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Yu J. Current state and confusion of twig-like middle cerebral artery. Interv Neuroradiol 2024; 30:361-371. [PMID: 35979607 PMCID: PMC11310732 DOI: 10.1177/15910199221121380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A twig-like middle cerebral artery (MCA) is an uncommon lesion in which a plexiform network of small vessels replaces the M1 segment of the MCA. Currently, we have insufficient information for twig-like MCAs. Therefore, a review of the literature using PubMed was conducted. In this review of twig-like MCAs, the following were discussed: the definition, pathogenesis, hemodynamics, associated aneurysm, clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, therapeutic strategies, therapeutic complications and prognosis. In addition, we proposed a reasonable grading system for twig-like MCAs, which is significant. For a twig-like MCA, the pathogenesis is unclear, and congenital and acquired factors can be involved. A twig-like MCA disturbed cerebral hemodynamics. An associated aneurysm can occur in patients with twig-like MCAs. Twig-like MCAs can present subclinically and without clinical symptoms, hemorrhage, or ischemic strokes. Of all the available imaging examinations, digital subtracted angiography is the gold standard. When treating a twig-like MCA, it is feasible to target the associated aneurysm, and extracranial-intracranial bypass can be effective in reducing the risk of strokes, but more evidence is needed. Now, the decision to perform surgery for twig-like MCAs should be made on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Kawakami M, Murai S, Kusaka N, Baba F, Inoue Y, Miyake H, Shinji Y, Itami H, Otsuka S, Nishiura T, Ogihara K. Non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery: A case report and literature review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2024; 33:107582. [PMID: 38237811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery (Ap/T-MCA) is a rare vascular anomaly that can cause hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Ap/T-MCA can induce aneurysms due to the fragility of the vessel wall, consequently leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. Herein, we report a case of Ap/T-MCA with subarachnoid hemorrhage without an aneurysm. CASE PRESENTATION A 67-year-old man presented to our hospital with a sudden onset of headache. Computed tomography of the head revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the left Sylvian fissure; however, no aneurysm was observed on digital subtraction angiography. Following conservative treatment, follow-up imaging showed no aneurysm or no recurrent stroke. CONCLUSION Non-aneurysmal SAH is a possible indication of vessel wall fragility in Ap/T-MCA; however, a standardized treatment strategy for this condition remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kawakami
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
| | | | - Noboru Kusaka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Fukiko Baba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwakuni Clinical Center.
| | - Yohei Inoue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Hayato Miyake
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
| | - Yukei Shinji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital
| | | | - Shinji Otsuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwakuni Clinical Center.
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Goto Y, Nanto M, Oka H, Murakami N, Nakagawa T, Kimura S, Iwamoto Y, Inoue Y, Matsumoto K, Miyamoto J, Hashimoto N. Radiological and clinical features of twig-like middle cerebral artery in comparison with moyamoya angiopathy: a multicenter retrospective study. J Neurosurg 2022; 137:1718-1726. [PMID: 35426829 DOI: 10.3171/2022.2.jns212338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Twig-like middle cerebral artery (T-MCA) is a rare congenital anomaly that is difficult to distinguish from moyamoya angiopathy (MMA), given the similarity of the angioarchitectures. The aim of this study was to gain insights into the radiological and clinical features of T-MCA and to distinguish this condition from MMA. METHODS A multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 29 patients with T-MCA and 57 patients with MMA. Demographic, radiological, and clinical data were compared between the patients with T-MCA and those with MMA. RESULTS The T-MCA group tended to be older than the MMA group (mean age 47 ± 18 vs 39 ± 22 years). Twenty patients with T-MCA (69%) were initially diagnosed with MMA. All T-MCA cases had twig-like networks and steno-occlusive changes involving the MCA. The T-MCA group had a higher incidence of intracranial aneurysms (35% vs 11%) and coexisting arterial anomalies (48% vs 12%). T-MCA and MMA cases had significant differences in involvement of the internal carotid artery terminus (0% vs 100%) and posterior cerebral artery (0% vs 23%), and in transdural anastomosis (0% vs 51%). T-MCA cases were less likely to present with stroke (59% vs 86%) and more likely to be asymptomatic (28% vs 12%). Of the patients with stroke, those with T-MCA had more hemorrhagic strokes (41% vs 29%) and fewer ischemic strokes (59% vs 71%) compared to those with MMA. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that T-MCA is a different disease entity from MMA based on significant differences in the radiological and clinical features. Neurosurgeons should recognize this anomaly and understand the key features that differentiate T-MCA from MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Goto
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto Daiichi Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Masataka Nanto
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
| | - Hideki Oka
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Shigaken Hospital, Ritto
| | | | - Toru Nakagawa
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Suita
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto Daiichi Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Yoshihiro Iwamoto
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto Yamashiro General Medical Center, Kizugawa
| | - Yasuo Inoue
- 7Department of Neurosurgery, Maizuru Medical Center, Maizuru
| | - Keigo Matsumoto
- 8Department of Neurosurgery, JCHO Kobe Central Hospital, Kobe; and
| | - Junichi Miyamoto
- 9Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Kyoto Hospital, Nagaokakyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Hashimoto
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto
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Takeda H, Yanaka K, Onuma K, Nakamura K, Ishii K, Ishikawa E. Aplastic or twiglike middle cerebral artery with contralateral middle cerebral artery stenosis showing transient ischemic attack: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2022; 3:CASE22121. [PMID: 35734606 PMCID: PMC9204927 DOI: 10.3171/case22121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplastic or twiglike middle cerebral artery (Ap/T-MCA) is a rare anomaly characterized by a unilateral MCA occlusion with plexiform vessels that causes hemorrhagic and (less commonly) ischemic strokes. The reasons for this are rarely discussed, and thus optimal treatment for ischemic Ap/T-MCA remains controversial. Here, the authors report a case of Ap/T-MCA with transient ischemic attacks treated by bypass surgery and discuss the mechanism of ischemic development and treatment methods. OBSERVATIONS A 62-year-old hypertensive man with transient, recurrent left hemiparesis visited the authors’ hospital. Magnetic resonance angiography showed proximal occlusion of the right MCA and stenosis in the left MCA. Digital subtraction angiography revealed occlusion of the right MCA and abnormal vascular networks, leading to a diagnosis of Ap/T-MCA with contralateral MCA stenosis. Antiplatelet therapy with aspirin was insufficient, and a superficial temporal artery–MCA bypass was performed. There were no ischemic or hemorrhagic events postoperatively. LESSONS Atherosclerosis seems to have a significant impact on the development of ischemic stroke in patients with Ap/T-MCA, and the presence of coexisting atherosclerotic stenotic vascular lesions outside the Ap/T-MCA site is substantial in its development. Bypass surgery is a promising treatment option for ischemic Ap/T-MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Takeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Kiyoyuki Yanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Kuniyuki Onuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tsukuba Memorial Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan; and
| | | | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Takarada A, Yanaka K, Onuma K, Nakamura K, Takahashi N, Ishikawa E. Aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery harboring unruptured cerebral aneurysms treated by clipping and bypass surgery: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2021; 2:CASE21360. [PMID: 35854945 PMCID: PMC9265206 DOI: 10.3171/case21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery (Ap/T-MCA) is a congenital MCA anomaly. It may present with symptoms of both hemorrhage and ischemia, similar to moyamoya disease, and hemodynamic stress may play an essential role in the development of symptoms in both clinical entities. The optimal treatment remains controversial in symptomatic patients with Ap/T-MCA. This report discussed the treatment method for a patient with Ap/T-MCA with unruptured aneurysms who presented with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) treated by aneurysm clipping and bypass surgery. OBSERVATIONS In a 46-year-old woman with a sudden headache, computed tomography showed left IVH. Magnetic resonance angiography showed a left MCA aneurysm and MCA trunk stenosis. Three-dimensional angiography demonstrated a plexiform arterial network and multiple aneurysms arising from the MCA and in the plexiform network, leading to the diagnosis of Ap/T-MCA harboring unruptured aneurysms. The patient was successfully treated by craniotomy with aneurysm clipping and bypass surgery to prevent further intracranial hemorrhages and/or aneurysm rupture. LESSONS Especially in cases such as Ap/T-MCA, in which hemodynamic stress has a significant effect, the optimal treatment method should be based on vascular morphology and the impact of hemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Twig-like middle cerebral arteries: Clinical and radiological findings. Clin Imaging 2020; 73:31-37. [PMID: 33296771 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a rare vascular anomaly characterized by replacement of the M1 segment by a plexiform network of small vessels. Though rare, familiarity with this entity and ability to differentiate it from radiological mimics such as moyamoya changes and steno-occlusive diseases are important. We review the clinical and radiological manifestations of patients diagnosed with twig-like MCA on cerebral angiograms over a five-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with twig-like MCA on cerebral angiograms was performed from January 2015 to January 2020. This was the inclusion criterion for this retrospective study. For each patient, demographic data, clinical presentation, imaging findings and management strategies were reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Between January 2015 and January 2020, three patients with twig-like MCA were identified from 657 patients who underwent four-vessel diagnostic cerebral angiograms (0.45%). In all three cases, the involvement was unilateral (two left-sided and one right- sided). Two patients were male, and one was female. Patients ages were 25, 26 and 46 years. Two of the three patients presented with headache and the third patient with pulsatile tinnitus. There were otherwise no ischemic or hemorrhagic changes. No other vascular anomaly was identified. Twig-like MCA is a rare anatomical variant in which a plexiform network of small vessels replaces the M1 segment of the MCA. Accurate diagnosis and distinguishing this entity from radiological mimics such as moyamoya and steno-occlusive diseases are important for appropriate management and to prevent unnecessary investigations.
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Shirokane K, Tamaki T, Kim K, Morita A. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Attributable to Bilateral Aplastic or Twiglike Middle Cerebral Artery. World Neurosurg 2019; 134:560-563. [PMID: 31629144 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aplastic or twiglike middle cerebral artery (MCA), a congenital anomaly related to the abnormal development of the MCA, is rare. It is usually unilateral; bilateral lesions are extremely rare. An aplastic or twiglike MCA may lead to cerebral ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). In patients with ischemic stroke due to hemodynamic stress, extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery is indicated. As hemodynamic stress may also elicit SAH, it is important to select the appropriate treatment. EC-IC bypass surgery was successful in a patient with bilateral aplastic or twiglike MCA who suffered SAH due to hemodynamic stress. CASE DESCRIPTION A 64-year-old female with a history of surgery for tetralogy of Fallot experienced SAH in the left sylvian fissure. As angiography showed a bilateral aplastic or twiglike MCA and single photon emission computed tomography revealed a decrease in the cerebral blood flow in the left MCA territory, we attributed her SAH to hemodynamic stress due to the decreased blood flow in the MCA territory and to the vulnerability of abnormal vessels as are seen in moyamoya disease. We performed EC-IC bypass surgery to reduce hemodynamic stress. A cerebral angiogram obtained 2 weeks postoperatively revealed sufficient blood flow in the MCA territory from the superficial temporal artery used for bypass. In the course of 2-year follow-up she remained stroke free. CONCLUSIONS The presence of aplastic or twiglike MCA may lead to stroke due to hemodynamic stress. EC-IC bypass surgery may help to prevent stroke recurrence and SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Shirokane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School, Tama-Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Tamaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School, Tama-Nagayama Hospital, Tama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyongsong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akio Morita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Cho KC, Kim JJ, Jang CK, Hong CK, Joo JY, Kim YB. Rete middle cerebral artery anomalies: a unifying name, case series, and literature review. J Neurosurg 2019; 131:453-461. [PMID: 30074465 DOI: 10.3171/2018.2.jns1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rete middle cerebral artery (MCA) is extremely rare and has not been frequently discussed. Rete MCA is a weblike anomaly of the MCA that does not coalesce and forms a prominent, large single branch from the plexiform vessels in the fetal stage. The purpose of this study was to further elucidate the clinical and radiological characteristics of patients with rete MCA. METHODS A total of 2262 cerebral digital subtraction angiography procedures were performed on 1937 patients at the authors' institution from February 2013 to May 2017. Data analysis included age, sex, clinical symptoms, underlying diseases, coexisting cerebral arterial anomalies, and operative methods and findings. RESULTS Rete MCAs were found in 13 patients, and the incidence of this anomaly was 0.67% (13 of 1937) in this study. Of the 13 patients, 3 had hemorrhagic strokes, 6 had ischemic strokes, and 4 had no symptoms. Eight patients underwent conservative treatment, and 5 patients underwent surgical treatment. Rete MCA is considered a congenital disease of the cerebral vasculature with the possibility of an acquired abnormality, such as an aneurysm, caused by hemodynamic stress. Although an epidemiological survey of rete MCA was not conducted, it is assumed that rete MCA has a high prevalence in Asia. Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke events are fairly common in rete MCA. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should understand the radiological and clinical features of patients with rete MCA to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment. This anomaly should be differentiated from other vascular diseases and patients presenting incidentally should be carefully monitored because of their vulnerability to both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Chun Cho
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon; and
| | - Jung-Jae Kim
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Jang
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Hong
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Yang Joo
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Bae Kim
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Goto Y, Oka H, Hiraizumi S, Okamoto T, Nishii S, Yamamoto H, Yamanaka T, Nanto M, Shiomi N, Hino A, Hashimoto N. Aplastic or Twig-Like Middle Cerebral Artery Presenting with Intracerebral Hemorrhage During Pregnancy: Report of Two Cases. World Neurosurg X 2019; 2:100018. [PMID: 31218292 PMCID: PMC6580884 DOI: 10.1016/j.wnsx.2019.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An aplastic or twig-like middle cerebral artery (Ap/T-MCA) is a rare congenital anomaly that can present with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. The etiology of this pathology has remained unclear. Here, we report 2 cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) owing to an Ap/T-MCA in pregnant patients. Case Description In both patients, cerebral angiography revealed a steno-occlusive lesion and an abnormal arterial network on the unilateral middle cerebral artery. One patient was treated conservatively for a putaminal hemorrhage, and a cesarean section was performed uneventfully 6 months after onset of the ICH. The other patient underwent a craniotomy for evacuation of the lobar hemorrhage. Subsequently, a cesarean section was performed uneventfully. Both patients gradually recovered without significant disabilities. Conclusions An Ap/T-MCA is a rare congenital anomaly and is a potential cause of ICH for pregnant patients. A cesarean section is a useful option for pregnant patients with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Oka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Shigaken Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shiho Hiraizumi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Saiseikai Shigaken Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takanari Okamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sho Nishii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Shigaken Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Nanto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoto Shiomi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Center, Saiseikai Shigaken Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Saiseikai Shigaken Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoya Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Lutz T, Mönnings P, Ayzenberg I, Lukas C. Twig-like Middle Cerebral Artery: a Seldom Vessel Anomaly of Important Relevance. Clin Neuroradiol 2017; 28:441-443. [DOI: 10.1007/s00062-017-0613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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