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McKeever H, Patil NN, Palabathuni M, Singh S. Functional Alkali Metal-Based Ternary Chalcogenides: Design, Properties, and Opportunities. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:9833-9846. [PMID: 38107194 PMCID: PMC10720346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The search for novel materials has recently brought research attention to alkali metal-based chalcogenides (ABZ) as a new class of semiconducting inorganic materials. Various theoretical and computational studies have highlighted many compositions of this class as ideal functional materials for application in energy conversion and storage devices. This Perspective discusses the expansive compositional landscape of ABZ compositions that inherently gives a wide spectrum of properties with great potential for application. In the present paper, we examine the technique of synthesizing this particular class of materials and explore their potential for compositional engineering in order to manipulate key functional properties. This study presents the notable findings that have been documented thus far in addition to outlining the potential avenues for implementation and the associated challenges they present. By fulfilling the sustainability requirements of being relativity earth-abundant, environmentally benign, and biocompatible, we anticipate a promising future for alkali metal chalcogenides. Through this Perspective, we aim to inspire continued research on this emerging class of materials, thereby enabling forthcoming breakthroughs in the realms of photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah McKeever
- Department of Chemical
Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Niraj Nitish Patil
- Department of Chemical
Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Manoj Palabathuni
- Department of Chemical
Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Chemical
Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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2
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Kröger J, Podjaski F, Savasci G, Moudrakovski I, Jiménez-Solano A, Terban MW, Bette S, Duppel V, Joos M, Senocrate A, Dinnebier R, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Conductivity Mechanism in Ionic 2D Carbon Nitrides: From Hydrated Ion Motion to Enhanced Photocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107061. [PMID: 34870342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides are among the most studied materials for photocatalysis; however, limitations arise from inefficient charge separation and transport within the material. Here, this aspect is addressed in the 2D carbon nitride poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) by investigating the influence of various counterions, such as M = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+ , Ba2+ , NH4 + , and tetramethyl ammonium, on the material's conductivity and photocatalytic activity. These ions in the PHI pores affect the stacking of the 2D layers, which further influences the predominantly ionic conductivity in M-PHI. Na-containing PHI outperforms the other M-PHIs in various relative humidity (RH) environments (0-42%RH) in terms of conductivity, likely due to pore-channel geometry and size of the (hydrated) ion. With increasing RH, the ionic conductivity increases by 4-5 orders of magnitude (for Na-PHI up to 10-5 S cm-1 at 42%RH). At the same time, the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate is observed for Na-PHI, which is mirrored by increased photogenerated charge-carrier lifetimes, pointing to efficient charge-carrier stabilization by, e.g., mobile ions. These results indicate that also ionic conductivity is an important parameter that can influence the photocatalytic activity. Besides, RH-dependent ionic conductivity is of high interest for separators, membranes, or sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Senocrate
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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3
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Hiebl C, Loch P, Brinek M, Gombotz M, Gadermaier B, Heitjans P, Breu J, Wilkening HMR. Rapid Low-Dimensional Li + Ion Hopping Processes in Synthetic Hectorite-Type Li 0.5[Mg 2.5Li 0.5]Si 4O 10F 2. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020; 32:7445-7457. [PMID: 32952297 PMCID: PMC7499405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origins of fast ion transport in solids is important to develop new ionic conductors for batteries and sensors. Nature offers a rich assortment of rather inspiring structures to elucidate these origins. In particular, layer-structured materials are prone to show facile Li+ transport along their inner surfaces. Here, synthetic hectorite-type Li0.5[Mg2.5Li0.5]Si4O10F2, being a phyllosilicate, served as a model substance to investigate Li+ translational ion dynamics by both broadband conductivity spectroscopy and diffusion-induced 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation experiments. It turned out that conductivity spectroscopy, electric modulus data, and NMR are indeed able to detect a rapid 2D Li+ exchange process governed by an activation energy as low as 0.35 eV. At room temperature, the bulk conductivity turned out to be in the order of 0.1 mS cm-1. Thus, the silicate represents a promising starting point for further improvements by crystal chemical engineering. To the best of our knowledge, such a high Li+ ionic conductivity has not been observed for any silicate yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hiebl
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Patrick Loch
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Marina Brinek
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Maria Gombotz
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gadermaier
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstraße 3-3a, Hannover 30167, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Center for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - H. Martin. R. Wilkening
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, and Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Lithium Batteries, Graz University of
Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
- Alistore−ERI
European Research Institute, CNRS FR3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, Amiens F-80039, France
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4
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Khoury JF, Hao S, Stoumpos CC, Yao Z, Malliakas CD, Aydemir U, Slade TJ, Snyder GJ, Wolverton C, Kanatzidis MG. Quaternary Pavonites A 1+xSn 2-xBi 5+xS 10 (A + = Li +, Na +): Site Occupancy Disorder Defines Electronic Structure. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2260-2268. [PMID: 29411610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The field of mineralogy represents an area of untapped potential for the synthetic chemist, as there are numerous structure types that can be utilized to form analogues of mineral structures with useful optoelectronic properties. In this work, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two novel quaternary sulfides A1+xSn2-xBi5+xS10 (A = Li+, Na+). Though not natural minerals themselves, both compounds adopt the pavonite structure, which crystallizes in the C2/m space group and consists of two connected, alternating defect rock-salt slabs of varying thicknesses to create a three-dimensional lattice. Despite their commonalities in structure, their crystallography is noticeably different, as both structures have a heavy degree of site occupancy disorder that affects the actual positions of the atoms. The differences in site occupancy alter their electronic structures, with band gap values of 0.31(2) eV and 0.07(2) eV for the lithium and sodium analogues, respectively. LiSn2Bi5S10 exhibits ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.62 W m-1 K-1 at 723 K, and this result is corroborated by phonon dispersion calculations. This structure type is a promising host candidate for future thermoelectric materials investigation, as these materials have narrow band gaps and intrinsically low thermal conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason F Khoury
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shiqiang Hao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Umut Aydemir
- Department of Chemistry, Koc University , Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Tyler J Slade
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - G Jeffrey Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Volgmann K, Epp V, Langer J, Stanje B, Heine J, Nakhal S, Lerch M, Wilkening M, Heitjans P. Solid-State NMR to Study Translational Li Ion Dynamics in Solids with Low-Dimensional Diffusion Pathways. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2017-0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fundamental research on lithium ion dynamics in solids is important to develop functional materials for, e.g. sensors or energy storage systems. In many cases a comprehensive understanding is only possible if experimental data are compared with predictions from diffusion models. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), besides other techniques such as mass tracer or conductivity measurements, is known as a versatile tool to investigate ion dynamics. Among the various time-domain NMR techniques, NMR relaxometry, in particular, serves not only to measure diffusion parameters, such as jump rates and activation energies, it is also useful to collect information on the dimensionality of the underlying diffusion process. The latter is possible if both the temperature and, even more important, the frequency dependence of the diffusion-induced relaxation rates of actually polycrystalline materials is analyzed. Here we present some recent systematic relaxometry case studies using model systems that exhibit spatially restricted Li ion diffusion. Whenever possible we compare our results with data from other techniques as well as current relaxation models developed for 2D and 1D diffusion. As an example, 2D ionic motion has been verified for the hexagonal form of LiBH4; in the high-temperature limit the diffusion-induced 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates follow a logarithmic frequency dependence as is expected from models introduced for 2D diffusion. A similar behavior has been found for Li
x
NbS2. In Li12Si7 a quasi-1D diffusion process seems to be present that is characterized by a square root frequency dependence and a temperature behavior of the 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates as predicted. Most likely, parts of the Li ions diffuse along the Si5 rings that form chains in the Zintl phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Volgmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Viktor Epp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Julia Langer
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Bernhard Stanje
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Jessica Heine
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
| | - Suliman Nakhal
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C2 , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , D-10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Lerch
- Institut für Chemie, Sekr. C2 , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , D-10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Martin Wilkening
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Lithium Batteries , Graz University of Technology (NAWI Graz) , Stremayrgasse 9 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Center for Solid State Chemistry and New Materials , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Callinstr. 3 – 3a, D-30167 Hannover , Germany
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6
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Wiedemann D, Islam MM, Bredow T, Lerch M. Diffusion Pathways and Activation Energies in Crystalline Lithium-Ion Conductors. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Geometric information about ion migration (diffusion pathways) and knowledge about the associated energy landscape (migration activation barriers) are essential cornerstones for a comprehensive understanding of lithium transport in solids. Although many lithium-ion conductors are discussed, developed, and already used as energy-storage materials, fundamental knowledge is often still lacking. In this microreview, we give an introduction to the experimental and computational methods used in our subproject within the research unit FOR 1277, “Mobility of Lithium Ions in Solids (molife)”. These comprise, amongst others, neutron diffraction, topological analyses (procrystal-void analysis and Voronoi–Dirichlet partitioning), examination of scattering-length density maps reconstructed via maximum-entropy methods (MEM), analysis of probability-density functions (PDFs) and one-particle potentials (OPPs), as well as climbing-image nudged-elastic-band (cNEB) computations at density-functional theory (DFT) level. The results of our studies using these approaches on ternary lithium oxides and sulfides with different conduction characteristics (fast/slow) and dimensionalities (one-/two-/three-dimensional) are summarized, focusing on the close orbit of the research unit. Not only did the investigations elucidate the lithium-diffusion pathways and migration activation energies in the studied compounds, but we also established a versatile set of methods for the evaluation of data of differing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Wiedemann
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mazharul M. Islam
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4 , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Thomas Bredow
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4 , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Martin Lerch
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
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Prutsch D, Breuer S, Uitz M, Bottke P, Langer J, Lunghammer S, Philipp M, Posch P, Pregartner V, Stanje B, Dunst A, Wohlmuth D, Brandstätter H, Schmidt W, Epp V, Chadwick A, Hanzu I, Wilkening M. Nanostructured Ceramics: Ionic Transport and Electrochemical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCeramics with nm-sized dimensions are widely used in various applications such as batteries, fuel cells or sensors. Their oftentimes superior electrochemical properties as well as their capabilities to easily conduct ions are, however, not completely understood. Depending on the method chosen to prepare the materials, nanostructured ceramics may be equipped with a large area fraction of interfacial regions that exhibit structural disorder. Elucidating the relationship between microscopic disorder and ion dynamics as well as electrochemical performance is necessary to develop new functionalized materials. Here, we highlight some of the very recent studies on ion transport and electrochemical properties of nanostructured ceramics. Emphasis is put on TiO
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