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Gouder A, Podjaski F, Jiménez-Solano A, Kröger J, Wang Y, Lotsch BV. An integrated solar battery based on a charge storing 2D carbon nitride. Energy Environ Sci 2023; 16:1520-1530. [PMID: 37063253 PMCID: PMC10091497 DOI: 10.1039/d2ee03409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Solar batteries capable of harvesting sunlight and storing solar energy present an attractive vista to transition our energy infrastructure into a sustainable future. Here we present an integrated, fully earth-abundant solar battery based on a bifunctional (light absorbing and charge storing) carbon nitride (K-PHI) photoanode, combined with organic hole transfer and storage materials. An internal ladder-type hole transfer cascade via a transport layer is used to selectively shuttle the photogenerated holes to the PEDOT:PSS cathode. This concept differs from previous designs such as light-assisted battery schemes or photocapacitors and allows charging with light during both electrical charge and discharge, thus substantially increasing the energy output of the cell. Compared to battery operation in the dark, light-assisted (dis)charging increases charge output by 243%, thereby increasing the electric coulombic efficiency from 68.3% in the dark to 231%, leading to energy improvements of 94.1% under illumination. This concept opens new vistas towards compact, highly integrated devices based on multifunctional, carbon-based electrodes and separators, and paves the way to a new generation of earth-abundant solar batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gouder
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Butenandstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - F Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - A Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Córdoba Campus de Rabanales, Edif. Einstein (C2) 14071 Córdoba Spain
| | - J Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Y Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - B V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Department Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Butenandstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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2
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Kröger J, Podjaski F, Savasci G, Moudrakovski I, Jiménez-Solano A, Terban MW, Bette S, Duppel V, Joos M, Senocrate A, Dinnebier R, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Conductivity Mechanism in Ionic 2D Carbon Nitrides: From Hydrated Ion Motion to Enhanced Photocatalysis. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2107061. [PMID: 34870342 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides are among the most studied materials for photocatalysis; however, limitations arise from inefficient charge separation and transport within the material. Here, this aspect is addressed in the 2D carbon nitride poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) by investigating the influence of various counterions, such as M = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+ , Ba2+ , NH4 + , and tetramethyl ammonium, on the material's conductivity and photocatalytic activity. These ions in the PHI pores affect the stacking of the 2D layers, which further influences the predominantly ionic conductivity in M-PHI. Na-containing PHI outperforms the other M-PHIs in various relative humidity (RH) environments (0-42%RH) in terms of conductivity, likely due to pore-channel geometry and size of the (hydrated) ion. With increasing RH, the ionic conductivity increases by 4-5 orders of magnitude (for Na-PHI up to 10-5 S cm-1 at 42%RH). At the same time, the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate is observed for Na-PHI, which is mirrored by increased photogenerated charge-carrier lifetimes, pointing to efficient charge-carrier stabilization by, e.g., mobile ions. These results indicate that also ionic conductivity is an important parameter that can influence the photocatalytic activity. Besides, RH-dependent ionic conductivity is of high interest for separators, membranes, or sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alberto Jiménez-Solano
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maxwell W Terban
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Joos
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alessandro Senocrate
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich, LMU, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence E-Conversion, Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748, Garching, Germany
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3
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Sridhar V, Podjaski F, Alapan Y, Kröger J, Grunenberg L, Kishore V, Lotsch BV, Sitti M. Light-driven carbon nitride microswimmers with propulsion in biological and ionic media and responsive on-demand drug delivery. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabm1421. [PMID: 35044799 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abm1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose two-dimensional poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) carbon nitride microparticles as light-driven microswimmers in various ionic and biological media. Their high-speed (15 to 23 micrometer per second; 9.5 ± 5.4 body lengths per second) swimming in multicomponent ionic solutions with concentrations up to 5 M and without dedicated fuels is demonstrated, overcoming one of the bottlenecks of previous light-driven microswimmers. Such high ion tolerance is attributed to a favorable interplay between the particle's textural and structural nanoporosity and optoionic properties, facilitating ionic interactions in solutions with high salinity. Biocompatibility of these microswimmers is validated by cell viability tests with three different cell lines and primary cells. The nanopores of the swimmers are loaded with a model cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), resulting in a high (185%) loading efficiency without passive release. Controlled drug release is reported under different pH conditions and can be triggered on-demand by illumination. Light-triggered, boosted release of DOX and its active degradation products are demonstrated under oxygen-poor conditions using the intrinsic, environmentally sensitive and light-induced charge storage properties of PHI, which could enable future theranostic applications in oxygen-deprived tumor regions. These organic PHI microswimmers simultaneously address the current light-driven microswimmer challenges of high ion tolerance, fuel-free high-speed propulsion in biological media, biocompatibility, and controlled on-demand cargo release toward their biomedical, environmental, and other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Sridhar
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Kröger
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Vimal Kishore
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence e-conversion, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.,School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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4
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Pauly M, Kröger J, Duppel V, Murphey C, Cahoon J, Lotsch BV, Maggard PA. Unveiling the Complex Configurational Landscape of the Intralayer Cavities in a Crystalline Carbon Nitride. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3187-3193. [PMID: 35414880 PMCID: PMC8926284 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04648a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of the reported photoelectrochemical properties of the layered carbon nitride, poly(triazine imide)/LiCl (PTI/LiCl), has been limited by the apparent disorder of the Li/H atoms within its framework....
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Pauly
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D) Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Corban Murphey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - James Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D) Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Paul A Maggard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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5
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Omidian M, Leitherer S, Néel N, Brandbyge M, Kröger J. Electric-Field Control of a Single-Atom Polar Bond. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:216801. [PMID: 34114869 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.216801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We expose the polar covalent bond between a single Au atom terminating the apex of an atomic force microscope tip and a C atom of graphene on SiC(0001) to an external electric field. For one field orientation, the Au─C bond is strong enough to sustain the mechanical load of partially detached graphene, while for the opposite orientation, the bond breaks easily. Calculations based on density-functional theory and nonequilibrium Green's function methods support the experimental observations by unveiling bond forces that reflect the polar character of the bond. Field-induced charge transfer between the atomic orbitals modifies the polarity of the different electronegative reaction partners and the Au─C bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Omidian
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - S Leitherer
- Center of Nanostructured Graphene, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - M Brandbyge
- Center of Nanostructured Graphene, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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6
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Néel N, Shao B, Wehling TO, Kröger J. Manipulation of the two-site Kondo effect in linear CoCu n CoCu m clusters. J Phys Condens Matter 2020; 32:055303. [PMID: 31604345 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab4d17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificially assembled linear atomic clusters, CoCu n CoCu m , are used to explore variations of the Kondo effect at the two Co sites. For all investigated Cu n chain lengths ([Formula: see text]) the addition of a single Cu atom to one edge Co atom of the chain ([Formula: see text]) strongly reduces the amplitude of the Abrikosov-Suhl-Kondo resonance of that Co atom. Concomitantly, the resonance line width is more than halved. On the contrary, the Kondo effect of the opposite edge Co atom remains unaffected. Hybridization together with the linear geometry of the cluster are likely to drive the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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7
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Schlomberg H, Kröger J, Savasci G, Terban MW, Bette S, Moudrakovski I, Duppel V, Podjaski F, Siegel R, Senker J, Dinnebier RE, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. Structural Insights into Poly(Heptazine Imides): A Light-Storing Carbon Nitride Material for Dark Photocatalysis. Chem Mater 2019; 31:7478-7486. [PMID: 31582875 PMCID: PMC6768190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Solving the structure of carbon nitrides has been a long-standing challenge due to the low crystallinity and complex structures observed within this class of earth-abundant photocatalysts. Herein, we report on two-dimensional layered potassium poly(heptazine imide) (K-PHI) and its proton-exchanged counterpart (H-PHI), obtained by ionothermal synthesis using a molecular precursor route. We present a comprehensive analysis of the in-plane and three-dimensional structure of PHI. Transmission electron microscopy and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, supported by quantum-chemical calculations, suggest a planar, imide-bridged heptazine backbone with trigonal symmetry in both K-PHI and H-PHI, whereas pair distribution function analyses and X-ray powder diffraction using recursive-like simulations of planar defects point to a structure-directing function of the pore content. While the out-of-plane structure of K-PHI exhibits a unidirectional layer offset, mediated by hydrated potassium ions, H-PHI is characterized by a high degree of stacking faults due to the weaker structure directing influence of pore water. Structure-property relationships in PHI reveal that a loss of in-plane coherence, materializing in smaller lateral platelet dimensions and increased terminal cyanamide groups, correlates with improved photocatalytic performance. Size-optimized H-PHI is highly active toward photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, with a rate of 3363 μmol/gh H2 placing it on par with the most active carbon nitrides. K- and H-PHI adopt a uniquely long-lived photoreduced polaronic state in which light-induced electrons are stored for more than 6 h in the dark and released upon addition of a Pt cocatalyst. This work highlights the importance of structure-property relationships in carbon nitrides for the rational design of highly active hydrogen evolution photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schlomberg
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstraße
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience and Cluster of excellence e-conversion, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Julia Kröger
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstraße
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience and Cluster of excellence e-conversion, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstraße
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience and Cluster of excellence e-conversion, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Maxwell W. Terban
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bette
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Filip Podjaski
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renée Siegel
- Inorganic
Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jürgen Senker
- Inorganic
Chemistry III and Northern Bavarian NMR Centre, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstraße
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience and Cluster of excellence e-conversion, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Bettina V. Lotsch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstraße
5−13, 81377 München, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscience and Cluster of excellence e-conversion, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
- E-mail:
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8
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Mehler A, Néel N, Bocquet ML, Kröger J. Exciting vibrons in both frontier orbitals of a single hydrocarbon molecule on graphene. J Phys Condens Matter 2019; 31:065001. [PMID: 30523960 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaf54c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vibronic excitations in molecules are key to the fundamental understanding of the interaction between vibrational and electronic degrees of freedom. In order to probe the genuine vibronic properties of a molecule even after its adsorption on a surface appropriate buffer layers are of paramount importance. Here, vibrational progression in both molecular frontier orbitals is observed with submolecular resolution on a graphene-covered metal surface using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. Accompanying calculations demonstrate that the vibrational modes that cause the orbital replica in the progression share the same symmetry as the electronic states they couple to. In addition, the vibrational progression is more pronounced for separated molecules than for molecules embedded in molecular assemblies. The entire vibronic spectra of these molecular species are moreover rigidly shifted with respect to each other. This work unravels intramolecular changes in the vibronic and electronic structure owing to the efficient reduction of the molecule-metal hybridization by graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehler
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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9
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Rodriguez Ronderos C, Münster K, Guerra E, Kreysa H, Rodríguez A, Kröger J, Kluth T, Burigo M, Abashidze D, Nunnemann E, Knoeferle P. Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30582604 DOI: 10.3791/57694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to comprehension informed by comprehenders' experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker's gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Münster
- Institute of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Ernesto Guerra
- Center for Advanced Research in Education - CIAE, Universidad de Chile
| | - Helene Kreysa
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Alba Rodríguez
- Institute of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Cognitive Interaction Technology Excellence Cluster (CITEC), Faculty of Linguistics and Literature, Bielefeld University
| | - Julia Kröger
- Cognitive Interaction Technology Excellence Cluster (CITEC), Faculty of Linguistics and Literature, Bielefeld University
| | - Thomas Kluth
- Cognitive Interaction Technology Excellence Cluster (CITEC), Faculty of Linguistics and Literature, Bielefeld University
| | - Michele Burigo
- Cognitive Interaction Technology Excellence Cluster (CITEC), Faculty of Linguistics and Literature, Bielefeld University
| | | | - Eva Nunnemann
- Cognitive Interaction Technology Excellence Cluster (CITEC), Faculty of Linguistics and Literature, Bielefeld University
| | - Pia Knoeferle
- Institute of German Studies and Linguistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin School of Mind and Brain; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin;
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10
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Abstract
AIM Many countries require individuals with diabetes to adhere to standards regarding blood glucose testing in order to be granted or retain a driving licence. Currently, interstitial glucose results may not be used. The aim of this study was to determine whether interstitial glucose measurements using flash glucose-sensing technology can provide additional information to augment safe driving. METHODS Sensor data from two European studies (NCT02232698 and NCT02082184) of the FreeStyle Libre Glucose Monitoring System™ in insulin-treated Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, 241 and 224 participants respectively, were used to determine the frequency of a low interstitial sensor glucose result (< 3.9 mmol/l) up to 4 h subsequent to a daytime (07:00-21:00 h) capillary blood glucose result ≥ 5 mmol/l. RESULTS Within 4 h of a capillary blood glucose result ≥ 5 mmol/l a sensor glucose result of < 3.9 mmol/l occurred on 22.0% of occasions (2573 of 11 706 blood glucose readings) for those with Type 1 diabetes, and 8.4% of occasions (699/8352) for those with Type 2 diabetes; 13.8% (1610/11 628) and 4.4% (365/8203) within 2 h, and 10.0% (1160/11 601) and 3.1% (254/8152) within 1.5 h. Analysis of sensor glucose results 5-7 mmol/l demonstrated the glucose trend arrow descending on 14.7% (1163/7894, Type 1 diabetes) and 9.4% (305/3233, Type 2 diabetes) of occasions. CONCLUSIONS Sensor-based glucose information with directional arrows has the potential to support assessment of safe glucose levels associated with driving and offers distinct advantages over blood glucose testing for individuals with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes to concord with driving safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Kröger
- Zentrum fur Diabetologie Hamburg BergedorfHamburgGermany
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11
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Podjaski F, Kröger J, Lotsch BV. Toward an Aqueous Solar Battery: Direct Electrochemical Storage of Solar Energy in Carbon Nitrides. Adv Mater 2018; 30. [PMID: 29318675 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitrides have emerged as an earth-abundant family of polymeric materials for solar energy conversion. Herein, a 2D cyanamide-functionalized polyheptazine imide (NCN-PHI) is reported, which for the first time enables the synergistic coupling of two key functions of energy conversion within one single material: light harvesting and electrical energy storage. Photo-electrochemical measurements in aqueous electrolytes reveal the underlying mechanism of this "solar battery" material: the charge storage in NCN-PHI is based on the photoreduction of the carbon nitride backbone and charge compensation is realized by adsorption of alkali metal ions within the NCN-PHI layers and at the solution interface. The photoreduced carbon nitride can thus be described as a battery anode operating as a pseudocapacitor, which can store light-induced charge in the form of long-lived, "trapped" electrons for hours. Importantly, the potential window of this process is not limited by the water reduction reaction due to the high intrinsic overpotential of carbon nitrides for hydrogen evolution, potentially enabling new applications for aqueous batteries. Thus, the feasibility of light-induced electrical energy storage and release on demand by a one-component light-charged battery anode is demonstrated, which provides a sustainable solution to overcome the intermittency of solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Podjaski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 12, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstraße 4, 80799, München, Germany
- Center for Nanoscience, Schellingstraße 4, 80799, München, Germany
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12
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Kröger J, Rohrbeck R, Parnitzke B, Decker S, Lakner V, Kittner C. Lymphabstromszintigraphie bei einem artefiziellen Ödem des Unterschenkels. Nuklearmedizin 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1629716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEs wird über eine junge Frau berichtet, die nach einem Trauma über ca. 2 Monate wiederholt zur stationären Diagnostik aufgenommen wurde, bevor die arte-fizielle Genese eines Ödems des linken Beines geklärt werden konnte. Die Lymphszintigraphie zeigte eine starke Beschleunigung des Lymphabstroms aus dem geschwollenen Bein.
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13
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Kröger J, Meidtner K, Schulze M. Fetuin-A und das Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes: Eine Mendelian-Randomization-Analyse in der EPIC-InterAct-Studie. Das Gesundheitswesen 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1605783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kröger
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Molekulare Epidemiologie, Nuthetal
| | - K Meidtner
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Molekulare Epidemiologie, Nuthetal
| | - M Schulze
- Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Molekulare Epidemiologie, Nuthetal
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14
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Mehler A, Kirchhuebel T, Néel N, Sojka F, Forker R, Fritz T, Kröger J. Ordered Superstructures of a Molecular Electron Donor on Au(111). Langmuir 2017; 33:6978-6984. [PMID: 28602078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular donor tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) forms coverage-dependent superstructures on Au(111). At submonolayer coverage, the molecules align parallel to each other. They arrange in row-like structures, which exhibit a nearly rectangular primitive unit cell. By contrast, the molecular monolayer is characterized by a herringbone-type DBP arrangement spanned by an almost square unit cell containing two molecules. Both superstructures occur simultaneously in a narrow coverage range close to completion of the molecular monolayer. The adsorbate-substrate interaction is similar to other physisorbed molecular films on Au(111), but differs for the two adsorption phases as inferred from the different modification of the Au(111) surface reconstruction. Structural properties were consistently probed in real and reciprocal space by scanning tunneling microscopy and low-energy electron diffraction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mehler
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - T Kirchhuebel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - F Sojka
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - R Forker
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - T Fritz
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena , D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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15
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Kröger J, Hickethier T, Pahn G, Maintz D, Bunck A. Evaluation eines CAD-Tools und des Einflusses der Spectral Detector CT bei der automatischen Detektion von pulmonalarteriellen Thromben. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1600177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kröger
- Uniklinik Köln, Institut für Diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Köln
| | - T Hickethier
- Uniklinik Köln, Institut für Diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Köln
| | | | - D Maintz
- Uniklinik Köln, Institut für Diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Köln
| | - A Bunck
- Uniklinik Köln, Institut für Diagnostische und interventionelle Radiologie, Köln
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16
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Brand J, Ribeiro P, Néel N, Kirchner S, Kröger J. Impact of Atomic-Scale Contact Geometry on Andreev Reflection. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:107001. [PMID: 28339246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.107001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport has been examined in junctions comprising the normal-metal tip of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope, the surface of a conventional superconductor, and adsorbed C_{60} molecules. The Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer energy gap gradually evolves into a zero-bias peak with decreasing electrode separation. The peak is assigned to the spectroscopic signature of Andreev reflection. The conductance due to Andreev reflection is determined by the atomic termination of the tip apex and the molecular adsorption orientation. Transport calculations unveil the finite temperature and the strong molecule-electrode hybridization as the origin to the surprisingly good agreement between spectroscopic data and the Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk model that was conceived for macroscopic point contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brand
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - P Ribeiro
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - S Kirchner
- Center for Correlated Matter, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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17
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18
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Abstract
The spectroscopic line shape of electronic and vibrational excitations is ubiquitously described by a Fano profile. In the case of nearly symmetric and peaked Fano line shapes, the fit of the conventional Fano function to experimental data leads to difficulties in unambiguously extracting the asymmetry parameter, which may vary over orders of magnitude without degrading the quality of the fit. Moreover, the extracted asymmetry parameter depends on initially guessed values. Using the spectroscopic signature of the single-Co Kondo effect on Au(110) the ambiguity of the extracted asymmetry parameter is traced to the highly symmetric resonance profile combined with the inevitable scattering of experimental data. An improved parameterization of the conventional Fano function is suggested that enables the nonlinear optimization in a reduced parameter space. In addition, the presence of a global minimum in the sum of squared residuals and thus the independence of start parameters may conveniently be identified in a two-dimensional plot. An angular representation of the asymmetry parameter is suggested in order to reliably determine uncertainty margins via linear error propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meierott
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - T Hotz
- Institut für Mathematik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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19
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Müller M, Néel N, Crampin S, Kröger J. Lateral Electron Confinement with Open Boundaries: Quantum Well States above Nanocavities at Pb(111). Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:136803. [PMID: 27715132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.136803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied electron states present at the Pb(111) surface above Ar-filled nanocavities created by ion beam irradiation and annealing. Vertical confinement between the parallel crystal and nanocavity surfaces creates a series of quantum well state subbands. Differential conductance data measured by scanning tunneling spectroscopy contain a characteristic spectroscopic fine structure within the highest occupied subband, revealing additional quantization. Unexpectedly, reflection at the open boundary where the thin Pb film recovers its bulk thickness gives rise to the lateral confinement of electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - S Crampin
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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20
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Topyła M, Néel N, Kröger J. Superstructures and Electronic Properties of Manganese-Phthalocyanine Molecules on Au(110) from Submonolayer Coverage to Ultrathin Molecular Films. Langmuir 2016; 32:6843-6850. [PMID: 27322189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of manganese-phthalocyanine molecules on Au(110) was investigated using a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. A rich variety of commensurate superstructures was observed upon increasing the molecule coverage from submonolayers to ultrathin films. All structures were associated with reconstructions of the Au(110) substrate. Molecules adsorbed in the second molecular layer exhibited negative differential conductance occurring symmetrically around zero bias voltage. A double-barrier tunneling model rationalized this observation in terms of a peaked molecular resonance at the Fermi energy together with a voltage drop across the molecular film.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Topyła
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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21
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Seibt J, Sänger P, Kasper E, Steinhagen I, Teipel S, Lamprecht G, Kehl A, Heller T, Kröger J, Hauenstein K. Kognition und mikrostrukturelle Veränderungen bei Leberzirrhose-Patienten vor und nach TIPS-Anlage: eine MR- (VBM, TBSS) und neuropsychologische Studie. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1581727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Schöneberg J, Otte F, Néel N, Weismann A, Mokrousov Y, Kröger J, Berndt R, Heinze S. Ballistic Anisotropic Magnetoresistance of Single-Atom Contacts. Nano Lett 2016; 16:1450-1454. [PMID: 26783634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b05071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic magnetoresistance, that is, the sensitivity of the electrical resistance of magnetic materials on the magnetization direction, is expected to be strongly enhanced in ballistic transport through nanoscale junctions. However, unambiguous experimental evidence of this effect is difficult to achieve. We utilize single-atom junctions to measure this ballistic anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR). Single Co and Ir atoms are deposited on domains and domain walls of ferromagnetic Fe layers on W(110) to control their magnetization directions. They are contacted with nonmagnetic tips in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope to measure the junction conductances. Large changes of the magnetoresistance occur from the tunneling to the ballistic regime due to the competition of localized and delocalized d-orbitals, which are differently affected by spin-orbit coupling. This work shows that engineering the AMR at the single atom level is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | | | - Y Mokrousov
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - J Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau , D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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23
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Baeßler B, Michels G, Hellmich M, Kröger J, Maintz D, Bunck A. MRT-basierte Strain-Analyse mittels Feature Tracking bei Myokarditis. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1550966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Heller T, Hauenstein K, Kröger J, Teichert C. Interventionelle Verfahren zur Behandlung der akuten Lungenarterienembolie. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1551068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Schneider NL, Néel N, Andersen NP, Lü JT, Brandbyge M, Kröger J, Berndt R. Spectroscopy of transmission resonances through a C₆₀ junction. J Phys Condens Matter 2015; 27:015001. [PMID: 25407046 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/1/015001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electron transport through a single C60 molecule on Cu(1 1 1) has been investigated with a scanning tunnelling microscope in tunnelling and contact ranges. Single-C60 junctions have been fabricated by establishing a contact between the molecule and the tip, which is reflected by a down-shift in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital resonance. These junctions are stable even at elevated bias voltages enabling conductance measurements at high voltages and nonlinear conductance spectroscopy in tunnelling and contact ranges. Spectroscopy and first principles transport calculations clarify the relation between molecular orbital resonances and the junction conductance. Due to the strong molecule-electrode coupling the simple picture of electron transport through individual orbitals does not hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Schneider
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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26
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Endlich M, Gozdzik S, Néel N, da Rosa AL, Frauenheim T, Wehling TO, Kröger J. Phthalocyanine adsorption to graphene on Ir(111): Evidence for decoupling from vibrational spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:184308. [PMID: 25399148 DOI: 10.1063/1.4901283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Endlich
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - S. Gozdzik
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - N. Néel
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
| | - A. L. da Rosa
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - T. Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - T. O. Wehling
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - J. Kröger
- Institut für Physik, Technische Universität Ilmenau, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany
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27
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Kröger J, Landgraf R, Mattenklodt P, Lüthgens B, Hermanns N, Kulzer B. Diabetes: Unterschiedliche Perspektive von Patienten, Angehörigen und Behandlern. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1375112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Kulzer B, Mattenklodt P, Kröger J, Landgraf R, Lüthgens B, Hermanns N. Diabetesbezogene emotionale und psychische Belastungen bei Menschen mit Diabetes. Deutsche Ergebnisse der globalen DAWN2™ Studie. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1375111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Hermanns N, Mattenklodt P, Kröger J, Landgraf R, Lüthgens B, Kulzer B. Prävalenz und psychosoziale Konsequenzen von Hypoglykämien in der deutschen Stichprobe der globalen DAWN2™ Studie. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1375005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Mattenklodt P, Hermanns N, Kröger J, Landgraf R, Lüthgens B, Kulzer B. Psychosoziale Belastungen der Angehörigen von Menschen mit Diabetes. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1375159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Schiller K, Jacobs S, Jansen E, Weikert C, di Giuseppe R, Boeing H, Schulze MB, Kröger J. Associated factors of estimated desaturase activity in the EPIC-Potsdam study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:503-510. [PMID: 24370446 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Altered activity of desaturase enzymes may be involved in the development of metabolic diseases like type 2-diabetes. Desaturase activities might be modifiable by diet and lifestyle-related factors, but no study has systematically investigated such factors so far. We aimed to evaluate the association of demographic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyle characteristics with estimated Δ5-, Δ6- and Δ9-desaturase activity. METHODS AND RESULTS A subsample (n = 1782) of the EPIC-Potsdam study was used for a cross-sectional analysis, involving men and women, mainly aged 35-65 years. Fatty acid (FA) product-to-precursor ratios, derived from the FA composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, were used to estimate desaturase activities. Multiple linear regression models were used with estimated Δ5-, Δ6- and Δ9-desaturase activity as outcome and demographic (age, sex), anthropometric (BMI, WHR), dietary intake (FAs, carbohydrates) and lifestyle (physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption) factors as exposure variables. Alcohol intake was positively associated with estimated Δ6- (explained variance in desaturase activity: 1.52%) and estimated Δ9-desaturase activity (explained variance: 5.53%). BMI and WHR showed a weak inverse association with estimated Δ5-desaturase activity (explained variance: BMI: 1.07%; WHR: 1.02%) and weak positive associations with estimated Δ6-(explained variance: BMI: 1.17%; WHR: 1.19%) and estimated Δ9-desaturase activities (explained variance: BMI: 0.70%; WHR: 0.96%). Age, sex, physical activity, smoking and dietary factors were only weakly associated with the estimated desaturase activities. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that alcohol intake as well as obesity measures are associated with the FA ratios reflecting desaturase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schiller
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - S Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - E Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and The Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - C Weikert
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - R di Giuseppe
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - H Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - M B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| | - J Kröger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, Nuthetal 14558, Germany.
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33
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Néel N, Schröder S, Ruppelt N, Ferriani P, Kröger J, Berndt R, Heinze S. Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance at the single-atom limit. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:037202. [PMID: 23373948 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.037202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) of single Co atoms adsorbed on a double-layer Fe film on W(110) is observed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Without applying an external magnetic field the TAMR is found by comparing spectra of atoms that are adsorbed on the domains and domain walls of the Fe film. The TAMR can be as large as 12% and repeatedly changes sign as a function of bias voltage. First-principles calculations show that the hybridization between Co d states of different orbital symmetries depends on the magnetization direction via spin-orbit coupling. This leads to an anisotropy of the density of states and thus induces a TAMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Néel
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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34
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Wang YF, Néel N, Kröger J, Vázquez H, Brandbyge M, Wang B, Berndt R. Voltage-dependent conductance states of a single-molecule junction. J Phys Condens Matter 2012; 24:394012. [PMID: 22964461 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/39/394012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ag-Sn-phthalocyanine-Ag junctions are shown to exhibit three conductance states. While the junctions are conductive at low bias, their impedance drastically increases above a critical bias. Two-level fluctuations occur at intermediate bias. These characteristics may be used to protect a nanoscale circuit. Further experiments along with calculations reveal that the self-limiting conductance of the junctions is due to reversible changes of the junction geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Wang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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35
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Schulze MB, Thorand B, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Schick F, Zierer A, Rathmann W, Kröger J, Peters A, Boeing H, Stefan N. Body adiposity index, body fat content and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1660-7. [PMID: 22349074 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to compare estimates of body fat content, i.e. body adiposity index (BAI), BMI and waist and hip circumferences, with respect to their ability to predict the percentage of body fat (PBF; confirmed by magnetic resonance tomography) and incident type 2 diabetes. METHODS Associations between anthropometric measurements and PBF were evaluated in the Tübingen Lifestyle Intervention Program (TULIP; 138 men, 222 women), and between these measurements and incident type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam study (9,729 men, 15,438 women) and the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) study (5,573 men, 5,628 women), using correlation and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS BMI more strongly correlated with PBF (men: r = 0.81, women: r = 0.84) than BAI (r = 0.68 and 0.81, respectively), while waist circumference among men (r = 0.84) and hip circumference among women (r = 0.88) showed the strongest correlations. BAI overestimated PBF among men (mean difference -3.0%), and this error was dependent on the value of PBF. BAI was more weakly associated with diabetes risk (RRs for 1 SD, EPIC-Potsdam men: 1.62 [95% CI 1.52, 1.72], women: 1.67 [95% CI 1.55, 1.80]; KORA men: 1.62 [95% CI 1.48, 1.78], women: 1.82 [95% CI 1.65, 2.02]) compared with BMI (RRs, EPIC-Potsdam men: 1.95 [95% CI 1.83, 2.09], women 1.88 [95% CI 1.76, 2.02], KORA men 1.75 [95% CI 1.62, 1.89], women 2.00 [95% CI 1.81, 2.22]), while waist circumference showed the strongest associations (RRs: 2.17 [95% CI 2.01, 2.35], 2.33 [95% CI 2.15, 2.53], 1.81 [95% CI 1.66, 1.96] and 2.29 [95% CI 2.05, 2.57] for EPIC-Potsdam men and women and KORA men and women, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Waist circumference in men and hip circumference in women are better predictors of PBF than BAI and BMI. BAI was not as strong a predictor of diabetes as BMI, while waist circumference was the strongest predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Altenburg SJ, Kröger J, Wehling TO, Sachs B, Lichtenstein AI, Berndt R. Local gating of an Ir(111) surface resonance by graphene islands. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:206805. [PMID: 23003167 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.206805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of graphene islands on the electronic structure of the Ir(111) surface is investigated. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) indicates the presence of a two-dimensional electron gas with a binding energy of -160 meV and an effective mass of -0.18me underneath single-layer graphene on the Ir(111) surface. Density functional calculations reveal that the STS features are predominantly due to a holelike surface resonance of the Ir(111) substrate. Nanometer-sized graphene islands act as local gates, which shift and confine the surface resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Altenburg
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Schmidt W, Kröger J, Lankers H. Neue „missense“-Mutation im HNF1α-Gen als Ursache für Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY 3). DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The conductance of a single-molecule junction in a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope has been measured at nanosecond time resolution. In a transition region between tunneling and contact the conductance exhibits rapid two-level fluctuations which are attributed to different geometries of the junction. The voltage dependence of the fluctuations indicates that electrons injected into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital may efficiently couple to molecular vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Néel
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Néel N, Berndt R, Kröger J, Wehling TO, Lichtenstein AI, Katsnelson MI. Two-site Kondo effect in atomic chains. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:106804. [PMID: 21981521 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Linear CoCu(n)Co clusters on Cu(111) fabricated by atomic manipulation represent a two-site Kondo system with tunable interaction. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy reveals oscillations of the Kondo temperature T(K) with the number n of Cu atoms for n≥3. Density functional calculations show that the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction mediated by the Cu chains causes the oscillations. Calculations find ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interaction for n=1 and 2, respectively. Both interactions lead to a decrease of T(K) as experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Néel
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Altenburg SJ, Kröger J, Wang B, Bocquet ML, Lorente N, Berndt R. Graphene on Ru(0001): contact formation and chemical reactivity on the atomic scale. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:236101. [PMID: 21231481 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.236101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Graphene on Ru(0001) is contacted with Au tips of a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope. The formation and conductance of single-atom contacts vary within the moiré unit cell. Density functional calculations reveal that elastic distortions of the graphene lattice occur at contact due to a selectively enhanced chemical reactivity of C atoms at hollow sites of Ru(0001). Concomitant quantum transport calculations indicate that the graphene-Ru distance determines the conductance variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Altenburg
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Wang YF, Kröger J, Berndt R, Vázquez H, Brandbyge M, Paulsson M. Atomic-scale control of electron transport through single molecules. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:176802. [PMID: 20482125 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.176802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tin-phthalocyanine molecules adsorbed on Ag(111) were contacted with the tip of a cryogenic scanning tunneling microscope. Orders-of-magnitude variations of the single-molecule junction conductance were achieved by controllably dehydrogenating the molecule and by modifying the atomic structure of the surface electrode. Nonequilibrium Green's function calculations reproduce the trend of the conductance and visualize the current flow through the junction, which is guided through molecule-electrode chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Wang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Pischon N, Pischon T, Gülmez E, Kröger J, Purucker P, Kleber BM, Landau H, Jost-Brinkmann PG, Schlattmann P, Zernicke J, Burmester GR, Bernimoulin JP, Buttgereit F, Detert J. Periodontal disease in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:34-8. [PMID: 19126560 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.097212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and periodontal disease (PD) are characterised by dysregulation of the host inflammatory response, resulting in soft and hard connective tissue destruction. AS has been related to other inflammatory diseases, however, there is a paucity of data on whether AS is associated with inflammatory PD. METHODS The association between AS and PD was examined in 48 patients with AS and 48 healthy controls, matched for age and gender. AS was diagnosed according to the modified New York criteria. Periodontal examination included probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Potential risk factors of PD such as smoking, low education, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), as well as chronic diseases associated with PD and AS were assessed through questionnaires. RESULTS In stepwise logistic regression, including AS status, age, gender, education, smoking, alcohol consumption and BMI, only AS status, age and education remained significant predictors of PD. Patients with AS had significant 6.81-fold increased odds (95% CI 1.96 to 23.67) of PD (defined as mean attachment loss >3 mm) compared to controls. The strength of the association was attenuated but remained statistically significant after further adjustment for plaque accumulation (odds ratio (OR) 5.48, 95% CI 1.37 to 22.00). CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that patients with AS have a significantly higher risk of PD, strongly suggesting the need for close collaboration between rheumatologists, periodontists and dental hygienists when treating patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pischon
- Department of Periodontology, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Lundershausen R, Grüneberg M, Heddaeus H, Kröger J, Schönauer M, Karagiannis E. Effekt einer Kombinationstherapie von Insulin und Pioglitazon bei Typ-2-Diabetikern: Zwischenauswertung einer nicht interventionellen Studie. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1098893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
A single Co atom adsorbed on Cu(111) or on ferromagnetic Co islands is contacted with nonmagnetic W or ferromagnetic Ni tips in a scanning tunneling microscope. When the Co atom bridges two nonmagnetic electrodes a conductance of approximately 2e;{2}/h is found. With two ferromagnetic electrodes a conductance of approximately e;{2}/h is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Néel
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Néel N, Kröger J, Berndt R, Wehling TO, Lichtenstein AI, Katsnelson MI. Controlling the Kondo effect in CoCu(n) clusters atom by atom. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:266803. [PMID: 19437660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.266803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Clusters containing a single magnetic impurity were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy, spectroscopy, and ab initio electronic structure calculations. The Kondo temperature of a Co atom embedded in Cu clusters on Cu(111) exhibits a nonmonotonic variation with the cluster size. Calculations model the experimental observations and demonstrate the importance of the local and anisotropic electronic structure for correlation effects in small clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Néel
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Pischon N, Pischon T, Kröger J, Gülmez E, Kleber BM, Bernimoulin JP, Landau H, Brinkmann PG, Schlattmann P, Zernicke J, Buttgereit F, Detert J. Association among rheumatoid arthritis, oral hygiene, and periodontitis. J Periodontol 2008; 79:979-86. [PMID: 18533773 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A limited number of studies suggest a higher prevalence of periodontal disease among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, results have been inconsistent. Further, it is unclear to what extent poor oral hygiene among patients with RA may account for this association. METHODS The association between RA and periodontitis was examined in 57 subjects with RA and 52 healthy controls, matched by age and gender. Oral examination included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Potential risk factors for periodontal disease, such as smoking, education, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI), as well as chronic diseases associated with RA and periodontal disease were assessed through questionnaires. RESULTS In a stepwise logistic regression, including RA status, age, gender, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI, only RA status and age remained significant predictors of periodontal disease. Subjects with RA had a significant 8.05-fold increased odds (95% confidence interval: 2.93 to 22.09) of periodontitis compared to controls. The strength of the association was attenuated but remained statistically significant after further adjustment for PI, GI, or both. PI alone accounted for 12.4%, GI alone accounted for 11.1%, and PI and GI combined accounted for 13.4% of the association between RA and periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with RA have significantly increased periodontal attachment loss compared to controls. Oral hygiene may only partially account for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pischon
- Department of Periodontology, Charité-Medical Faculty Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany.
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Schiller F, Ruiz-Osés M, Ortega JE, Segovia P, Martínez-Blanco J, Boyle BP, Pérez-Dieste V, Lobo J, Néel N, Berndt R, Kröger J. Response to “Comment on ‘Electronic structure of C60 on Au(887)’ [J. Chem. Phys. 127, 067101 (2007)]”. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:037101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2813437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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