Ultra-Early Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (sICH)

Timing Matters: Ultra-Early and Early versus Late Thromboprophyaxis Following Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents a critical and potentially devastating medical event resulting from the rupture of intracerebral vessels. Patients afflicted with ICH face an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to factors such as immobility. However, determining the ideal timing for initiating venous thromboembolism thromboprophylaxis (TP) remains uncertain, as it may carry the potential risk of exacerbating hematoma expansion. Thus, our objective was to ascertain the optimal timing for initiating TP following ICH through a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed following the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines, considering outcomes based on the time of intervention: Ultra early (UEPT) < 24 h, Early (EPT) < 48 h, Late (LPT) > 48 h to perform an analysis on hematoma expansion and mortality.Of 2.777 Hematoma expansion was not more frequent in the 440 patients receiving UEPT/EPT (n = 440) versus 565 receiving LPT (Odds ratio (OR) 0.94 (95% CI; 0.62 to 1.43; I2 = 0%)). Similarly, mortality was not lower in the 293 received UEPT or EPT versus 477 receiving LPT (OR 0.63 (95% CI; 0.39 to 1.0; I2 = 0%).This study, through a systematic review and meta-analysis, conclusively found no difference in intracranial hematoma expansion and/or increased mortality between the use of heparin in the early thromboprophylaxis (< 48 h) group compared to the late thromboprophylaxis (> 48 h) group. Implementing this approach in the management of spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage could facilitate progress towards more optimal care protocols.

Effect of heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients with spontaneous intracranial cerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis

Background

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has a serious impact on the prognosis of patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). However, the use of prophylactic heparin remains controversial.

Objectives

This study investigated the safety and timing of prophylactic heparin for VTE in patients with sICH.

Design

This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines.

Methods

Two authors systematically searched Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and PubMed to find all published research before June 2023. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and mortality were set as primary endpoints.

Results

This meta-analysis included seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five observational studies involving a total of 4419 sICH patients in the heparin (n = 2808) and control (n = 1183) groups. Among these patients, 205 received early heparin administration, while 223 received late heparin administration. The results suggested that, compared to the control group, patients in the heparin group had a lower incidence of VTE [odds ratio (OR), 0.47; 95% CI, 0.31-0.71; p < 0.001], DVT (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.33-0.85; p = 0.009), pulmonary embolism (OR, 0.31 95% CI, 0.15-0.65; p = 0.002), and mortality (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.54-0.90; p = 0.006), but there were no statistical differences in hematoma enlargement, extracranial hematoma, and major disability (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in DVT, mortality, hematoma enlargement, and extracranial hemorrhage between the early heparin group (<24-48 h) and the late heparin group (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

In patients with sICH, prophylactic use of heparin may be beneficial because it reduces the incidence of VTE and mortality without increasing the risk of additional bleeding. In addition, early prophylactic use of heparin appears to be safe. However, large-scale RCTs are lacking to support this evidence.

Comparative study of venous thromboembolic prophylaxis strategies in hemorrhagic stroke: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Venous thromboembolic events, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), are frequent complications in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Various prophylactic strategies have been employed to mitigate this risk, such as heparin, intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), and graduated compression stockings (GCS). The optimal thromboembolic prophylaxis approach remains uncertain due to the lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing all interventions.

AIMS

We conducted a network meta-analysis and meta-analysis to systematically review and synthesize evidence from RCTs and non-randomized studies on the efficacy and safety of thromboembolic prophylaxis strategies in hospitalized ICH patients.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

Our study followed a registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42023489217) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines incorporating the extension for network meta-analyses. Search for eligible studies was performed up to December 2023. We considered the occurrence of DVT, PE, hematoma expansion (HE), and all-cause mortality as outcome measures. A total of 16 studies, including 7 RCTs and 9 non-randomized studies, were included in the analysis. Network meta-analysis revealed that IPC demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing DVT incidence (odds ratios (OR) 0.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08-1.16), particularly considering only RCTs (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16-0.67). GCS showed the highest safety profile for HE (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.14-3.13), but without efficacy. Chemoprophylaxis did not reduce the risk of PE events (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.17-7.19) with a higher occurrence of HE (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.60-2.96), but the differences were not significant.

CONCLUSION

Our study supports the use of IPC as the primary thromboembolic prophylaxis measure in ICH patients. Further research, including head-to-head RCTs, is needed to strengthen the evidence base and optimize clinical decision-making for thromboembolic prophylaxis in this vulnerable patient population.

Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Review

BACKGROUND

Patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) are at high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The administration of mechanical and pharmacological VTE prophylaxis after sICH is important but challenging. The safety and efficacy of the optimal anticoagulant dose, timing, and type of VTE chemoprophylaxis in cases of sICH are still unclear, and clinicians are concerned that it may lead to cerebral hematoma expansion, which is associated with poor prognosis. Through this literature review, we aim to summarize the latest guidelines, recommendations, and clinical research progress to support evidence-based treatment strategies.

REVIEW SUMMARY

It has been proven that intermittent pneumatic compression can effectively reduce the risk of VTE and should be used at the time of hospital admission, whereas gradient compression stockings or lack of prophylaxis in sICH cases are not recommended by current guidelines. Studies regarding pharmacological VTE prophylaxis in patients with ICH were reviewed and summarized. Prophylactic anticoagulation for VTE in patients with ICH seems to be safe and was not associated with cerebral hematoma expansion. Meanwhile, the prophylactic efficacy of anticoagulation for pulmonary embolism seems to be more obvious than that of deep vein thrombosis in patients with ICH.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians should pay attention to the prevention and management of VTE after sICH. Intermittent pneumatic compression should be applied to patients with sICH on the day of hospital admission. After documentation of bleeding cessation, early initiation of pharmacological VTE prophylaxis (24 h to 48 h from sICH onset) seems to be safe and effective in pulmonary embolism prophylaxis.

Predictors of do-not-attempt-resuscitation decisions in patients with infratentorial or large supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhages and consequences thereafter: a register-based, longitudinal study in Sweden

OBJECTIVES

Do-not-attempt-resuscitation (DNAR) decisions for patients with infratentorial or large supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) pose clinical and ethical challenges. We aimed to investigate factors associated with DNAR decisions in patients with infratentorial or large (≥30 mL) supratentorial ICH, and differences in complications, treatment, and mortality.

MATERIALS & METHODS

This longitudinal, observational study comprised all patients treated for ICH at three stroke units in Gothenburg, Sweden, between November 2014 and June 2019. Patients were identified in the local stroke register, and additional data were collected from medical records and national registries. Mortality rates were followed 1 year after incident ICHs. Factors associated with DNAR decisions, and one-year mortality were explored.

RESULTS

Of 307 included patients, 164 received a DNAR decision. Most (75%) decisions were made within 24 h. DNAR decisions were associated with higher age, pre-stroke dependency, stroke severity, and intraventricular hemorrhage. Patients without DNAR decisions received thrombosis prophylaxis, oral antibiotics, and rehabilitative evaluations more frequently. The one-year survival probability was 0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11-0.23) in patients with DNAR decisions, and 0.87 (95% CI 0.81-0.92) in patients without DNAR decision. DNAR decisions, higher age, stroke severity, hematoma volume, and comorbidities were associated with increased one-year mortality. Thrombosis prophylaxis and living alone were associated with a lower hazard.

CONCLUSION

The majority of DNAR decisions for patients with infratentorial or large supratentorial ICH were made within 48 h. Higher age, pre-stroke dependency, high stroke severity, and intraventricular hemorrhage predicted receiving a DNAR decision. DNAR decisions were strongly associated with increased short- and long-term mortality.

Combination of D-dimer and Albumin in the Prediction of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) makes spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) treatment more challenging. We aimed to determine the predictive ability of D-dimer combination with albumin for DVT in spontaneous ICH.

METHODS

Spontaneous ICH patients were retrospectively included. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve was adopted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was further conducted to assess the predictive powers of D-dimer and albumin in different models. Besides, the incremental predictive ability of D-dimer combination with albumin was evaluated with areas under the curve (AUC), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination index (IDI).

RESULTS

D-dimer was significantly higher, while albumin was considerably lower in the DVT group than in the non-DVT group [D-dimer, 0.47 (0.29, 1.08) versus 0.98 (0.48, 2.49), P < .001; albumin, 39.45 ± 7.05 versus 36.93 ± 4.77, P < .001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher D-dimer and lower albumin were independently related to DVT after controlling confounders (D-dimer, OR = 1.061, 95% CI = 1.012-1.112, P = .013; albumin, OR = 0.934, 95% CI = 0.895-0.973, P = .001). The best cut-off value of the D-dimer was 0.40, and the albumin was 37.15. Besides, D-dimer and albumin had good predictive abilities in different models. The AUC, NRI, and IDI revealed that models that included the D-dimer combination with albumin had better predictability than those without.

CONCLUSIONS

D-dimer combination with albumin has a good predictability of DVT in spontaneous ICH.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Thromboprophylaxis with Heparins Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND

 The efficacy and safety of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains unclear.

METHODS

 A literature search was performed to collect studies comparing the effect of thromboprophylaxis in patients with ICH. The primary endpoints were deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and hematoma expansion or rebleeding. A meta-analytic approach was employed to estimate the relative risk (RR) by fitting fixed-effects (FE) and random-effects (RE) models.

RESULTS

 A total of 28 studies representing 3,697 hospitalized patients with ICH were included. Thromboprophylaxis was initiated within 4 days following hospital presentation and continued for 10 to 14 days in most of studies. Compared with control, thromboprophylaxis was associated with a reduced risk of DVT (47/1,399 [3.4%] vs. 202/1,377 [14.7%]; FE: RR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.18-0.32; RE: RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.19-0.39) as well as PE (9/953 [0.9%] vs. 37/864 [4.3%]; FE: RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.19-0.57; RE: RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.21-0.66). Thromboprophylaxis was not associated with increased risk of hematoma expansion or rebleeding (32/1,319 [2.4%] vs. 37/1,301 [2.8%]; FE: RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.48-1.18; RE: RR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.49-1.30) or mortality (117/925 [12.6%] vs. 139/904 [15.4%]; FE: RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.65-1.03; RE: RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.66-1.04).

CONCLUSION

 Thromboprophylaxis was effective in preventing DVT and PE without increasing the risk of hematoma expansion or bleeding among ICH patients. Future studies should explore the long-term effects of thromboprophylaxis in this population, particularly on the functional outcomes.

Patients with venous thromboembolism after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a review

Background

Patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and in-hospital VTE is independently associated with poor outcomes for this patient population.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search about patients with VTE after spontaneous ICH was conducted using databases MEDLINE and PubMed. We searched for the following terms and other related terms (in US and UK spelling) to identify relevant studies: intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, IPH, venous thromboembolism, VTE, deep vein thrombosis, DVT, pulmonary embolism, and PE. The search was restricted to human subjects and limited to articles published in English. Abstracts were screened and data from potentially relevant articles was analyzed.

Results

The prophylaxis and treatment of VTE are of vital importance for patients with spontaneous ICH. Prophylaxis measures can be mainly categorized into mechanical prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis. Treatment strategies include anticoagulation, vena cava filter, systemic thrombolytic therapy, catheter-based thrombus removal, and surgical embolectomy. We briefly summarized the state of knowledge regarding the prophylaxis measures and treatment strategies of VTE after spontaneous ICH in this review, especially on chemoprophylaxis and anticoagulation therapy. Early mechanical prophylaxis, especially with intermittent pneumatic compression, is recommended by recent guidelines for patients with spontaneous ICH. While decision-making on chemoprophylaxis and anticoagulation therapy evokes debate among clinicians, because of the concern that anticoagulants may increase the risk of recurrent ICH and hematoma expansion. Uncertainty still exists regarding optimal anticoagulants, the timing of initiation, and dosage.

Conclusion

Based on current evidence, we deem that initiating chemoprophylaxis with UFH/LMWH within 24–48 h of ICH onset could be safe; anticoagulation therapy should depend on individual clinical condition; the role of NOACs in this patient population could be promising.