothermal synthesis, influencing factors and excellent photocatalytic performance of novel nanoparticle-assembled Bi25FeO40tetrahedrons. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00743g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Lopes AML, Araújo JP, Ferdov S. Room temperature synthesis of Bi25FeO39 and hydrothermal kinetic relations between sillenite- and distorted perovskite-type bismuth ferrites. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:18010-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01825g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sillentite-type Bi25FeO39 is synthesized at room temperature and its kinetic relations with rombohedrally distorted perovskite-type BiFeO3 are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armandina M. L. Lopes
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P. Araújo
- IFIMUP and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Stanislav Ferdov
- Department of Physics
- University of Minho
- 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
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