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Cen G, Xia Y, Liang Z. Identifying the regulatory network of microRNAs and mRNAs to clarify molecular mechanisms in stroke by bioinformatics analysis. Technol Health Care 2024:THC231357. [PMID: 38848199 DOI: 10.3233/thc-231357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide. OBJECTIVE To identify the regulatory network of microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs to clarify molecular mechanisms in stroke. METHODS Four miRNA datasets and two mRNA datasets of stroke were downloaded from the GEO database. R-Studio was utilized to analyze differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and mRNAs (DEmRNAs) in the blood of stroke and control patients. FunRich software was utilized to conduct GO and biological pathway analysis on DEmiRNAs, and to search for transcription factors (TFs) of DEmiRNAs. Subsequently, we used miRDB, miRTarBase, and TargetScan to identify DEmiRNAs target genes and intersected with DEmRNAs to find common target genes. The miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of common target genes was constructed by using the Cytoscape. The biological and functional roles of target genes in the regulatory network were predicted using GO and KEGG pathway analyses. RESULTS 464 DEmiRNAs and 329 DEmRNAs were screened. The top ten TFs (SP1, SP4, EGR1, TCF3, NKX6-1, ZFP161, RREB1, MEF2A, NFIC, POU2F1) were visualized. 16747 target genes of DEmiRNAs were predicted. Target genes were intersected with DEmRNAs, 107 common target genes and 162 DEmiRNAs regulating these common genes were obtained, and then a regulatory network was constructed. Target genes of the regulatory network were primarily enriched in VEGF signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, T cell receptor signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study found that VEGF signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis, T cell receptor signaling pathway are implicated in the biological process of stroke by constructing the regulatory network of miRNAs-mRNAs, which may have guide significance for the pathogenesis and treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyu Cen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yumei Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xichang People's Hospital, Xichang, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhijian Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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2
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Yuan Y, Li N, Wang L, Heizhati M, Liu Y, Zhu Q, Hong J, Wu T. Aldosterone is Associated With New-onset Cerebrovascular Events in Patients With Hypertension and White Matter Lesions: A Cohort Study. Endocr Pract 2024:S1530-891X(24)00514-7. [PMID: 38734410 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter lesions (WMLs) increase the risk of stroke, stroke recurrence, and death. Higher plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) increases the risk of stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and hypertension. The objective is to evaluate the relationship between PAC and cerebrovascular events in patients with hypertension and WMLs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included 1041 participants hospitalized. The outcome was new-onset cerebrovascular events including intracerebral hemorrhage and stroke. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between baseline PAC and the risk of cerebrovascular events. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 60.9 ± 10.2 years and 565 (53.4%) were males. The median follow-up duration was 42 months (interquartile range: 25-67), and 92 patients experienced new-onset cerebrovascular events. In a multivariate-adjusted model, with PAC as a continuous variable, higher PAC increased the risk of cerebrovascular events; patient risk increased per 1 (hazard ratio [HR: 1.03], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.06, P < .01), per 5 (HR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06-1.31, P < .01), and per 10 ng/dL (HR: 1.41, 95%: 1.14-1.75, P < .01) increase in PAC. When PAC was expressed as a categorical variable (quartile: Q1-Q4), patients in Q4 (HR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.18-3.79, P < .05) exhibited an increased risk of cerebrovascular events compared to Q1. Restrictive spline regression showed a linear association between PAC and the risk of new-onset cerebrovascular events after adjusting for all possible variables. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a linear association between PAC and the risk of new-onset cerebrovascular events in patients with hypertension and WMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Yuan
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mulalibieke Heizhati
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Radiography Center, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health, Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "Hypertension Research Laboratory", Xinjiang Clinical Medical Research Center for Hypertension (Cardio-Cerebrovascular) Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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3
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Parksook WW, Williams GH. Aldosterone and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:28-44. [PMID: 35388416 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone's role in the kidney and its pathophysiologic actions in hypertension are well known. However, its role or that of its receptor [minieralocorticoid receptor (MR)] in other cardiovascular (CV) disease are less well described. To identify their potential roles in six CV conditions (heart failure, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis), we assessed these associations in the following four areas: (i) mechanistic studies in rodents and humans; (ii) pre-clinical studies of MR antagonists; (iii) clinical trials of MR antagonists; and (iv) genetics. The data were acquired from an online search of the National Library of Medicine using the PubMed search engine from January 2011 through June 2021. There were 3702 publications identified with 200 publications meeting our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data strongly supported an association between heart failure and dysregulated aldosterone/MR. This association is not surprising given aldosterone/MR's prominent role in regulating sodium/volume homeostasis. Atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction are also associated with dysregulated aldosterone/MR, but less strongly. For the most part, the data were insufficient to determine whether there was a relationship between atherosclerosis, stroke, or thrombosis and aldosterone/MR dysregulation. This review clearly documented an expanding role for aldosterone/MR's dysregulation in CV diseases beyond hypertension. How expansive it might be is limited by the currently available data. It is anticipated that with an increased focus on aldosterone/MR's potential roles in these diseases, additional clinical and pre-clinical data will clarify these relationships, thereby, opening approaches to use modulators of aldosterone/MR's action to more precisely treat these CV conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasita W Parksook
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Abstract
Besides the physiological regulation of water, sodium, and potassium homeostasis, aldosterone modulates several physiological and pathological processes in the cardiovascular system. At the vascular level, aldosterone excess stimulates endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, enhances the development of the atherosclerotic plaque, and favors plaque instability, arterial stiffness, and calcification. At the cardiac level, aldosterone increases cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and myocardial hypertrophy. As a clinical consequence, high aldosterone levels are associated with enhanced risk of cardiovascular events and mortality, especially when aldosterone secretion is inappropriate for renin levels and sodium intake, as in primary aldosteronism. Several clinical trials showed that mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, but inconclusive results were reported for other cardiovascular conditions, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, myocardial infarction, and atrial fibrillation. In patients with primary aldosteronism, adrenalectomy or treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists significantly mitigate adverse aldosterone effects, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, mortality, and incident atrial fibrillation. In this review, we will summarize the major preclinical and clinical studies investigating the cardiovascular damage mediated by aldosterone and the protective effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for the reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with cardiovascular diseases and primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Buffolo
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Tetti
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Monticone
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy
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Xu J, Gao F. Circulating miR-130a-3p is elevated in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis and predicts 2-year risk of cerebrovascular events. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:308. [PMID: 35996079 PMCID: PMC9396884 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral atherosclerosis (AS) leads to high risk of cerebrovascular events. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of serum microRNA-130a-3p (miR-130a-3p) in cerebral AS patients, and construct a logistic risk model for 2-year cerebrovascular events on the basis of the prognostic potential of miR-130a-3p. Methods Serum samples were collected from 74 cerebral AS patients and 62 control individuals, and miR-130a-3p expression was investigated using reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Risk factors related with cerebral AS were assessed using a logistic regression analysis, and the receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-130a-3p. The relationship between miR-130a-3p and cerebrovascular events was analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier method, and a logistic risk model was constructed for 2-year cerebrovascular events. Results Cerebral AS patients had elevated serum miR-130a-3p compared with controls (P < 0.001). Serum miR-130a-3p had diagnostic value (AUC = 0.899), and could significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in cerebral AS patients (AUC = 0.992). High serum miR-130a-3p was independently related with high probability of cerebrovascular events (HR = 1.993, 95% CI = 1.205–2.897, P = 0.006), and a logistic risk model was constructed based on serum miR-130a-3p, hs-CRP, TC and LDL-C. Conclusion All the findings indicated that high serum miR-130a-3p had diagnostic potential to screen cerebral AS, and predicted the probability of cerebrovascular events after AS. The logistic risk model based on miR-130a-3p may provide an efficient method to predict 2-year cerebrovascular events in AS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 45 Huashan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Fengchao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, No. 45 Huashan Road, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China.
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Kantauskaite M, Bolten K, Boschheidgen M, Schmidt C, Kolb T, Eckardt KU, Pasch A, Schimmöller L, Rump LC, Voelkl J, Stegbauer J. Serum Calcification Propensity and Calcification of the Abdominal Aorta in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:771096. [PMID: 35141300 PMCID: PMC8818752 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.771096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) are more susceptible to cardiovascular disease and mortality than patients with primary hypertension. This is mostly attributed to excess production of aldosterone and its effects on the development of vascular injury. A novel functional test (T50) measures serum calcification propensity. Lower T50-values predict higher cardiovascular risk. We investigated serum calcification propensity and vascular calcification in PA and resistant hypertension (RH). T50 measurement was performed in patients with PA (n = 66) and RH (n = 28) at baseline and after 403 (279–640) and 389 (277–527) days of treatment. No significant differences in T50-values were observed between the groups (371 ± 65 and 382 ± 44 min, in PA and RH group, respectively, p > 0.05). However, higher aldosterone-to-renin ratios were associated with lower T50-values in PA-patients (r −0.282, p < 0.05). Furthermore, lower T50-values were associated with increased abdominal aortic calcification measured by Agatston score in PA (r −0.534, p < 0.05). In both, PA and RH, higher atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACSVD) scores (r −0.403, p < 0.05) and lower HDL (r 0.469, p < 0.05) was related to lower T50-values in a linear regression model. Adrenalectomy or medical treatment did not increase T50-values. In comparison to patients with stable T50-values, PA patients with a decrease in T50 after intervention had higher serum calcium concentrations at baseline (2.24 ± 0.11 vs. 2.37 ± 0.10 mmol/l, p < 0.05). This decline of T50-values at follow-up was also associated with a decrease in serum magnesium (−0.03 ± 0.03 mmol/l, p < 0.05) and an increase in phosphate concentrations (0.11 ± 0.11 mmol/l, p < 0.05). Resistant hypertension patients with a decrease in T50-values at follow-up had a significantly lower eGFR at baseline. In summary, these data demonstrate an association between a high aldosterone-to-renin ratio and low T50-values in PA. Moreover, lower T50-values are associated with higher ACSVD scores and more pronounced vascular calcification in PA. Thus, serum calcification propensity may be a novel modifiable risk factor in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kantauskaite
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Bolten
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Boschheidgen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thilo Kolb
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Uwe Eckardt
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Pasch
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Calciscon AG, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Schimmöller
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lars C. Rump
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johannes Stegbauer
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7
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Chang X, Hao J, Wang X, Liu J, Ni J, Hao L. The Role of AIF-1 in the Aldosterone-Induced Vascular Calcification Related to Chronic Kidney Disease: Evidence From Mice Model and Cell Co-Culture Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:917356. [PMID: 35937793 PMCID: PMC9347268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.917356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that aldosterone (Aldo) plays an essential role in vascular calcification which is a serious threat to cardiovascular disease (CVD) developed from chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the exact pathogenesis of vascular calcification is still unclear. First, we established CKD-associated vascular calcification mice model and knockout mice model to investigate the causal relationship between allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) and vascular calcification. Then, endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) co-culture experiments were performed to further explore the mechanisms of calcification. The results of the Aldo intervention mice model and transgenic mice model showed that Aldo could cause calcification by increasing the AIF-1 level. The results of in vitro co-culture model of ECs and VSMCs showed that AIF-1 silence in ECs may alleviate Aldo-induced calcification of VSMCs. In conclusion, our study indicated that Aldo may induce vascular calcification related to chronic renal failure via the AIF-1 pathway which may provide a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Chang
- Department of Nephropathy and Hemodialysis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianbing Hao
- Department of Nephropathy, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- Department of Nephropathy and Hemodialysis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Department of Nephropathy and Hemodialysis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Nephropathy and Hemodialysis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lirong Hao, ; Jie Ni,
| | - Lirong Hao
- Department of Nephropathy and Hemodialysis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lirong Hao, ; Jie Ni,
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Li H, Liu P, Liu P, Hua W, Yang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xing P, Li Z, Zhang Y, Hong B, Yang P, Liu J. Current knowledge of large vascular occlusion due to intracranial atherosclerosis: focusing on early diagnosis. Chin Neurosurg J 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 33014427 PMCID: PMC7528346 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-020-00213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS)-related large vascular occlusion (LVO) was an intractable subtype of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), which always needed rescue angioplasty and stenting and complicated the procedure of endovascular recanalization. Diagnosing ICAS-LVO accurately and early was helpful for both clinical treatment and trials. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was unable to provide an early and rapid diagnosis of ICAS-LVO based on current studies. A variety of pre-DSA methods had been used to distinguish ICAS-LVO with other subtypes of ischemic stroke, such as medical histories, clinical presentations, computed tomography or angiography (CT/CTA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI/MRA). This article briefly reviewed the status quo of the diagnosis and treatment of ICAS-LVO and summarized early diagnostic methods of ICAS-LVO from different aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Weilong Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Wenjin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Pengfei Xing
- Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Zifu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Bo Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China.,Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Changhai Road Num. 168, Shanghai, 200433 China
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