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Vogel AD, Wynn AB, Richards MC, Sindoni M, Brennan Z, Hamilton CL, Gallegos JJ, Wallen TJ. Interest in Cardiothoracic Surgery Among the American College of Osteopathic Surgeons' Medical Students. Cureus 2024; 16:e65672. [PMID: 39205779 PMCID: PMC11357712 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As more integrated cardiothoracic (CT) surgical residency programs are developed, there is increased interest in factors influencing specialty selection during undergraduate medical education. This study aimed to nationally assess interests and perceptions of CT surgery from medical students pursuing surgery and factors influencing such interests. METHODS Active members of the American College of Osteopathic Surgeons - Medical Student Section were invited to complete an original survey. Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and graphed for questions using Likert scale responses. The comparison of mean responses for students in preclinical versus clinical years was assessed by a Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA. Differences between response proportions were assessed via Bonferroni Comparison of Column Proportions. RESULTS There were 306 surveys completed. Interest in CT surgery was indicated by 10.24% of respondents with preclinical students comprising 84.3% of those responses. Most students interested in CT surgery experienced certain factors including clinical exposure (78.4%), shadowing (81.8%), volunteering (57.1%), and significant personal/life events (86.2%) before medical school. Preclinical students noted exposure to CT surgery during preclinical years would further increase their interest when compared to clinical students (μ=4.12 versus μ=3.51, P<0.000). Importantly, clinical students feel significantly less supported by their school to pursue CT surgery compared to preclinical students (μ=2.45 versus μ=3.40, P<0.000). CONCLUSIONS All factors establishing interest in CT surgery occurred before students entered medical school and during preclinical years. While there are negative perceptions associated with CT surgery, these may be ameliorated with increased support and resources for CT surgery during the preclinical years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vogel
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | - Austin B Wynn
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
| | | | | | - Zachary Brennan
- Cardiac Surgery, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Caleb L Hamilton
- Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, USA
- Health and Movement Sciences, School of Health and Movement Sciences, Missouri Baptist University, St. Louis, USA
| | - Juan J Gallegos
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huntsville Hospital Health System, Huntsville, USA
| | - Tyler J Wallen
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Wilkes-Barre, USA
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Vogel AD, Wynn A, Richards MC, Sindoni M, Hamilton CL, Gallegos JJ, Wallen TJ. Assessing interest in cardiothoracic surgery at an osteopathic medical school: Results of an institutional survey. JTCVS OPEN 2023; 15:332-341. [PMID: 37808053 PMCID: PMC10556961 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective Cardiothoracic surgery is a surgical subspecialty that attracts few medical students. As integrated surgical residency programs continue to grow in number, there is increased interest in what factors influence specialty selection during undergraduate medical education. Previous institutional studies have studied allopathic medical schools affiliated with academic institutions. This study aimed to assess the interest and perception of cardiothoracic surgery at an osteopathic institution. Methods Active medical students at a US osteopathic institution were invited to complete an original online survey. Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated and graphed for questions using Likert scale responses. Comparison of mean responses for preclinical versus clinical students was assessed by a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance. Results There were 166 surveys (22%) completed, and interest in cardiothoracic surgery was indicated by 7.8% of respondents. Work/life balance, personality of cardiothoracic surgeons, and lack of family time were negative factors associated with cardiothoracic surgery. Clinical exposure, shadowing, mentorship, and significant personal/life events before medical school were strong factors in establishing students' interest in cardiothoracic surgery. Preclinical students noted exposure to cardiothoracic surgery would further increase their interest when compared with clinical students (μ = 3.39 vs μ = 2.69, P = .008). Conclusions All factors that established interest in cardiothoracic surgery occurred before students entered medical school. Although there are negative perceptions associated with cardiothoracic surgery, these may be ameliorated with more exposure to the field. Further research is needed to explore how early exposure in preclinical years of medical school affects students' perceptions and ultimate interest in cardiothoracic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Vogel
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Ala
| | - Austin Wynn
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Ala
| | - Megan C. Richards
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Ala
| | - Michelle Sindoni
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Ala
| | - Caleb L. Hamilton
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Ala
| | - Juan J. Gallegos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tallahassee Memorial Healthcare, Tallahassee, Fla
| | - Tyler J. Wallen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, Pa
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Deser SB, Durak D, Altin M, Yuksel A. A nationwide survey of Turkish medical students' upon interest and decision for cardiovascular surgery as a future career: A cross-sectional survey. TURK GOGUS KALP DAMAR CERRAHISI DERGISI 2023; 31:325-333. [PMID: 37664770 PMCID: PMC10472467 DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2023.24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to investigate the current interest of Turkish medical students to pursue a career in cardiovascular surgery and to identify possible factors which positively or negatively affected their decisions. Methods Between January 2022 and August 2022, a cross-sectional survey of 34 questions was created using the Google Forms online survey platform. Questions were directed to participants to evaluate demographic features, interest level in cardiovascular surgery, interest in other specialty programs, and interest in residency abroad using fivepoint Likert scales. Results A total of 5338 Medical Students were reached who were balanced to 7 geographical regions across Türkiye and 1233 (23%) medical students participated in the questionnaire. Of the respondents, 544 were males and 689 were females with a mean age of 21.2±0.5 (range, 17 to 28) years. More than half of the students (56.2%) considered residency training programs in Türkiye. Cardiology had the highest preference rate for residency training (8.3%), followed by cardiovascular surgery (7.5%). More than one-third of students (36.5%) who were interested in pursuing a career in cardiovascular surgery decided to be trained abroad. Achieving a prestigious job, motivation for life saving, prioritizing innovations, and high academic studies were the main factors that positively affected the perspective of students on cardiovascular surgery, while stressful surgeries, intense and tiring night shifts, and a relatively poor social life/work balance were the main deterrent factors. Attendance to cardiovascular surgeries positively affected the decisions of students (p=0.008). Conclusion Although it is thought that the interest in pursuing a career in cardiovascular surgery has reduced in recent years all over the world, our study shows that cardiovascular surgery still continues to be a popular specialty among Turkish medical students. Therefore, we believe that guiding medical students by using their current potential and encouraging the students to attend cardiovascular surgeries more frequently throughout their education life are essential in choosing cardiovascular surgery as a future career option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Burc Deser
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Dilara Durak
- Student, Medicine Faculty of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Metin Altin
- Student, Medicine Faculty of Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Yuksel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bursa City Hospital, Bursa, Türkiye
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Lane JC, Shen AH, Williams R, Gefter L, Friedman L, Zogg CK, Shaughnessy E. If You Can See It, You Can Be It: Perceptions of Diversity in Surgery Among Under-Represented Minority High School Students. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2022; 79:950-956. [PMID: 35379582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the surgical workforce is essential to improving outcomes for marginalized communities. To address the persistent shortage of under-represented minority (URM) surgeons, this study assessed the impact of providing early exposure to the field of surgery on URM high school students' perceptions of pursuing surgical careers. METHODS The Association of Women Surgeons organized a pilot 3-hour "Day in the Life" virtual event geared toward URM high school students involving suturing/knot-tying, case conferences, and mentoring activities. RESULTS Pre- and post-event survey results from 65 participants showed that students became more familiar with surgery (p < 0.001) and perceived the field as more diverse (p = 0.017). Over 70% felt capable of becoming surgeons themselves and over 80% were interested in learning more and gaining mentorship. CONCLUSIONS Our programming provides a model for future initiatives aimed at strengthening the pipeline of URM surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaina C Lane
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
| | - Abra H Shen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Liana Gefter
- Health Career Collaborative, Inc., American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Shaughnessy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Impact of a Surgical Subspecialty Roundtable on Career Perception for Preclerkship Medical Students. J Surg Res 2020; 259:493-499. [PMID: 33070996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited exposure to surgical subspecialties during medical school may be responsible for decreasing medical student interest in surgery. Although most medical schools have surgery interest groups to increase exposure, our aim was to evaluate the impact of a focused surgical subspecialty roundtable on preclerkship students' perceptions of surgical careers. METHODS Faculty members from each surgical subspecialty shared their experiences and led roundtable discussions with five to seven first- and second-year medical students at a time (total n = 59). Pre-event and post-event surveys were administered to assess students' interest in surgery, knowledge of training paths, values related to specialty selection, and perception of surgeons. RESULTS Forty students completed pre-event and post-event surveys. The number of students who were extremely or very interested in surgery increased after this event (65% versus 72.5%, P < 0.001). The greatest number of students indicated an interest in orthopedic surgery, and the fewest indicated an interest in neurosurgery. After the event, thirteen (32.5%) students changed their preferences for the subspecialty in which they were most interested. Students demonstrated improved knowledge of training length and integrated residencies (83.8% versus 96.3%, P = 0.003). The perceived importance of intellectual challenge, research opportunities, and training length decreased, whereas the importance of compensation, work/life balance, long-term patient follow-up, and the job market increased. Students' perceptions of surgeons' work/life balance (10% versus 25%, P < 0.001) and ability to be team players (82.5% versus 85%, P = 0.01) improved significantly after the roundtable. CONCLUSIONS The surgical specialty roundtable increased students' interest in surgery, improved knowledge of training paths, and altered perceptions related to career decision-making.
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Coyan GN, Kilic A, Gleason TG, Schuchert MJ, Luketich JD, Okusanya O, Kinnunen A, Sultan I. Medical student perceptions of a career in cardiothoracic surgery: Results of an institutional survey. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 159:1906-1912. [PMID: 31471086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recruiting medical students to cardiothoracic surgery is critical given new training paradigms and projected cardiothoracic surgeon shortages. This study characterizes current perceptions and exposure to cardiothoracic surgery among all levels of medical students. METHODS Currently active medical students at all levels at a US allopathic medical school were sent an invitation to complete an online survey. Baseline demographics, medical specialty interest, interest and exposure to cardiac surgery specifically, and awareness of procedures performed by cardiothoracic surgeons were evaluated. Five-point Likert scales were used to evaluate attitudes toward facets of the field of cardiothoracic surgery. Only complete surveys over the 4-week enrollment period were used for analysis. RESULTS There were 126 surveys (22%) completed during the study period. Interest in cardiothoracic surgery at any point was indicated by 37% of students, but only 13% indicated an interest at the time of the survey. Interest among first-year students was greater than all other classes (30% vs <15%, P = .02). Lifestyle factors and personal attributes of cardiothoracic surgeons were noted as negative factors influencing cardiothoracic surgery perception, whereas intellectual challenge and clinical impact were cited as positive factors. Increasing interaction with faculty/residents and simulation experiences were factors noted to increase interest in the field. CONCLUSIONS Although medical students report early interest in cardiothoracic surgery because of intellectual stimulation and patient care attributes, lack of early exposure and perceived poor lifestyle negatively affect interest in the field. Early interaction between students and cardiothoracic faculty/trainees along with early exposure opportunities may increase recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett N Coyan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Arman Kilic
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Thomas G Gleason
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Matthew J Schuchert
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - James D Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Olugbenga Okusanya
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Angela Kinnunen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Ibrahim Sultan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa; Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
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Freischlag K, Ji K, Kamyszek RW, Leraas HJ, Olivere LA, Gefter L, Mann B, Migaly J, Tracy ET. Health Career Academy: Addition of a Surgical Case-Based Learning Curriculum Captures the Interest of High School Students. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2019; 76:401-407. [PMID: 30111518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Health Career Academy (HCA) is a national program which provides a structure to introduce underserved high school students to healthcare careers. Utilizing the HCA framework, we adapted the curriculum to emphasize surgical cases and invited physicians to enrich the learning experience. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Medical students adapted a surgical case-based learning (CBL) curriculum at a local high school serving students from a primarily ethnic minority and low-income community (61% Black, 20% Hispanic; 58% free or reduced lunch). Each grade level received a minimum of ten, 90-minute CBL sessions. Expert faculty lecturers supplemented lessons. Medical student volunteers and 10th and 11th grade students completed postsemester surveys. RESULTS Over four semesters, HCA held 44 sessions, with 81 students graduating from the program. A total of 66% of sessions featured at least one faculty volunteer. A total of 36 students in 10th and 11th grade and 15 medical student volunteers completed postparticipation surveys. A total of 46.2% of 11th grade students previously participated in the 10th grade curriculum. On a scale of 1 to 4, students rated HCA highly in its overview of career options (mean 3.61, [SD 0.5]) and instilling understanding of patient care (3.78 [0.42]). Students enjoyed learning about career paths (3.61 [0.50]) and health topics (3.83 [0.39]). Of 10th and 11th grade students, 100% considered a healthcare career, with 34.8% of 10th and 61.5% of 11th grade students expressing interest in pursuing a surgical specialty. After volunteering, medical students felt like better educators (4.47 [0.64]) and were more likely to pursue teaching roles (4.2 [0.86]). CONCLUSIONS The Duke HCA chapter implemented the HCA program featuring CBL sessions emphasizing surgical cases. This program engaged minority students and potentially contributed to student interest in surgical careers. It helped to prepare medical students for future teaching roles. An interactive, surgery-focused program may increase the number of minority youth interested in pursuing health careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Freischlag
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Keven Ji
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | - Liana Gefter
- Center for Research & Education in Family & Community Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Barry Mann
- Department of Surgery, Main Line Health System, Wynnewood, PA
| | - John Migaly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Elisabeth T Tracy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Algethami MR, Bandah ST, Safhi MA, Noman GA, Ghunaim AH, Rizk H, Alnajjar HA. Factors Influencing Saudi Medical Student's Decision Towards Cardiothoracic Surgery as a Future Career, a Cross Sectional Study. Mater Sociomed 2019; 31:197-201. [PMID: 31762702 PMCID: PMC6853736 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2019.31.197-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There has been a progressive decline in students’ interest to consider cardiothoracic surgery as future career in the distant regions in the world. There are many factors could explain declining interest in cardiothoracic surgery including diminished caseloads due to the expansive growth of interventional cardiology; length of training programs that influences medical student’s perception. King Abdulaziz University student’s interest to join the speciality explored in our study. We determined some factors that influence their decision making toward their cardiothoracic career. Aim: We aimed to estimate the current interests of medical students at King Abdulaziz University to pursue a career in Cardiothoracic surgery and to determine the factors that positively or negatively affect their decision. Material and Methods: A self-administered online survey designed on Google form was distributed through email to fourth, fifth, and sixth-year medical students. Five domains; demographics, current career intentions, previous exposure to surgery, experiences and perceptions of cardiothoracic surgery were covered in the questionnaire to identify factors affecting student decision to choose cardiothoracic surgery as a future career. Results: Among 486 students at our institution, 179 (36, 83%) medical students completed the questionnaire more than half of them 91 (50.8%) were males. The percentage of students who considered cardiothoracic surgery as a future career was (4.5%); when asked if they were serious in pursuing a career in cardiothoracic surgery, (14.5%) of the student were affirmative. Of those participated in the survey, Twenty-four students believed they had adequate introduction to the cardiothoracic surgery during their undergraduate program. Conclusion: cardiothoracic surgery is falling away behind other specialties as career of choice for many future physicians. It is believed mainly related to inadequate introduction to the field. Increasing exposure and close mentorship is needed to attract more students to pursue a career in cardiothoracic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara T Bandah
- Medical Intern, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Safhi
- Medical students, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaida A Noman
- Medical Intern, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hisham Rizk
- Department of Surgery, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Alnajjar
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Bridging the Millennial Generation Expectation Gap: Perspectives and Strategies for Physician and Interprofessional Faculty. Am J Med Sci 2017; 353:109-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Trehan K, Zhou X, Yang SC. Is Medical Student Interest in Cardiothoracic Surgery Maintained After Receiving Scholarship Awards? Ann Thorac Surg 2015; 100:926-9; discussion 930-1. [PMID: 26101097 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical student exposure to cardiothoracic surgery has been facilitated by many scholarship opportunities. This study reviews the long-term interest of students at our institution who have received such support. METHODS After the first or second year of medical school, participants were selected to receive scholarships for clinical or research activities in cardiothoracic surgery ranging from 4 to 8 weeks in duration. These were funded by the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Southern Thoracic Surgical Association, or a private family donor. Over time, each student's scholarship type, current interest in cardiothoracic surgery, and current education or career status was prospectively monitored in an institutional database. RESULTS Since 1999, 45 students received scholarships. Eight (18%) were funded by the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, two (4%) by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons one (2%) by the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association, and 34 (76%) by private donors. The median follow-up of graduated students is 7 years. Of the 20 (44%) with an active current interest in cardiothoracic surgery, 2 are faculty, 1 is a fellow, 1 is in an integrated 6-year program, 11 are in general surgery residency and are planning to apply to cardiothoracic surgery fellowship, and the remaining 5 are in medical school and planning a cardiothoracic surgery career. Of all former medical students who received cardiothoracic surgery research scholarships and who have now made a career choice, 17.4% chose cardiothoracic surgery. CONCLUSIONS More than one-third of medical students who received scholarships in cardiothoracic surgery maintained their interest over time, and more than half maintained interest in a surgical field. Although long-term data are scarce, it remains critical to foster mentoring relationships with students over time to guide their career choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Trehan
- Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen C Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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