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Chand G, Singh S, Dhiraaj S, Kumar B, Shetty A, Halemani K, Ghatak T. Perception of robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) among medical students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Robot Surg 2024; 18:95. [PMID: 38413513 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-024-01847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Robotic surgery, also known as robotic-assisted surgery (RAS), involves a camera and a small surgical instrument attached to a robotic arm. A trained surgeon operates the robot from a viewing screen while being in the same room. METHODOLOGY This review was prepared following Cochrane collaboration guidelines and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. Two authors independently searched and appraised the studies published in PubMed, cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL), Embase, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar. Pooled data analyzed and reported in RevMan software version-5.4. RESULTS This systematic review and meta-analysis comprised 1400 medical students, from 8 studies. The participants' age ranged from 23 to 49 years. Similarly, the sample size ranged from 25 and 300. The pooled prevalence of the existing studies revealed that 29.8% of medical students, were favorable towards RAS. Effect size (ES), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and heterogeneity (I2) [ES = 29.8, 95% CI 16.4-43.2, I2 = 95.1%, P < 0.00]. About 40% of Australian medical students' positive opinion on RAS [ES = 40.4, 95% CI 25.7-55.2]. Similarly, 34.2% of students from Saudi Arabia [ES = 29.8, 95% CI 22.4-90.8, I2 = 99.3%, P < 0.00], 27.8% students from Canada [ES = 27.8, 95% CI 15.9-39.6], 24.8% from USA [ES = 24.8, 95% CI 6.9-42.7, I2 = 77.3%, P < 0.00] and 24% [ES = 24, 95% CI 18-30] from India favorable towards RAS. DISCUSSION Medical students from developed nations display favorable attitudes towards RAS. However, implementing of revised curriculum at the beginning of the graduation level sparks medical students' attitude towards robotic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Chand
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Suyash Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, India
| | - Sanjay Dhiraaj
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Basant Kumar
- Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Asha Shetty
- All India Institute of Medical Scieces, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Tanmoy Ghatak
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, India
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Harrison W, Munien K, Desai D. Robotic surgery education in Australia and New Zealand: primetime for a curriculum. ANZ J Surg 2024; 94:30-36. [PMID: 38196282 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, robotic surgery (RS) has witnessed remarkable growth, yet Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) lack dedicated RS training programs, creating a workforce gap. This narrative review synthesises international research to explore trends and challenges in robotic education. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature review, searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE using keywords like 'robotic surgery', 'surgical education', 'robotic surgery training', and 'robotic surgery curriculum'. We selected studies contributing to understanding current curricula, training tools, and issues in robotic education, utilising the international experience and how it might apply to the ANZ context. RESULTS RS in ANZ has grown significantly over two decades, but formal curricula for trainees are absent. North America and Europe employ diverse training tools and curricula. Barriers include cost, access, time constraints, equipment complexity, changing training environments, and competition from emerging robotic surgical systems. Balancing the curriculum's demands with trainees' existing requirements is essential. CONCLUSION Developing a tailored RS curriculum within ANZ's surgical training is crucial for RS to become the primary surgical approach in the future. By working towards a national curriculum we can prepare skilled trainees in robotics to meet the rising demand. The most significant barrier is the lack of robotics in public hospital where trainees are based. This curriculum should encompass online teaching modules, bedside assistance, surgical simulation, dual console mentoring, and primary operator experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Harrison
- Department of Urology, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kale Munien
- Department of Urology, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Devang Desai
- Department of Urology, Toowoomba Hospital, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, St Andrew's Toowoomba Hospital, Rockville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, St Vincent's Private Hospital Toowoomba, East Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, Toowoomba Specialists, East Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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Clanahan JM, Yee A, Awad MM. Active control time: an objective performance metric for trainee participation in robotic surgery. J Robot Surg 2023; 17:2117-2123. [PMID: 37237112 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Trainee participation and progression in robotic general surgery remain poorly defined. Computer-assisted technology offers the potential to provide and track objective performance metrics. In this study, we aimed to validate the use of a novel metric-active control time (ACT)-for assessing trainee participation in robotic-assisted cases. Performance data from da Vinci Surgical Systems was retrospectively analyzed for all robotic cases involving trainees with a single minimally invasive surgeon over 10 months. The primary outcome metric was percent ACT-the amount of trainee console time spent in active system manipulations over total active time from both consoles. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U statistical tests were applied in analyses. A total of 123 robotic cases with 18 general surgery residents and 1 fellow were included. Of these, 56 were categorized as complex. Median %ACT was statistically different between trainee levels for all case types taken in aggregate (PGY1s 3.0% [IQR 2-14%], PGY3s 32% [IQR 27-66%], PGY4s 42% [IQR 26-52%], PGY5s 50% [IQR 28-70%], and fellow 61% [IQR 41-85%], p = < 0.0001). When stratified by complexity, median %ACT was higher in standard versus complex cases for PGY5 (60% vs. 36%, p = 0.0002) and fellow groups (74% vs. 47%, p = 0.0045). In this study, we demonstrated an increase in %ACT with trainee level and with standard versus complex robotic cases. These findings are consistent with hypotheses, providing validity evidence for ACT as an objective measurement of trainee participation in robotic-assisted cases. Future studies will aim to define task-specific ACT to guide further robotic training and performance assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Clanahan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Mailstop 8109-22-9905, Campus Box 8109, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA.
| | - Andrew Yee
- Data and Analytics, Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Peachtree Corners, GA, 30092, USA
| | - Michael M Awad
- Department of Surgery, Section of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Mailstop 8109-22-9905, Campus Box 8109, St. Louis, MO, 63110-1093, USA
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Pai SN, Jeyaraman M, Jeyaraman N, Nallakumarasamy A, Yadav S. In the Hands of a Robot, From the Operating Room to the Courtroom: The Medicolegal Considerations of Robotic Surgery. Cureus 2023; 15:e43634. [PMID: 37719624 PMCID: PMC10504870 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Robotic surgery has rapidly evolved as a groundbreaking field in medicine, revolutionizing surgical practices across various specialties. Despite its numerous benefits, the adoption of robotic surgery faces significant medicolegal challenges. This article delves into the underexplored legal implications of robotic surgery and identifies three distinct medicolegal problems. First, the lack of standardized training and credentialing for robotic surgery poses potential risks to patient safety and surgeon competence. Second, informed consent processes require additional considerations to ensure patients are fully aware of the technology's capabilities and potential risks. Finally, the issue of legal liability becomes complex due to the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the functioning of robotic systems. The article highlights the need for comprehensive guidelines, regulations, and training programs to navigate the medicolegal aspects of robotic surgery effectively, thereby unlocking its full potential for the future..
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvik N Pai
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Arthritis, and Trauma (HOSMAT) Hospital, Bangalore, IND
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Arulkumar Nallakumarasamy
- Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | - Sankalp Yadav
- Medicine, Shri Madan Lal Khurana Chest Clinic, New Delhi, IND
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Duensing IM, Stewart W, Novicoff WM, Meneghini RM, Browne JA. The Impact of Robotic-Assisted Total Knee Arthroplasty on Resident Training. J Arthroplasty 2023; 38:S227-S231. [PMID: 36781062 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As robotic-assisted total knee replacement (rTKA) continues to gain popularity, the impact of this technology on resident education remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe trainee experience and perceptions of rTKA and its effect on surgical training. METHODS Two hundred and twenty two senior orthopaedic residents attending a national board review course completed a 17-question survey regarding their experience and perceptions regarding rTKA. Mean and standard deviations were calculated for Likert scale questions, and bivariate analyses were utilized to compare answer groups. RESULTS Seventy percent of respondents reported exposure to rTKA during their training. Of those with robotic exposure, 20% reported that greater than half of their TKA experience involved robotics. Only 29% percent agreed that robotics improved outcomes, whereas 21% disagreed and the remainder were unsure. Over half of respondents agreed that robotics are used primarily for marketing purposes. Of those who trained with rTKA, 45% percent believed that robotics improved their understanding of the surgical procedure; however, 25% felt robotics negatively compromised their training with traditional instrumentation. Higher robotic case exposure (P = .001) and attending an industry-sponsored course (P = .02) was associated with the belief that robotics improved outcomes. Robotic case volume and percentage was associated with the belief that robotics improved understanding of the surgical procedure, however, it also was associated with reduced comfort performing traditional knee arthroplasty (P = .001). CONCLUSION Current resident training experience varies greatly within the United States with regards to rTKA. While exposure to rTKA may be beneficial for a well-rounded surgical education, over-exposure likely results in decreased comfort with traditional instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Duensing
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wells Stewart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wendy M Novicoff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R Michael Meneghini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Indiana Joint Replacement Institute, Terre Haute, Indiana
| | - James A Browne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Marcos-Pablos S, García-Peñalvo FJ. More than surgical tools: a systematic review of robots as didactic tools for the education of professionals in health sciences. ADVANCES IN HEALTH SCIENCES EDUCATION : THEORY AND PRACTICE 2022; 27:1139-1176. [PMID: 35771316 PMCID: PMC9244888 DOI: 10.1007/s10459-022-10118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within the field of robots in medical education, most of the work done during the last years has focused on surgeon training in robotic surgery, practicing surgery procedures through simulators. Apart from surgical education, robots have also been widely employed in assistive and rehabilitation procedures, where education has traditionally focused in the patient. Therefore, there has been extensive review bibliography in the field of medical robotics focused on surgical and rehabilitation and assistive robots, but there is a lack of survey papers that explore the potential of robotics in the education of healthcare students and professionals beyond their training in the use of the robotic system. The scope of the current review are works in which robots are used as didactic tools for the education of professionals in health sciences, investigating the enablers and barriers that affect the use of robots as learning facilitators. Systematic literature searches were conducted in WOS and Scopus, yielding a total of 3812 candidate papers. After removing duplicates, inclusion criteria were defined and applied, resulting in 171 papers. An in-depth quality assessment was then performed leading to 26 papers for qualitative synthesis. Results show that robots in health sciences education are still developed with a roboticist mindset, without clearly incorporating aspects of the teaching/learning process. However, they have proven potential to be used in health sciences as they allow to parameterize procedures, autonomously guide learners to achieve greater engagement, or enable collective learning including patients and instructors "in the loop". Although there exist documented added-value benefits, further research and efforts needs to be done to foster the inclusion of robots as didactic tools in the curricula of health sciences professionals. On the one hand, by analyzing how robotic technology should be developed to become more flexible and usable to support both teaching and learning processes in health sciences education, as final users are not necessarily well-versed in how to use it. On the other, there continues to be a need to develop effective and standard robotic enhanced learning evaluation tools, as well good quality studies that describe effective evaluation of robotic enhanced education for professionals in health sciences. As happens with other technologies when applied to the health sciences field, studies often fail to provide sufficient detail to support transferability or direct future robotic health care education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Marcos-Pablos
- GRIAL Research Group, University of Salamanca, IUCE, Paseo de Canalejas 169, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Madion MP, Kastenmeier A, Goldblatt MI, Higgins RM. Robotic surgery training curricula: prevalence, perceptions, and educational experiences in general surgery residency programs. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:6638-6646. [PMID: 35001224 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Utilization of robotics in general surgery has increased exponentially in the past decade. The purpose of this study was to provide an updated analysis of the prevalence of robotic training curricula among general surgery residency programs across the United States. METHODS A 19-item survey was distributed to program directors of the Association of Program Directors in Surgery email list. The survey focused on the programs' demographics, program directors' opinions of robotic surgery, and status of robotic surgery curricula. Data was compiled and analyzed using Qualtrics Survey Software, Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS. Chi-Squared statistical significance was defined as a p value of < 0.05. RESULTS Of the 280 program directors, 107 (38.2%) responded. Overall, 75 (70%) residency programs provided a formal robotic surgery curriculum. Regarding the importance of robotics to general surgery training, 67 (89%) programs that provided a formal robotic surgery curriculum stated it was either 'Very important' or 'Probably important' as opposed to 23 (72%) programs that did not offer a formal robotic surgery curriculum (p = 0.017). 73 of the 75 residency programs with a formal robotic surgery training curriculum answered the curriculum specific questions. 58 (79%) had been present for 3 years or less. Bedside assisting began in 62 (85%) programs as a post-graduate year (PGY) 1 or PGY2 and residents began operating on the console as a PGY2 or PGY3 in 53 (72%) programs. However, there was variability regarding the percentage of the case a senior resident actually operated on the robotic console. CONCLUSIONS A majority of general surgery residency programs offer formal robotic surgery curricula and have been present for 3 years or less. Most residencies begin their curricula in PGY1 or PGY2 year, with an opportunity to bedside assist and operate on the robotic console in the first 3 years of residency. Operative barriers and defined milestones for general surgery trainees need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Madion
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Andrew Kastenmeier
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Matthew I Goldblatt
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Rana M Higgins
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W Watertown Plank Rd, Wauwatosa, WI, 53226, USA.
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Carroll R, Goffredo P, Steers G, Cetindag I, Lehmann R, Hrabe J, Hassan I, Shelton J. Robotic surgery training during general surgery residency: a survey comparing attitudes towards a robotic training curriculum within general surgery, urology, and OBGYN residents and attendings. J Robot Surg 2021; 16:1105-1110. [PMID: 34853953 DOI: 10.1007/s11701-021-01346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
General surgery residents are increasingly exposed to robotic surgery during their training. However, there is no standardized robotic educational curriculum across United States residency programs. Prior to implementing a robotic surgery curriculum, we surveyed our residents and attendings to ascertain their attitude towards robotic surgery training in residency. An anonymous survey was distributed to all general surgery, obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN), and urology residents, and their respective attending staff at our institution. Responses were compared between residents, attendings, and specialty. Twenty-six (72% response rate) general surgery residents and 18 (47%) subspecialty residents (OBGYN and urology) responded to the survey. Among attendings, 21 general surgery (32%) and 18 subspecialty staff (27%) responded. The majority of general surgery residents and attendings agreed that a robotic surgery curriculum should be implemented in the general surgery residency program (100 vs 86%, p = 0.04). Subspecialty residents also believed a formal curriculum should be implemented within their respective programs (100%). There was no statistically significant difference between general surgery and subspecialty resident responses. The majority of general surgery and subspecialty attendings responded that they would want a robotic surgery curriculum if they were currently residents (76 vs 94%, p = 0.12). The majority of general surgery residents and attendings at our institution believe a robotic surgery curriculum should be offered during residency. This attitude is similar to those of the subspecialty residents and attendings. A surgical education initiative should be developed to create a standardized training program to assure teaching of basic technical skills in robotic surgery before trainees enter clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Carroll
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
| | - Paolo Goffredo
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Garett Steers
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Ibrahim Cetindag
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Ryan Lehmann
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Jennifer Hrabe
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Imran Hassan
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
| | - Julia Shelton
- UIHC Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA
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Hertz P, Houlind K, Jepsen J, Bundgaard L, Jensen P, Friis M, Konge L, Bjerrum F. Identifying curriculum content for a cross-specialty robotic-assisted surgery training program: a Delphi study. Surg Endosc 2021; 36:4786-4794. [PMID: 34708292 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robotic-assisted surgery is increasing and there is a need for a structured and evidence-based curriculum to learn basic robotic competencies. Relevant training tasks, eligible trainees, realistic learning goals, and suitable training methods must be identified. We sought to develop a common curriculum that can ensure basic competencies across specialties. METHODS Two robotic surgeons from all departments in Denmark conducting robotic-assisted surgery within gynecology, urology, and gastrointestinal surgery, were invited to participate in a three-round Delphi study to identify learning goals and rank them according to relevance for a basic curriculum. An additional survey was conducted after the Delphi rounds on what training methods were considered best for each learning goal and who (console surgeon/patient-side assistant) should master each learning goal. RESULTS Fifty-six robotic surgeons participated and the response rates were 86%, 89%, and 77%, for rounds 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The Delphi study identified 40 potential learning goals, of which 29 were ranked as essential, e.g., Understand the link between arm placement and freedom of movement or Be able to perform emergency un-docking. In the additional survey, the response rate was 70%. Twenty-two (55%) of the identified learning goals were found relevant for the patient-side assistant and twenty-four (60%) were linked to a specific suitable learning method with > 75% agreement. CONCLUSIONS Our findings can help training centers plan their training programs concerning educational content and methods for training/learning. Furthermore, patient-side assistants should also receive basic skills training in robotic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hertz
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Lillebaelt, University of Southern Denmark, Sygehusvej 24, 6000, Kolding, Denmark.
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark.
| | - Kim Houlind
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Hospital Lillebaelt, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Jan Jepsen
- Department of Urology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for HR and Education, Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), The Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Lars Bundgaard
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Lillebaelt, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Pernille Jensen
- Department of Gynecology, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Friis
- Department of Skills Training and Simulation, NordSim, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Konge
- Center for HR and Education, Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), The Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Bjerrum
- Department of Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for HR and Education, Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES), The Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
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Hague CM, Merrill SB. Integration of Robotics in Urology Residency Programs: an Unchecked Technological Revolution. Curr Urol Rep 2021; 22:47. [PMID: 34532784 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-021-01062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the integration of robotics in urology residency programs and evaluate how it has impacted a graduates' level of surgical competence. RECENT FINDINGS Surgical technique training has shown a dramatic shift towards robotics with the most profound occurring in oncology. However, integration of robotics is not uniform across programs nor even among residents themselves. Robotics require graduates to garner a broader skill set within the same prescribed training time. Unfortunately, in this modern era, graduates are feeling more ill-equipped to start independent practice and show an increased need to pursue fellowship training to achieve technical proficiency. The dissemination of robotics in residency programs has gone unchecked. Modulating existing training structures through (1) development of procedure- and surgical technique-specific target metrics for graduation and (2) integration of a formalized robotic curriculum may improve the overall quality and outcome of the educational experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Hague
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Suzanne B Merrill
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA.
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