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Tang Z, Peng Y, Jiang Y, Wang L, Guo M, Chen Z, Luo C, Zhang T, Xiao Y, Ni R, Qi X. Gastrodin ameliorates synaptic impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in N2a/APP cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 719:150127. [PMID: 38761634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by abnormal β-amyloid and tau accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction. Here, we aimed to assess the mechanisms and signalling pathways in the neuroprotective effect of gastrodin, a phenolic glycoside, on murine neuroblastoma N2a cells expressing human Swedish mutant APP (N2a/APP). We found that gastrodin increased the levels of presynaptic-SNAP, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic-PSD95 and reduced phospho-tau Ser396, APP and Aβ1-42 levels in N2a/APP cells. Gastrodin treatment reduced reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial fragmentation and DNA oxidation; restored mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP production. Upregulated phospho-GSK-3β and reduced phospho-ERK and phospho-JNK were involved in the protective effect of gastrodin. In conclusion, we demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of gastrodin in the N2a/APP cell line by ameliorating the impairment on synaptic and mitochondrial function, reducing tau phosphorylation, Aβ1-42 levels as well as reactive oxygen species generation. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the potential effect of gastrodin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yaqian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Luo
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Xiaolan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China; Basic Medical College, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Wu Y, Li S, Sun B, Guo J, Zheng M, Li A. Enhancing Gastrodin Production in Yarrowia lipolytica by Metabolic Engineering. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:1332-1342. [PMID: 38563122 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.4c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, has been widely used in the treatment of neurogenic and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, gastrodin biosynthesis is being achieved in model microorganisms. However, the production levels are insufficient for industrial applications. In this study, we successfully engineered a Yarrowia lipolytica strain to overproduce gastrodin through metabolic engineering. Initially, the engineered strain expressing the heterologous gastrodin biosynthetic pathway, which comprises chorismate lyase, carboxylic acid reductase, phosphopantetheinyl transferase, endogenous alcohol dehydrogenases, and a UDP-glucosyltransferase, produced 1.05 g/L gastrodin from glucose in a shaking flask. Then, the production was further enhanced to 6.68 g/L with a productivity of 2.23 g/L/day by overexpressing the key node DAHP synthases of the shikimate pathway and alleviating the native tryptophan and phenylalanine biosynthetic pathways. Finally, the best strain, Gd07, produced 13.22 g/L gastrodin in a 5 L fermenter. This represents the highest reported production of gastrodin in an engineered microorganism to date, marking the first successful de novo production of gastrodin using Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, #368 Youyi Road, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Shuocheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, #368 Youyi Road, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Baijian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, #368 Youyi Road, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, #368 Youyi Road, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Meiyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, #368 Youyi Road, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Aitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, #368 Youyi Road, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
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Fan G, Liu M, Liu J, Huang Y, Mu W. Traditional Chinese medicines treat ischemic stroke and their main bioactive constituents and mechanisms. Phytother Res 2024; 38:411-453. [PMID: 38051175 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in humans. Unfortunately, none of the treatments effectively provide functional benefits to patients with IS, although many do so by targeting different aspects of the ischemic cascade response. The advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in preventing and treating IS are obvious in terms of early treatment and global coordination. The efficacy of TCM and its bioactive constituents has been scientifically proven over the past decades. Based on clinical trials, this article provides a review of commonly used TCM patent medicines and herbal decoctions indicated for IS. In addition, this paper also reviews the mechanisms of bioactive constituents in TCM for the treatment of IS in recent years, both domestically and internationally. A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies will hopefully provide new ideas to address the threat of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhao Fan
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Xiao G, Tang R, Yang N, Chen Y. Review on pharmacological effects of gastrodin. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:744-770. [PMID: 37749449 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that is mainly used to treat diseases related to the nervous system, such as stroke, epilepsy, and headache. Gastrodin is the main bioactive component of Gastrodia elata Blume, and studies have shown that it has extensive pharmacological activity. This narrative review aims to systematically review relevant studies on the pharmacological effects of gastrodin to provide researchers with the latest and most useful information. Studies have shown that gastrodin has prominent neuroprotective effects and can treat or improve epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, emotional disorders, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, cognitive impairment, and neuropathic pain. Gastrodin can also improve myocardial hypertrophy, hypertension, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, gastrodin can mitigate liver, kidney, and bone tissue damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. In short, gastrodin is expected to treat many diseases, and it is worth investing more effort in research on this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rong Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Hospital of Stomatology, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| | - Nan Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Su Z, Yang Y, Chen S, Tang Z, Xu H. The processing methods, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Gastrodia elata Bl.: A comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 314:116467. [PMID: 37187361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is one of the rare Chinese medicinal materials with a long history of medicine and cooking. It consists of a variety of chemical components, including aromatic compounds, organic acids and esters, steroids, saccharides and their glycosides, etc., which has medicinal and edible value, and is widely used in various diseases, such as infantile convulsions, epilepsy, tetanus, headache, dizziness, limb numbness, rheumatism and arthralgia. It is also commonly used in health care products and cosmetics. Thus, its chemical composition and pharmacological activity have attracted more and more attention from the scientific community. AIM In this review, the processing methods, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of GE were comprehensively and systematically summarized, which provides a valuable reference for researchers the rational of GE. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search of published literature and classic books from 1958 to 2023 was conducted using online bibliographic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, ACS, Science Direct Database, CNKI and others to identify original research related to GE, its processing methods, active ingredients and pharmacological activities. RESULTS GE is traditionally used to treat infantile convulsion, epilepsy, tetanus, headache, dizziness, limb numbness, rheumatism and arthralgia. To date, more than 435 chemical constituents were identified from GE including 276 chemical constituents, 72 volatile components and 87 synthetic compounds, which are the primary bioactive compounds. In addition, there are other biological components, such as organic acids and esters, steroids and adenosines. These extracts have nervous system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system activities such as sedative-hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, neuron protection and regeneration, analgesia, antidepressant, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiplatelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory, etc. CONCLUSION: This review summarizes the processing methods, chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanism of GE over the last 66 years, which provides a valuable reference for researchers to understand its research status and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghu Su
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Yuangui Yang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
| | - Shizhong Chen
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhishu Tang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization, State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), Shaanxi Innovative Drug Research Center and College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China.
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Reyes-Esteves S, Nong J, Glassman PM, Omo-Lamai S, Ohashi S, Myerson JW, Zamora ME, Ma X, Kasner SE, Sansing L, Muzykantov VR, Marcos-Contreras OA, Brenner JS. Targeted drug delivery to the brain endothelium dominates over passive delivery via vascular leak in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. J Control Release 2023; 356:185-195. [PMID: 36868517 PMCID: PMC10519578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most common causes of fatal stroke, yet has no specific drug therapies. Many attempts at passive intravenous (IV) delivery in ICH have failed to deliver drugs to the salvageable area around the hemorrhage. The passive delivery method assumes vascular leak through the ruptured blood-brain barrier will allow drug accumulation in the brain. Here we tested this assumption using intrastriatal injection of collagenase, a well-established experimental model of ICH. Fitting with hematoma expansion in clinical ICH, we showed that collagenase-induced blood leak drops significantly by 4 h after ICH onset and is gone by 24 h. We observed passive-leak brain accumulation also declines rapidly over ∼4 h for 3 model IV therapeutics (non-targeted IgG; a protein therapeutic; PEGylated nanoparticles). We compared these passive leak results with targeted brain delivery by IV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that actively bind vascular endothelium (anti-VCAM, anti-PECAM, anti-ICAM). Even at early time points after ICH induction, where there is high vascular leak, brain accumulation via passive leak is dwarfed by brain accumulation of endothelial-targeted agents: At 4 h after injury, anti-PECAM mAbs accumulate at 8-fold higher levels in the brain vs. non-immune IgG; anti-VCAM nanoparticles (NPs) deliver a protein therapeutic (superoxide dismutase, SOD) at 4.5-fold higher levels than the carrier-free therapeutic at 24 h after injury. These data suggest that relying on passive vascular leak provides inefficient delivery of therapeutics even at early time points after ICH, and that a better strategy might be targeted delivery to the brain endothelium, which serves as the gateway for the immune attack on the peri-hemorrhage inflamed brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahily Reyes-Esteves
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jia Nong
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Serena Omo-Lamai
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ohashi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jacob W Myerson
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Marco E Zamora
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Scott E Kasner
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lauren Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Oscar A Marcos-Contreras
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Division of Pulmonary Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
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Zhou Y, Chen J, Yao Z, Gu X. Gastrodin ameliorates Concanavalin A-induced acute hepatitis via the IL6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:925-934. [PMID: 35881007 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2093741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gastrodin, the main active ingredient of Gastrodia elata Blume, has been shown to protect against many inflammatory diseases. Our study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory role of gastrodin in concanavalin A (ConA)-induced acute hepatitis in mice and to explore its precise mechanism. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were administered with gastrodin (50 or 100mg/kg) for 3 days prior to intravenous injection of ConA to induce acute autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Serum aminotransferases levels and cytokine levels were measured. Liver tissue histology was conducted to assess the degree of liver injury. Splenocytes pretreated with gastrodin were stimulated with ConA to observe splenocyte proliferation. RESULTS Gastrodin greatly reduced the level of serum aminotransferases, inflammatory cytokine such as IL-6 and TNF-α and histopathological damage in ConA-induced hepatitis. Besides, gastrodin had an inhibitory effect on liver apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, gastrodin inhibited the proliferation of splenocytes in vitro. The protein expression of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 was markedly affected by gastrodin pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that gastrodin pretreatment exerted protective effects against ConA-induced acute hepatitis, partly through the inhibition of the IL6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Further studies are recommended to determine the potential therapeutic role of gastrodin in acute AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Chongming Branch, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilu Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical, University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuezhen Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Huang W, Wang L, Zou Y, Ding X, Geng X, Li J, Zhao H, Qi R, Li S. Preparation of gastrodin-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2810. [PMID: 36408880 PMCID: PMC9759136 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the feasibility of multifunctional gastrodin (GAS)-containing nano-drug carrier system against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). METHODS The drug-loaded nanocomposite (Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS) with certain encapsulation efficiency (EE) was prepared by physical adsorption method using different proportions of GAS and drug-carrying system (Au-G5.NHAc-PS). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the drug loading and EE. Cultured rat astrocytes and hypothalamic neurons were assigned into four groups: PBS, Au-G5.NHAc-PS, Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS, and GAS. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to examine the cell viability, apoptosis, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 in the astrocytes and hypothalamic neurons, respectively. Cellular uptake of GAS and Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS was analyzed by using Hoechst 33342 staining. The animal model with focal cerebral ischemia was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in healthy male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and pathological changes of brain tissue and major organs in the rats were identified by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Apoptosis in rat astrocytes and hypothalamic neurons was detected by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS Au-G5.NHAc-PS had a spherical shape with a uniform size of 157.3 nm. Among the nanoparticles, Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS with an EE of 70.3% displayed the best release delay effect. Moreover, we observed that in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS were higher than those of GAS, whereas the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was significantly downregulated in Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS group as compared to G5.NHAc-PS group. Notably, HE staining revealed that although Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS had no toxic and side effects on the main organs of rats, it alleviated the damage of brain tissue in the MCAO rats. Besides, Au-G5.NHAc/GAS markedly reduced MCAO-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Au-G5.NHAc-PS showed favorable surface morphology, sustained drug release ability, no measurable toxicity, and good biocompatibility, indicating that GAS exerts anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanlin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanghong Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangqian Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hexiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Renli Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Zhang Y, Yu W, Liu Y, Chang W, Wang M, Zhang L. Regulation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 as a potential therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:995518. [PMID: 36245922 PMCID: PMC9559574 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.995518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke can be categorized into several subtypes. The most common is intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which exhibits significant morbidity and mortality, affecting the lives of millions of people worldwide every year. Brain injury after ICH includes the primary injury that results from direct compression as well as stimulation by the hematoma and secondary brain injury (SBI) that is due to ischemia and hypoxia in the penumbra around the hematoma. A number of recent studies have analyzed the mechanisms producing the oxidative stress and inflammation that develop following hematoma formation and are associated with the ICH induced by the SBI as well as the resulting neurological dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a critical component in mediating oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory response. We summarize the pathological mechanisms of ICH focusing on oxidative stress and the regulatory role of Nrf2, and review the mechanisms regulating Nrf2 at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels by influencing gene expression levels, protein stability, subcellular localization, and synergistic effects with other transcription factors. We further reviewing the efficacy of several Nrf2 activators in the treatment of ICH in experimental ICH models. Activation of Nrf2 might produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuron-protection effects, which could potentially be a focus for developing future treatments and prevention of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Zhang,
| | - Wanpeng Yu
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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10
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Zheng Y, Li R, Fan X. Targeting Oxidative Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Prospects of the Natural Products Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091811. [PMID: 36139885 PMCID: PMC9495708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the second most common subtype of stroke, remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathological mechanism of ICH is very complex, and it has been demonstrated that oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH. Previous studies have shown that OS is a therapeutic target after ICH, and antioxidants have also achieved some benefits in the treatment of ICH. This review aimed to explore the promise of natural products therapy to target OS in ICH. We searched PubMed using the keywords “oxidative stress in intracerebral hemorrhage” and “natural products in intracerebral hemorrhage”. Numerous animal and cell studies on ICH have demonstrated the potent antioxidant properties of natural products, including polyphenols and phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, etc. In summary, natural products such as antioxidants offer the possibility of treatment of OS after ICH. However, researchers still have a long way to go to apply these natural products for the treatment of ICH more widely in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiang Fan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8661-0596
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11
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Application of the adverse outcome pathway concept for investigating developmental neurotoxicity potential of Chinese herbal medicines by using human neural progenitor cells in vitro. Cell Biol Toxicol 2022; 39:319-343. [PMID: 35701726 PMCID: PMC10042984 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) are organized sequences of key events (KEs) that are triggered by a xenobiotic-induced molecular initiating event (MIE) and summit in an adverse outcome (AO) relevant to human or ecological health. The AOP framework causally connects toxicological mechanistic information with apical endpoints for application in regulatory sciences. AOPs are very useful to link endophenotypic, cellular endpoints in vitro to adverse health effects in vivo. In the field of in vitro developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), such cellular endpoints can be assessed using the human "Neurosphere Assay," which depicts different endophenotypes for a broad variety of neurodevelopmental KEs. Combining this model with large-scale transcriptomics, we evaluated DNT hazards of two selected Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) Lei Gong Teng (LGT) and Tian Ma (TM), and provided further insight into their modes-of-action (MoA). LGT disrupted hNPC migration eliciting an exceptional migration endophenotype. Time-lapse microscopy and intervention studies indicated that LGT disturbs laminin-dependent cell adhesion. TM impaired oligodendrocyte differentiation in human but not rat NPCs and activated a gene expression network related to oxidative stress. The LGT results supported a previously published AOP on radial glia cell adhesion due to interference with integrin-laminin binding, while the results of TM exposure were incorporated into a novel putative, stressor-based AOP. This study demonstrates that the combination of phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses is a powerful tool to elucidate compounds' MoA and incorporate the results into novel or existing AOPs for a better perception of the DNT hazard in a regulatory context.
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12
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Gastrodin and Vascular Dementia: Advances and Current Perspectives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2563934. [PMID: 35463081 PMCID: PMC9019412 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2563934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used since ancient times to treat diseases such as dizziness, epilepsy, stroke, and memory loss. Gastrodin, one of the active components of Gastrodia elata, has been used in the treatment of migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and depression in recent years. It can improve cognitive function and related neuropsychiatric symptoms through various effects and is considered as a promising treatment for dementia. Vascular dementia is a kind of severe cognitive impairment syndrome caused by vascular factors, and it is the dementia syndrome with the largest number of patients besides Alzheimer's disease. Although there is still a lack of evidence-based explorations, the paper reviewed the mechanism and methods of gastrodin in the treatment of vascular dementia, providing a reference for clinical therapy.
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13
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An P, Zhao XC, Liu MJ, You YQ, Li JY, Gong HS. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice Through the Inhibition of TRPV4 Opening. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:852401. [PMID: 35431940 PMCID: PMC9012538 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.852401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke anxiety severely affects recovery in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Dexmedetomidine (Dex), a highly selective alpha 2 adrenal receptor (α2-AR) agonist, was recently found to exert an excellent protective effect against mental disorders including anxiety. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel is involved in a series of diseases such as asthma, cancer, anxiety, and cardiac hypertrophy. This study examines whether Dex improved ICH-induced anxiety via the inhibition of TRPV4 channel opening. A rodent model of moderate ICH in the basal ganglia was established using autologous blood injection (20 μl). Mice were treated with Dex (25 μg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) every day for 3 days post-ICH. GSK1016790A (1 μmol/2 μl), an agonist of TRPV4, was administered via the left lateral ventricle. Thirty days post-ICH, post-stroke anxiety was evaluated by elevated plus-maze and open-field tests. Following behavioral tests, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), astrocytic activation, and A1-and A2-type astrocytes were determined. Primary astrocytes were exposed to hemin to simulate ICH in vitro. Compared with sham-treated mice, Dex administration ameliorates ICH-induced decreases of distance and time in the open-arm, reduces distance and time in the central zone, increases astrocytic activation and A1-type astrocytes, elevates MDA content, downregulates total SOD contents, and decreases A2-type astrocytes. However, GSK1016790A partially reversed the neuroprotective effects of Dex. In addition, Dex significantly inhibited hemin-induced astrocytic activation in vitro. Dex improves ICH-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice, and the mechanism might be associated with the inhibition of TRPV4-channel opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping An
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Chun Zhao,
| | - Man-Jia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Qing You
- Department of Anesthesiology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He-Song Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, ShengJing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Khan S, Liu Y, Wu G, Yong VW, Xue M. Oxidative Stress Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847246. [PMID: 35355999 PMCID: PMC8959663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a highly fatal disease with mortality rate of approximately 50%. Oxidative stress (OS) is a prominent cause of brain injury in ICH. Important sources of reactive oxygen species after hemorrhage are mitochondria dysfunction, degradated products of erythrocytes, excitotoxic glutamate, activated microglia and infiltrated neutrophils. OS harms the central nervous system after ICH mainly through impacting inflammation, killing brain cells and exacerbating damage of the blood brain barrier. This review discusses the sources and the possible molecular mechanisms of OS in producing brain injury in ICH, and anti-OS strategies to ameliorate the devastation of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Wu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Berezutsky M, Durnova N, Romanteeva Y. Neurobiological effects of gastrodin and its possible use in neurology and psychiatry. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:27-34. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212208127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhou W, Lu H, Gao X, Li J, Liu J, Niu X, Zheng J. Role of cyclin‑dependent kinase 5 in early brain injury following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Exp Ther Med 2021; 23:147. [PMID: 35069828 PMCID: PMC8756392 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.11070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that early brain injury (EBI) can contribute to poor outcomes following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and is associated with apoptosis. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a key mediator of neuronal viability. The role of Cdk5 in several neurological disorders has been elucidated; however, its role in EBI after SAH remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the involvement of Cdk5 in EBI after SAH. The expression levels of Cdk5, Cdk5 phosphorylated at Tyr15 (Cdk5-pTyr15) and p25 (a Cdk5 activator) were assessed by western blotting, and the cell distribution of Cdk5 was demonstrated by double immunofluorescence. The expression levels of caspase-3 and cytochrome c were evaluated by western blotting to assess the severity of neuronal apoptosis. Nissl and TUNEL staining experiments were performed to observe the effects of roscovitine, a Cdk5 inhibitor, on EBI following SAH. The results indicated that the expression levels of Cdk5, p25 and Cdk5-pTyr15 significantly increased in the rat temporal cortex following SAH. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that Cdk5 was expressed in the neurons and astrocytes of the rat cortex after SAH and that Cdk5 underwent nuclear translocation in neurons. Roscovitine administration effectively inhibited Cdk5 activation. In conclusion, roscovitine treatment significantly mitigated EBI and alleviated cerebral edema following SAH. These findings suggest that Cdk5 is an important target in SAH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Liexiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Hai Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Xingde Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jingde Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowang Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
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17
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Hu QP, Yan HX, Peng F, Feng W, Chen FF, Huang XY, Zhang X, Zhou YY, Chen YS. Genistein protects epilepsy-induced brain injury through regulating the JAK2/STAT3 and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in the developing rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174620. [PMID: 34752743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease. Recurrent seizures can cause irreversible brain damage. This study aimed to explore the regulation of Genistein on JAK2/STAT3 and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and the protective effects on brain injury after epilepsy. METHODS Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) was used to induce epilepsy in developing rats and Genistein was used for pretreatment of epilepsy. The seizure latency, grade scores and duration of the first generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCs) were recorded. Hippocampus tissue was sampled at 24 h post-epilepsy. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe mature neurons, activated microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampal CA1 region. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to determine the protein and mRNA levels of JAK2, STAT3, TNF-α, IL-1β, Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, caspase3, Bax and Bcl2 in the hippocampus. RESULTS Immunofluorescence showed that the number of neurons significantly decreased, and activated microglia and astrocytes significantly increased after epilepsy; Western blot and q-PCR showed that the expressions of JAK2, STAT3, TNF-α, IL-1β, Keap1, caspase3 and Bax significantly increased, while Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1 and Bcl-2 were significantly reduced after epilepsy. These effects were reversed by Genistein treatment. Moreover, Genistein was found to prolong seizure latency and reduce seizure intensity score and duration of generalized tonic-clonic seizures(GTCs) CONCLUSIONS: Genistein can activate the Keap1/Nrf2 antioxidant stress pathway and attenuate the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Genistein also inhibits the JAK2-STAT3 inflammation pathway and expression of apoptotic proteins, and increases the number of surviving neurons, thus having a protective effect on epilepsy-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Peng Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Hong-Xia Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Fen-Fang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiang-Yi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yang-Yu Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yi-Shui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
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18
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Sun J, Cai J, Chen J, Li S, Liao X, He Y, Chen X, Hu S. Krüppel-Like Factor 6 Silencing Prevents Oxidative Stress and Neurological Dysfunction Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage via Sirtuin 5/Nrf2/HO-1 Axis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:646729. [PMID: 34149393 PMCID: PMC8209425 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.646729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a severe neurological deficit, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with overwhelming mortality. Subsequent oxidative stress and neurological dysfunction are likely to cause secondary brain injury. Therefore, this study sought to define the role of Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) and underlying mechanism in oxidative stress and neurological dysfunction following ICH. An in vivo model of ICH was established in rats by injection of autologous blood, and an in vitro ICH cell model was developed in hippocampal neurons by oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) exposure. Next, gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed in vivo and in vitro to clarify the effect of KLF6 on neurological dysfunction and oxidative stress in ICH rats and neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in OxyHb-induced hippocampal neurons. KLF6, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were highly expressed in hippocampal tissues of ICH rats, whereas sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) presented a poor expression. Mechanistically, KLF6 bound to the SIRT5 promoter and transcriptionally repressed SIRT5 to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. KLF6 silencing alleviated neurological dysfunction and oxidative stress in ICH rats and diminished oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in OxyHb-induced neurons, whereas SIRT5 overexpression negated its effect. To sum up, KLF6 silencing elevated SIRT5 expression to inactivate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thus attenuating oxidative stress and neurological dysfunction after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.,Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Peking University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Siqiaozhi Li
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixuan He
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China
| | - Sean Hu
- Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Chang CY, Pan PH, Li JR, Ou YC, Liao SL, Chen WY, Kuan YH, Chen CJ. Glycerol Improves Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Brain Injury and Associated Kidney Dysfunction in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040623. [PMID: 33921791 PMCID: PMC8073011 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In stroke patients, the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) is closely linked with worse outcomes and increased mortality. In this study, the interplay between post-stroke and AKI and treatment options was investigated in a rodent model of hemorrhagic stroke. Intrastriatal collagenase injection for 24 h caused neurological deficits, hematoma formation, brain edema, apoptosis, blood–brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in Sprague Dawley rats. Elevation of serum blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urine cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1, and urine Malondialdehyde, as well as moderate histological abnormality in the kidney near the glomerulus, indicated evidence of kidney dysfunction. The accumulation of podocalyxin DNA in urine further suggested a detachment of podocytes and structural deterioration of the glomerulus. Circulating levels of stress hormones, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, corticosterone, and angiotensin II were elevated in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage. Osmotic agent glycerol held promising effects in alleviating post-stroke brain injury and kidney dysfunction. Although the detailed protective mechanisms of glycerol have yet to be determined, the intrastriatal collagenase injection hemorrhagic stroke model in rats allowed us to demonstrate the functional and structural integrity of glomerulus are targets that are vulnerable to post-stroke injury and stress hormones could be surrogates of remote communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City 420, Taiwan;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.-H.P.); (W.-Y.C.)
| | - Ping-Ho Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.-H.P.); (W.-Y.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung City 435, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung City 433, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Department of Urology, Tungs’ Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung City 435, Taiwan;
| | - Su-Lan Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; (P.-H.P.); (W.-Y.C.)
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-23592525 (ext. 4022)
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20
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Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8815441. [PMID: 33688394 PMCID: PMC7920740 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8815441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and plays an important role in secondary brain injury caused by the inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the pathogenic mechanisms of brain injury after ICH, markers for detecting OS, and therapeutic strategies that target OS to mitigate brain injury.
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21
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Li J, Huang J, He Y, Wang W, Leung CK, Zhang D, Zhang R, Wang S, Li Y, Liu L, Zeng X, Li Z. The protective effect of gastrodin against the synergistic effect of HIV-Tat protein and METH on the blood-brain barrier via glucose transporter 1 and glucose transporter 3. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:91-101. [PMID: 33613977 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also afflicted with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). Methamphetamine (METH) abuse puts HIV-1 patients at risk for HANDs because METH and HIV-1 proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can synergistically damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the underlying mechanism of METH- and HIV-Tat-induced BBB damage remains unclear. In this study, male adult tree shrews and human brain capillary endothelial cells were treated with HIV-Tat, METH, and gastrodin. We used western blotting to examine the expressions of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3), tight junctions, and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAMA) and to evaluate the damage and detect Evans blue (EB) and fluorescein sodium in the brain to assess BBB permeability to study the effect of METH and the HIV-1 Tat protein on BBB function in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the group treated with Tat and METH experienced a significant change at the ultrastructural level of the tree shrew cerebral cortex, decreased protein levels of occluding, claudin-5, Zonula occludens 1 (ZO1), and JAMA in vitro and in vivo, and increased levels of EB and fluorescein sodium in the tree shrew cerebral cortex. The protein levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was downregulated in patients with Tat- and METH-induced BBB damage. Pretreatment with gastrodin significantly increased the levels of EB and fluorescein sodium in the tree shrew cerebral cortex and increased the expressions of occluding, ZO1, JAMA, and GLUT1 and GLUT. These results indicate that gastrodin may offer a potential therapeutic option for patients with HANDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.,Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling road,Yunnan 650531, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Dadao Bei, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongwang He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling road,Yunnan 650531, China
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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22
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Cheng QQ, Wan YW, Yang WM, Tian MH, Wang YC, He HY, Zhang WD, Liu X. Gastrodin protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes against oxidative injury by ameliorating imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial dysfunction. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1314-1327. [PMID: 32203078 PMCID: PMC7608121 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrodin (GAS) is the main bioactive component of Tianma, a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat neurological disorders as well as cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. In the present study, the protective effects of GAS on H9c2 cells against ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-like injury were found to be related to decreasing of oxidative stress. Furthermore, GAS could protect H9c2 cells against oxidative injury induced by H2O2. Pretreatment of GAS at 20, 50, and 100 μM for 4 h significantly ameliorated the decrease in cell viability and increase in apoptosis of H9c2 cells treated with 400 μM H2O2 for 3 h. Furthermore, we showed that H2O2 treatment induced fragmentation of mitochondria and significant reduction in networks, footprint, and tubular length of mitochondria; H2O2 treatment strongly inhibited mitochondrial respiration; H2O2 treatment induced a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial fusion factors Mfn2 and Opa1, and increase in the expression of mitochondrial fission factor Fis1. All these alterations in H2O2-treated H9c2 cells could be ameliorated by GAS pretreatment. Moreover, we revealed that GAS pretreatment enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 under H2O2 treatment. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression abolished the protective effects of GAS on H2O2-treated H9c2 cells. Our results suggest that GAS may protect H9c2 cardiomycytes against oxidative injury via increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, regulating mitochondrial dynamics, and maintaining the structure and functions of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Cheng
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Wei Wan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wei-Min Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Meng-Hua Tian
- Zhaotong Institute of Tianma, Zhaotong, 657000, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Wang
- Zhaotong Institute of Tianma, Zhaotong, 657000, China
| | - Hai-Yan He
- Zhaotong Institute of Tianma, Zhaotong, 657000, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Kostoff RN, Briggs MB, Shores DR. Treatment repurposing for inflammatory bowel disease using literature-related discovery and innovation. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4889-4899. [PMID: 32952337 PMCID: PMC7476176 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i33.4889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) incidence has been increasing steadily, most dramatically in the Western developed countries. Treatment often includes lifelong immunosuppressive therapy and surgery. There is a critical need to reduce the burden of IBD and to discover medical therapies with better efficacy and fewer potential side-effects. Repurposing of treatments originally studied in other diseases with similar pathogenesis is less costly and time intensive than de novo drug discovery. This study used a treatment repurposing methodology, the literature-related discovery and innovation (LRDI) text mining system, to identify potential treatments (developed for non-IBD diseases) with sufficient promise for extrapolation to treatment of IBD. By searching for desirable patterns of twenty key biomarkers relevant to IBD (e.g., inflammation, reactive oxygen species, autophagy, barrier function), the LRDI-based query retrieved approximately 9500 records from Medline. The most recent 350 records were further analyzed for proof-of-concept. Approximately 18% (64/350) met the criteria for discovery (not previously studied in IBD human or animal models) and relevance for application to IBD treatment. Many of the treatments were compounds derived from herbal remedies, and the majority of treatments were being studied in cancer, diabetes, and central nervous system disease, such as depression and dementia. As further validation of the search strategy, the query identified ten treatments that have just recently begun testing in IBD models in the last three years. Literature-related discovery and innovation text mining contains a unique search strategy with tremendous potential to identify treatments for repurposing. A more comprehensive query with additional key biomarkers would have retrieved many thousands more records, further increasing the yield of IBD treatment repurposing discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Neil Kostoff
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Gainesville, VA 20155, United States
| | | | - Darla Roye Shores
- The Hopkins Resource for Intestinal Vitality and Enhancement, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Cao X, Zhu Q, Xia X, Yao B, Liang S, Chen Z, Wu M. The correlation between novel peripheral blood cell ratios and 90-day mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238312. [PMID: 32857820 PMCID: PMC7454963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the correlation between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), platelet-to-white blood cell ratio (PWR) and 90-day mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). METHODS We retrospectively included 633 patients with AIS from January 2017 to May 2018. The correlation between each indicator and the degree of neurologic deficit was assessed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves based on blood cell ratios were used to analyze the 90-day survival rate of patients with AIS. RESULTS A total of 663 patients with AIS were enrolled, of which 24 (3.6%) experienced recurrence and 13 (2.0%) died. NLR>3.23 (odds ratio; OR = 2.236; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.472-3.397; P<0.001), PNR<31.14 (OR = 0.471; 95% CI, 0.297-0.749; P = 0.001), and PWR<20.62 (OR = 0.498; 95% CI, 0.309-0.800; P = 0.004) were associated with an unfavorable 90-day prognosis. NLR>3.23, PWR<20.62, and PNR<31.14 were associated with an increased risk of 90-day mortality. CONCLUSION PNR, PWR, and NLR were associated with the 90-day mortality of patients with AIS. Patients with high NLRs or low PWRs and PNRs may have a greater risk of mortality than other patients. These clinical indicators may help clinicians judge unfavorable prognosis early and implement the appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Seng Liang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Role of Nrf2 and Its Activators in Cardiocerebral Vascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4683943. [PMID: 32831999 PMCID: PMC7428967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4683943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiocerebral vascular disease (CCVD) is a common disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Oxidative stress (OS) is closely related to the progression of CCVD. Abnormal redox regulation leads to OS and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause biomolecular and cellular damage. The Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is one of the most important defense systems against exogenous and endogenous OS injury, and Nrf2 is regarded as a vital pharmacological target. The complexity of the CCVD pathological process and the current difficulties in conducting clinical trials have hindered the development of therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, little is known about the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCVD. Clarifying the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCVD can provide new ideas for drug design. This review details the recent advancements in the regulation of the Nrf2/ARE system and its role and activators in common CCVD development.
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Gugliandolo A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Activation of Nrf2 by Natural Bioactive Compounds: A Promising Approach for Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144875. [PMID: 32664226 PMCID: PMC7402299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. The pathological subtypes of stroke are ischemic stroke, the most frequent, and hemorrhagic stroke. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates redox homeostasis. In stress conditions, Nrf2 translocates inside the nucleus and induces the transcription of enzymes involved in counteracting oxidative stress, endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism, regulators of inflammation, and others. Different natural compounds, including food and plant-derived components, were shown to be able to activate Nrf2, mediating an antioxidant response. Some of these compounds were tested in stroke experimental models showing several beneficial actions. In this review, we focused on the studies that evidenced the positive effects of natural bioactive compounds in stroke experimental models through the activation of Nrf2 pathway. Interestingly, different natural compounds can activate Nrf2 through multiple pathways, inducing a strong antioxidant response associated with the beneficial effects against stroke. According to several studies, the combination of different bioactive compounds can lead to a better neuroprotection. In conclusion, natural bioactive compounds may represent new therapeutic strategies against stroke.
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