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Gardner LL, Thompson SJ, O'Connor JD, McMahon SJ. Modelling radiobiology. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:18TR01. [PMID: 39159658 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad70f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has played an essential role in cancer treatment for over a century, and remains one of the best-studied methods of cancer treatment. Because of its close links with the physical sciences, it has been the subject of extensive quantitative mathematical modelling, but a complete understanding of the mechanisms of radiotherapy has remained elusive. In part this is because of the complexity and range of scales involved in radiotherapy-from physical radiation interactions occurring over nanometres to evolution of patient responses over months and years. This review presents the current status and ongoing research in modelling radiotherapy responses across these scales, including basic physical mechanisms of DNA damage, the immediate biological responses this triggers, and genetic- and patient-level determinants of response. Finally, some of the major challenges in this field and potential avenues for future improvements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia L Gardner
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - Shannon J Thompson
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
| | - John D O'Connor
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
- Ulster University School of Engineering, York Street, Belfast BT15 1AP, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, United Kingdom
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2
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Bodgi L, Pujo-Menjouet L, Bouchet A, Bourguignon M, Foray N. Seventy Years of Dose-response Models: From the Target Theory to the Use of Big Databases Involving Cell Survival and DNA Repair. Radiat Res 2024; 202:130-142. [PMID: 38802101 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Radiobiological data, whether obtained at the clinical, biological or molecular level has significantly contributed to a better description and prediction of the individual dose-response to ionizing radiation and a better estimation of the radiation-induced risks. Particularly, over the last seventy years, the amount of radiobiological data has considerably increased, and permitted the mathematical formulas describing dose-response to become less empirical. A better understanding of the basic radiobiological mechanisms has also contributed to establish quantitative inter-correlations between clinical, biological and molecular biomarkers, refining again the mathematical models of description. Today, big data approaches and, more recently, artificial intelligence may finally complete and secure this long process of thinking from the multi-scale description of radiation-induced events to their prediction. Here, we reviewed the major dose-response models applied in radiobiology for quantifying molecular and cellular radiosensitivity and aimed to explain their evolution: Specifically, we highlighted the advances concerning the target theory with the cell survival models and the progressive introduction of the DNA repair process in the mathematical models. Furthermore, we described how the technological advances have changed the description of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair kinetics by introducing the important notion of DSB recognition, independent of that of DSB repair. Initially developed separately, target theory on one hand and, DSB recognition and repair, on the other hand may be now fused into a unified model involving the cascade of phosphorylations mediated by the ATM kinase in response to any genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Bodgi
- U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment," 69008, Lyon, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Laurent Pujo-Menjouet
- U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment," 69008, Lyon, France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Camille Jordan UMR5208, CNRS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, Inria Dracula, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Bouchet
- U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment," 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment," 69008, Lyon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- U1296 Unit "Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment," 69008, Lyon, France
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3
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Granzotto A, El Nachef L, Restier-Verlet J, Sonzogni L, Al-Choboq J, Bourguignon M, Foray N. When Chromatin Decondensation Affects Nuclear γH2AX Foci Pattern and Kinetics and Biases the Assessment of DNA Double-Strand Breaks by Immunofluorescence. Biomolecules 2024; 14:703. [PMID: 38927105 PMCID: PMC11201768 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunofluorescence with antibodies against phosphorylated forms of H2AX (γH2AX) is revolutionizing our understanding of repair and signaling of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Unfortunately, the pattern of γH2AX foci depends upon a number of parameters (nature of stress, number of foci, radiation dose, repair time, cell cycle phase, gene mutations, etc…) whose one of the common points is chromatin condensation/decondensation. Here, we endeavored to demonstrate how chromatin conformation affects γH2AX foci pattern and influences immunofluorescence signal. DSBs induced in non-transformed human fibroblasts were analyzed by γH2AX immunofluorescence with sodium butyrate treatment of chromatin applied after the irradiation that decondenses chromatin but does not induce DNA breaks. Our data showed that the pattern of γH2AX foci may drastically change with the experimental protocols in terms of size and brightness. Notably, some γH2AX minifoci resulting from the dispersion of the main signal due to chromatin decondensation may bias the quantification of the number of DSBs. We proposed a model called "Christmas light models" to tentatively explain this diversity of γH2AX foci pattern that may also be considered for any DNA damage marker that relocalizes as nuclear foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Granzotto
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Laura El Nachef
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Juliette Restier-Verlet
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Joëlle Al-Choboq
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, University Paris Saclay (UVSQ), 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- INSERM U1296 Unit “Radiation: Defense, Health, Environment”, Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (A.G.); (L.E.N.); (J.R.-V.); (L.S.); (J.A.-C.); (M.B.)
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4
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Vassiliev ON. Accumulation of sublethal radiation damage and its effect on cell survival. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:015004. [PMID: 36533628 PMCID: PMC9855632 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aca5e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Determine the extent of sublethal radiation damage (SRD) in a cell population that received a given dose of radiation and the impact of this damage on cell survival.Approach.We developed a novel formalism to account for accumulation of SRD with increasing dose. It is based on a very general formula for cell survival that correctly predicts the basic properties of cell survival curves, such as the transition from the linear-quadratic to a linear dependence at high doses. Using this formalism we analyzed extensive experimental data for photons, protons and heavy ions to evaluate model parameters, quantify the extent of SRD and its impact on cell survival.Main results.Significant accumulation of SRD begins at doses below 1 Gy. As dose increases, so does the number of damaged cells and the amount of SRD in individual cells. SRD buildup in a cell increases the likelihood of complex irrepairable damage. For this reason, during a dose fraction delivery, each dose increment makes cells more radiosensitive. This gradual radosensitization is evidenced by the increasing slope of survival curves observed experimentally. It continues until the fraction is delivered, unless radiosensitivity reaches its maximum first. The maximum radiosensitivity is achieved when SRD accumulated in most cells is the maximum damage they can repair. After this maximum is reached, the slope of a survival curve, logarithm of survival versus dose, becomes constant, dose independent. The survival curve becomes a straight line, as experimental data at high doses show. These processes are random. They cause large cell-to-cell variability in the extent of damage and radiosensitivity of individual cells.Significance.SRD is in effect a radiosensitizer and its accumulation is a significant factor affecting cell survival, especially at high doses. We developed a novel formalism to study this phenomena and reported pertinent data for several particle types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N Vassiliev
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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van der Gaag S, Bartelink IH, Vis AN, Burchell GL, Oprea-Lager DE, Hendrikse H. Pharmacological Optimization of PSMA-Based Radioligand Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123020. [PMID: 36551776 PMCID: PMC9775864 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men of middle and older age. The standard treatment strategy for PCa ranges from active surveillance in low-grade, localized PCa to radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, hormonal treatment and chemotherapy. Recently, the use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) for metastatic castration-resistant PCa has been approved. PSMA is predominantly, but not exclusively, expressed on PCa cells. Because of its high expression in PCa, PSMA is a promising target for diagnostics and therapy. To understand the currently used RLT, knowledge about pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the PSMA ligand and the PSMA protein itself is crucial. PK and PD properties of the ligand and its target determine the duration and extent of the effect. Knowledge on the concentration-time profile, the target affinity and target abundance may help to predict the effect of RLT. Increased specific binding of radioligands to PSMA on PCa cells may be associated with better treatment response, where nonspecific binding may increase the risk of toxicity in healthy organs. Optimization of the radioligand, as well as synergistic effects of concomitant agents and an improved dosing strategy, may lead to more individualized treatment and better overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van der Gaag
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke H. Bartelink
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André N. Vis
- Department of Urology, Prostate Cancer Network Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - George L. Burchell
- Medical Library, VU University, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela E. Oprea-Lager
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-6-25716236
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6
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Fornalski KW, Adamowski Ł, Dobrzyński L, Jarmakiewicz R, Powojska A, Reszczyńska J. The radiation adaptive response and priming dose influence: the quantification of the Raper-Yonezawa effect and its three-parameter model for postradiation DNA lesions and mutations. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:221-239. [PMID: 35150289 PMCID: PMC9021059 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The priming dose effect, called also the Raper-Yonezawa effect or simply the Yonezawa effect, is a special case of the radiation adaptive response phenomenon (radioadaptation), which refers to: (a) faster repair of direct DNA lesions (damage), and (b) DNA mutation frequency reduction after irradiation, by applying a small priming (conditioning) dose prior to the high detrimental (challenging) one. This effect is observed in many (but not all) radiobiological experiments which present the reduction of lesion, mutation or even mortality frequency of the irradiated cells or species. Additionally, the multi-parameter model created by Dr. Yonezawa and collaborators tried to explain it theoretically based on experimental data on the mortality of mice with chronic internal irradiation. The presented paper proposes a new theoretical approach to understanding and explaining the priming dose effect: it starts from the radiation adaptive response theory and moves to the three-parameter model, separately for two previously mentioned situations: creation of fast (lesions) and delayed damage (mutations). The proposed biophysical model was applied to experimental data-lesions in human lymphocytes and chromosomal inversions in mice-and was shown to be able to predict the Yonezawa effect for future investigations. It was also found that the strongest radioadaptation is correlated with the weakest cellular radiosensitivity. Additional discussions were focussed on more general situations where many small priming doses are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof W Fornalski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Świerk, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Adamowski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Ludwik Dobrzyński
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), ul. A. Sołtana 7, 05-400, Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Rafał Jarmakiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Powojska
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Reszczyńska
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw (WUM), ul. T. Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Combemale P, Sonzogni L, Devic C, Bencokova Z, Ferlazzo ML, Granzotto A, Burlet SF, Pinson S, Amini-Adle M, Al-Choboq J, Bodgi L, Bourguignon M, Balosso J, Bachelet JT, Foray N. Individual Response to Radiation of Individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type I: Role of the ATM Protein and Influence of Statins and Bisphosphonates. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:556-573. [PMID: 34727321 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a disease characterized by high occurrence of benign and malignant brain tumours and caused by mutations of the neurofibromin protein. While there is an increasing evidence that NF1 is associated with radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility, few studies have dealt with the molecular and cellular radiation response of cells from individuals with NF1. Here, we examined the ATM-dependent signalling and repair pathways of the DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), the key-damage induced by ionizing radiation, in skin fibroblast cell lines from 43 individuals with NF1. Ten minutes after X-rays irradiation, quiescent NF1 fibroblasts showed abnormally low rate of recognized DSB reflected by a low yield of nuclear foci formed by phosphorylated H2AX histones. Irradiated NF1 fibroblasts also presented a delayed radiation-induced nucleoshuttling of the ATM kinase (RIANS), potentially due to a specific binding of ATM to the mutated neurofibromin in cytoplasm. Lastly, NF1 fibroblasts showed abnormally high MRE11 nuclease activity suggesting a high genomic instability after irradiation. A combination of bisphosphonates and statins complemented these impairments by accelerating the RIANS, increasing the yield of recognized DSB and reducing genomic instability. Data from NF1 fibroblasts exposed to radiation in radiotherapy and CT scan conditions confirmed that NF1 belongs to the group of syndromes associated with radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Combemale
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Clément Devic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Zuzana Bencokova
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Lydia Ferlazzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Granzotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Steven Franck Burlet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pinson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Mona Amini-Adle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
- Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Al-Choboq
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Larry Bodgi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
- Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Jacques Balosso
- Service de Radiothérapie, CHU de Grenoble, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Bachelet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1296 Research Unit « Radiation : Defense, Health and Environment », Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France.
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8
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Moulay Lakhdar I, Ferlazzo ML, Al Choboq J, Berthel E, Sonzogni L, Devic C, Granzotto A, Thariat J, Foray N. Fibroblasts from Retinoblastoma Patients Show Radiosensitivity Linked to Abnormal Localization of the ATM Protein. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:546-557. [PMID: 32862699 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1808998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM OF THE STUDY Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare form of pediatric cancer that develops from retina cells. Bilateral and some unilateral forms of Rb are associated with heterozygous germline mutations of the (retinoblastoma 1) RB1 gene. RB1 mutations are also associated with a significant risk of secondary malignancy like head and neck tumors. Hence, to date, even if Rb patients are less subjected to radiotherapy to treat their primary ocular tumors, their healthy tissues may be exposed to significant doses of ionizing radiation during the treatment against their secondary malignancies with a significant risk of adverse tissue reactions (radiosensitivity) and/or radiation-induced cancer (radiosusceptibility). However, the biological role of the Rb protein in response to radiation remains misunderstood. Since the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein is a key protein of radiation response and since untransformed skin fibroblasts are a current model to quantify cellular radiosensitivity, we investigated here for the first time the functionality of the ATM-dependent signaling and repair pathway of the radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in irradiated skin fibroblasts derived from Rb patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major biomarkers of the DSB repair and signaling, namely clonogenic cell survival, micronuclei, nuclear foci of the phosphorylated forms of the X variant of the H2A histone (γH2AX), the phosphorylated forms of the ATM protein (pATM) and the meiotic recombination 11 nuclease (MRE11) were assessed in untransformed skin fibroblasts derived from three Rb patients. RESULTS Skin fibroblasts from Rb patients showed significant cellular radiosensitivity, incomplete DSB recognition, delay in the ATM nucleo-shuttling and exacerbated MRE11 nuclease activity. Treatment with statin and bisphosphonates led to significant complementation of these impairments. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly suggest the involvement of the ATM kinase in the radiosensitivity/radiosusceptibility phenotype observed in Rb cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismahane Moulay Lakhdar
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie L Ferlazzo
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Joelle Al Choboq
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Elise Berthel
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Clément Devic
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France.,Fibermetrix, 7 Allée De l'Europe, Entsheim, France
| | - Adeline Granzotto
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Nicolas Foray
- Institut National De La Santé Et De La Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, Radiations, Defense, Health and Environment, Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
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9
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Ferlazzo M, Berthel E, Granzotto A, Devic C, Sonzogni L, Bachelet JT, Pereira S, Bourguignon M, Sarasin A, Mezzina M, Foray N. Some mutations in the xeroderma pigmentosum D gene may lead to moderate but significant radiosensitivity associated with a delayed radiation-induced ATM nuclear localization. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:394-410. [PMID: 31738647 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1694189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is a rare, recessive genetic disease associated with photosensitivity, skin cancer proneness, neurological abnormalities and impaired nucleotide excision repair of the UV-induced DNA damage. Less frequently, XP can be associated with sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). Here, a complete radiobiological characterization was performed on a panel of fibroblasts derived from XP-group D patients (XPD).Materials and methods: Cellular radiosensitivity and the functionality of the recognition and repair of chromosome breaks and DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) was evaluated by different techniques including clonogenic cell survival, micronuclei, premature chromosome condensation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, chromatin decondensation and immunofluorescence assays. Quantitative correlations between each endpoint were analyzed systematically.Results: Among the seven fibroblast cell lines tested, those derived from three non-relative patients holding the p.[Arg683Trp];[Arg616Pro] XPD mutations showed significant cellular radiosensitivity, high yield of residual micronuclei, incomplete DSB recognition, DSB and chromosome repair defects, impaired ATM, MRE11 relocalization, significant chromatin decondensation. Interestingly, XPD transduction and treatment with statins and bisphosphonates known to accelerate the radiation-induced ATM nucleoshuttling led to significant complementation of these impairments.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that some subsets of XPD patients may be at risk of radiosensitivity reactions and treatment with statins and bisphosphonates may be an interesting approach of radioprotection countermeasure. Different mechanistic models were discussed to better understand the potential specificity of the p.[Arg683Trp];[Arg616Pro] XPD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Ferlazzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Elise Berthel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Granzotto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Clément Devic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France.,Fibermetrix, Entzheim, France
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Bachelet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Pereira
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France.,Faculté de Médecine Simone-Veil, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8200, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Mauro Mezzina
- European Association for Scientific Career Orientation, Paray-Vieille-Poste, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UA8 Unit, "Radiations: Defense, Health and Environment" Centre Léon-Bérard, Lyon, France
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A Bi-Exponential Repair Algorithm for Radiation-Induced Double-Strand Breaks: Application to Simulation of Chromosome Aberrations. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110936. [PMID: 31744120 PMCID: PMC6896174 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiation induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and chromosome aberrations (CA) form during the DSBs repair process. Several methods have been used to model the repair kinetics of DSBs including the bi-exponential model, i.e., N(t) = N1exp(−t/τ1) + N2exp(−t/τ2), where N(t) is the number of breaks at time t, and N1, N2, τ1 and τ2 are parameters. This bi-exponential fit for DSB decay suggests that some breaks are repaired rapidly and other, more complex breaks, take longer to repair. Methods: The bi-exponential repair kinetics model is implemented into a recent simulation code called RITCARD (Radiation Induced Tracks, Chromosome Aberrations, Repair, and Damage). RITCARD simulates the geometric configuration of human chromosomes, radiation-induced breaks, their repair, and the creation of various categories of CAs. The bi-exponential repair relies on a computational algorithm that is shown to be mathematically exact. To categorize breaks as complex or simple, a threshold for the local (voxel) dose was used. Results: The main findings are: i) the curves for the kinetics of restitution of DSBs are mostly independent of dose; ii) the fraction of unrepaired breaks increases with the linear energy transfer (LET) of the incident radiation; iii) the simulated dose–response curves for simple reciprocal chromosome exchanges that are linear-quadratic; iv) the alpha coefficient of the dose–response curve peaks at about 100 keV/µm.
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11
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Mechanistic Modelling of Radiation Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020205. [PMID: 30744204 PMCID: PMC6406300 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiobiological modelling has been a key part of radiation biology and therapy for many decades, and many aspects of clinical practice are guided by tools such as the linear-quadratic model. However, most of the models in regular clinical use are abstract and empirical, and do not provide significant scope for mechanistic interpretation or making predictions in novel cell lines or therapies. In this review, we will discuss the key areas of ongoing mechanistic research in radiation biology, including physical, chemical, and biological steps, and review a range of mechanistic modelling approaches which are being applied in each area, highlighting the possible opportunities and challenges presented by these techniques.
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Influence of Linear Energy Transfer on the Nucleo-shuttling of the ATM Protein: A Novel Biological Interpretation Relevant for Particles and Radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018; 103:709-718. [PMID: 30342967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Linear energy transfer (LET) plays an important role in radiation response. Recently, the radiation-induced nucleo-shuttling of ATM from cytoplasm to the nucleus was shown to be a major event of the radiation response that permits a normal DNA double-strand break (DSB) recognition and repair. Here, we aimed to verify the relevance of the ATM nucleo-shuttling model for high-LET particles and various radiation types. METHODS AND MATERIALS ATM- and H2AX-immunofluorescence was used to assess the number of recognized and unrepaired DSB in quiescent fibroblast cell lines exposed to x-rays, γ-rays, 9- and 12-MeV electrons, 3- and 65-MeV protons and 75-MeV/u carbon ions. RESULTS The rate of radiation-induced ATM nucleo-shuttling was found to be specific to each radiation type tested. By increasing the permeability of the nuclear membrane with statin and bisphosphonates, 2 fibroblast cell lines exposed to high-LET particles were shown to be protected by an accelerated ATM nucleo-shuttling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are in agreement with the conclusion that LET and the radiation/particle type influence the formation of ATM monomers in cytoplasm that are required for DSB recognition. A striking analogy was established between the DSB repair kinetics of radioresistant cells exposed to high-LET particles and that of several radiosensitive cells exposed to low-LET radiation. Our data show that the nucleo-shuttling of ATM provides crucial elements to predict radiation response in human quiescent cells, whatever the LET value and their radiosensitivity.
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Nikjoo H, Emfietzoglou D, Liamsuwan T, Taleei R, Liljequist D, Uehara S. Radiation track, DNA damage and response-a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2016; 79:116601. [PMID: 27652826 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/11/116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper has been to review the current status and progress of the field of radiation biophysics, and draw attention to the fact that physics, in general, and radiation physics in particular, with the aid of mathematical modeling, can help elucidate biological mechanisms and cancer therapies. We hypothesize that concepts of condensed-matter physics along with the new genomic knowledge and technologies and mechanistic mathematical modeling in conjunction with advances in experimental DNA (Deoxyrinonucleic acid molecule) repair and cell signaling have now provided us with unprecedented opportunities in radiation biophysics to address problems in targeted cancer therapy, and genetic risk estimation in humans. Obviously, one is not dealing with 'low-hanging fruit', but it will be a major scientific achievement if it becomes possible to state, in another decade or so, that we can link mechanistically the stages between the initial radiation-induced DNA damage; in particular, at doses of radiation less than 2 Gy and with structural changes in genomic DNA as a precursor to cell inactivation and/or mutations leading to genetic diseases. The paper presents recent development in the physics of radiation track structure contained in the computer code system KURBUC, in particular for low-energy electrons in the condensed phase of water for which we provide a comprehensive discussion of the dielectric response function approach. The state-of-the-art in the simulation of proton and carbon ion tracks in the Bragg peak region is also presented. The paper presents a critical discussion of the models used for elastic scattering, and the validity of the trajectory approach in low-electron transport. Brief discussions of mechanistic and quantitative aspects of microdosimetry, DNA damage and DNA repair are also included as developed by the authors' work.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nikjoo
- Radiation Biophysics Group, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 260, P9-02, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
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Bodgi L, Foray N. The nucleo-shuttling of the ATM protein as a basis for a novel theory of radiation response: resolution of the linear-quadratic model. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:117-31. [PMID: 26907628 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1135260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For 50 years, cellular radiosensitivity has been defined in vitro as the lack of clonogenic capacity of irradiated cells and its mathematical link with dose has been described by the target theory. Among the numerous formulas provided from the target theory, the linear-quadratic (LQ) model empirically describes cell survival as a negative exponential of a second degree polynomial dose-function in which αD is the linear component and βD(2) is the quadratic one. The LQ model is extensively used in radiobiology (to describe survival curves) and in radiotherapy (the α/β ratio indicates whether tissue reactions can occur early or late after the treatment). However, no biological interpretation of the LQ parameters was proposed to explain together the radiation response in a wide dose range, the radiosensitivity of some genetic syndromes caused by the mutation of cytoplasmic proteins and the hyper-radiosensitivity phenomenon specific to low-dose. THE MODEL From a solid amount of experimental data, we hypothesized that the major forms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) are cytoplasmic dimers and that ionizing radiation induce ATM monomerization. The resulting ATM monomers diffuse into nucleus to facilitate double-strand-breaks (DSB) recognition and repair. Such hypotheses lead to a coherent molecular interpretation of the LQ model by considering the yield of recognized but unrepaired (α-type) DSB and the non-recognized (β-type) DSB. The notion of cell tolerance to unrepaired DSB was introduced by considering that not all DSB are lethal. Cell survival and DSB repair and signaling immunofluorescence data from 42 normal skin fibroblast and 18 tumor human cell lines were used to verify the validity of this biomathematical model proposed. RESULTS Our model is validated at different levels by one of the widest spectrum of radiosensitivity. That mathematical developments of the present model imply that β is a Lorentzian function of α was confirmed experimentally. Our model is also relevant to describe the hypersensitivity to low-dose phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides a very general picture of human radiosensitivity, independently of the dose, the cell type and the genetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Bodgi
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1052, Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon , Lyon , France ;,b St-Joseph University , Faculty of Sciences , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Foray
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1052, Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon , Lyon , France
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15
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Mathematical models of radiation action on living cells: From the target theory to the modern approaches. A historical and critical review. J Theor Biol 2016; 394:93-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Bodgi L, Foray N. On the coherence between mathematical models of DSB repair and physiological reality. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 761:48-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Lavelle C, Foray N. Chromatin structure and radiation-induced DNA damage: from structural biology to radiobiology. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 49:84-97. [PMID: 24486235 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA in eukaryotic cells is basically divided into chromosomes, each consisting of a single huge nucleosomal fiber. It is now clear that chromatin structure and dynamics play a critical role in all processes involved in DNA metabolism, e.g. replication, transcription, repair and recombination. Radiation is a useful tool to study the biological effects of chromatin alterations. Conversely, radiotherapy and radiodiagnosis raise questions about the influence of chromatin integrity on clinical features and secondary effects. This review focuses on the link between DNA damage and chromatin structure at different scales, showing how a comprehensive multiscale vision is required to understand better the effect of radiations on DNA. Clinical aspects related to high- and low-dose of radiation and chromosomal instability will be discussed. At the same time, we will show that the analysis of the radiation-induced DNA damage distribution provides good insight on chromatin structure. Hence, we argue that chromatin "structuralists" and radiobiological "clinicians" would each benefit from more collaboration with the other. We hope that this focused review will help in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lavelle
- Genome Structure and Instability, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France; CNRS UMR7196, Paris, France; INSERM U1154, Paris, France; Nuclear Architecture and Dynamics, CNRS GDR 3536, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Foray
- Nuclear Architecture and Dynamics, CNRS GDR 3536, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR1052, Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Alsbeih G, Brock W, Story M. Misrepair of DNA double-strand breaks in patient with unidentified chromosomal fragility syndrome and family history of radiosensitivity. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:53-9. [PMID: 24164476 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.859764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that differences in DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair fidelity underlies differences in radiosensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS A primary fibroblast culture (C42) derived from a pediatric cancer patient treated with reduced radiation doses consequent to a family history of radiosensitivity reminiscent of chromosomal fragility syndrome, was compared to a normal control (C29). DNA DSB rejoining and repair fidelity were studied by Southern blotting and hybridization to specific fragments: Alu repetitive sequence representing the overall DSB rejoining capacity in the genome and a 3.2 Mbp NotI restriction fragment on chromosome 21 for DSB repair fidelity. RESULTS Although both assays showed statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the two cell strains in residual misrepaired (un-or mis-rejoined) DSB (24 h after 30 or 80 Gy), the residual damage was lower in the Alu enriched genome assay compared to NotI assay (0.01-0.07 and 0.10-0.37, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in comparison to classic DSB repair experiment, an assay of measuring DNA DSB repair fidelity can provide better resolution and a more accurate estimate of misrepair of radiation-induced DNA damage, which underlies genomic instability and increased radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Alsbeih
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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19
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Bodgi L, Granzotto A, Devic C, Vogin G, Lesne A, Bottollier-Depois JF, Victor JM, Maalouf M, Fares G, Foray N. A single formula to describe radiation-induced protein relocalization: Towards a mathematical definition of individual radiosensitivity. J Theor Biol 2013; 333:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Nuclear dynamics of radiation-induced foci in euchromatin and heterochromatin. Mutat Res 2013; 750:56-66. [PMID: 23958412 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Repair of double strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for cell survival and genome integrity. While much is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in DSB repair and checkpoint activation, the roles of nuclear dynamics of radiation-induced foci (RIF) in DNA repair are just beginning to emerge. Here, we summarize results from recent studies that point to distinct features of these dynamics in two different chromatin environments: heterochromatin and euchromatin. We also discuss how nuclear architecture and chromatin components might control these dynamics, and the need of novel quantification methods for a better description and interpretation of these phenomena. These studies are expected to provide new biomarkers for radiation risk and new strategies for cancer detection and treatment.
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Kumala S, Fujarewicz K, Jayaraju D, Rzeszowska-Wolny J, Hancock R. Repair of DNA strand breaks in a minichromosome in vivo: kinetics, modeling, and effects of inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52966. [PMID: 23382828 PMCID: PMC3559499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain an overall picture of the repair of DNA single and double strand breaks in a defined region of chromatin in vivo, we studied their repair in a ∼170 kb circular minichromosome whose length and topology are analogous to those of the closed loops in genomic chromatin. The rate of repair of single strand breaks in cells irradiated with γ photons was quantitated by determining the sensitivity of the minichromosome DNA to nuclease S1, and that of double strand breaks by assaying the reformation of supercoiled DNA using pulsed field electrophoresis. Reformation of supercoiled DNA, which requires that all single strand breaks have been repaired, was not slowed detectably by the inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 NU1025 or 1,5-IQD. Repair of double strand breaks was slowed by 20–30% when homologous recombination was supressed by KU55933, caffeine, or siRNA-mediated depletion of Rad51 but was completely arrested by the inhibitors of nonhomologous end-joining wortmannin or NU7441, responses interpreted as reflecting competition between these repair pathways similar to that seen in genomic DNA. The reformation of supercoiled DNA was unaffected when topoisomerases I or II, whose participation in repair of strand breaks has been controversial, were inhibited by the catalytic inhibitors ICRF-193 or F11782. Modeling of the kinetics of repair provided rate constants and showed that repair of single strand breaks in minichromosome DNA proceeded independently of repair of double strand breaks. The simplicity of quantitating strand breaks in this minichromosome provides a usefull system for testing the efficiency of new inhibitors of their repair, and since the sequence and structural features of its DNA and its transcription pattern have been studied extensively it offers a good model for examining other aspects of DNA breakage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Kumala
- Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Québec, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Fujarewicz
- Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dheekollu Jayaraju
- Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Québec, Canada
| | - Joanna Rzeszowska-Wolny
- Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ronald Hancock
- Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Fauquette W, Amourette C, Dehouck MP, Diserbo M. Radiation-induced blood–brain barrier damages: An in vitro study. Brain Res 2012; 1433:114-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pereira S, Bourrachot S, Cavalie I, Plaire D, Dutilleul M, Gilbin R, Adam-Guillermin C. Genotoxicity of acute and chronic gamma-irradiation on zebrafish cells and consequences for embryo development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2831-2837. [PMID: 21954072 DOI: 10.1002/etc.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of radiation on biological systems have been studied for many years, and it is now accepted that direct damage to DNA from radiation is the triggering event leading to biological effects. In the present study, DNA damage induced by acute or chronic irradiation was compared at the cellular (zebrafish [Danio rerio] cell line ZF4) and developmental (embryo) levels. Zebrafish ZF4 cells and embryos (at 3 h postfertilization) were exposed within ranges of acute doses (0.3-2 Gy/d) or chronic dose rates (0.1-0.75 Gy/d). DNA damage was assessed by immunodetection of γ-H2AX and DNA-PK (DNA double-strand breaks) and the alkaline comet assay (DNA single-strand breaks). Zebrafish embryo development and DNA damage were examined after 120 h. At low doses, chronic irradiation induced more residual DNA damage than acute irradiation, but embryo development was normal. From 0.3 Gy, a hyper-radiosensitivity phenomenon compared to other species was shown for acute exposure with an increase of DNA damage, an impairment of hatching success, and larvae abnormalities. These results suggest a dose-dependent correlation between unrepaired DNA damage and abnormalities in embryo development, supporting the use of DNA repair proteins as predictive biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure. This could have important implications for environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Pereira
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, DEI/SECRE/LRE, Cadarache, France.
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Madas BG, Balásházy I. Mutation induction by inhaled radon progeny modeled at the tissue level. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:553-570. [PMID: 21894440 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-011-0382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The observable responses of living systems to ionizing radiation depend on the level of biological organization studied. Understanding the relationships between the responses characteristic of the different levels of organization is of crucial importance. The main objective of the present study is to investigate how some cellular effects of radiation manifest at the tissue level by modeling mutation induction due to chronic exposure to inhaled radon progeny. For this purpose, a mathematical model of the bronchial epithelium was elaborated to quantify cell nucleus hits and cell doses. Mutagenesis was modeled considering endogenous as well as radiation-induced DNA damages and cell cycle shortening due to cell inactivation. The model parameters describing the cellular effects of radiation are obtained from experimental data. Cell nucleus hits, cell doses, and mutation induction were computed for the activity hot spots of the large bronchi at different exposures. Results demonstrate that the mutagenic effect of densely ionizing radiation is dominated by cell cycle shortening due to cell inactivation and not by DNA damages. This suggests that radiation burdens of non-progenitor cells play a significant role in mutagenesis in case of protracted exposures to densely ionizing radiation. Mutation rate as a function of dose rate exhibits a convex shape below a threshold. This threshold indicates the exhaustion of the tissue regeneration capacity of local progenitor cells. It is suggested that progenitor cell hyperplasia occurs beyond the threshold dose rate, giving a possible explanation of the inverse dose-rate effect observed in the epidemiology of lung cancer among uranium miners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs G Madas
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
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Colin C, Devic C, Noël A, Rabilloud M, Zabot MT, Pinet-Isaac S, Giraud S, Riche B, Valette PJ, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Foray N. DNA double-strand breaks induced by mammographic screening procedures in human mammary epithelial cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1103-12. [PMID: 21797809 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.608410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess in vitro mammographic radiation-induced DNA damage in mammary epithelial cells from 30 patients with low (LR) or high (HR) family risk of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spontaneous and radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) were quantified by using immunofluorescence of the phosphorylated H2AX histone (γH2AX) in different conditions of mammography irradiation (2, 4, 2 + 2 mGy). RESULTS HR patients showed significantly more spontaneous γH2AX foci than LR patients (p = 0.014). A significant dose-effect was observed, with an exacerbation in HR patients (p = 0.01). The dose repetition (2 + 2 mGy) provided more induced and more unrepaired DSB than 2 mGy and 4 mGy, and was exacerbated in HR (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the existence of DSB induced by mammography and revealed by γH2AX assay with two major radiobiological effects occurring: A low-dose effect, and a LOw and Repeated Dose (LORD) effect. All these effects were exacerbated in HR patients. These findings may lead us to re-evaluate the number of views performed in screening using a single view (oblique) in women whose mammographic benefit has not properly been proved such as HR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Colin
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Radiologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France.
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Farkas A, Hofmann W, Balásházy I, Szoke I, Madas BG, Moustafa M. Effect of site-specific bronchial radon progeny deposition on the spatial and temporal distributions of cellular responses. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2011; 50:281-297. [PMID: 21327807 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-011-0357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled short-lived radon progenies may deposit in bronchial airways and interact with the epithelium by the emission of alpha particles. Simulation of the related radiobiological effects requires the knowledge of space and time distributions of alpha particle hits and biological endpoints. Present modelling efforts include simulation of radioaerosol deposition patterns in a central bronchial airway bifurcation, modelling of human bronchial epithelium, generation of alpha particle tracks, and computation of spatio-temporal distributions of cell nucleus hits, cell killing and cell transformation events. Simulation results indicate that the preferential radionuclide deposition at carinal ridges plays an important role in the space and time evolution of the biological events. While multiple hits are generally rare for low cumulative exposures, their probability may be quite high at the carinal ridges of the airway bifurcations. Likewise, cell killing and transformation events also occur with higher probability in this area. In the case of uniform surface activities, successive hits as well as cell killing and transformation events within a restricted area (say 0.5 mm(2)) are well separated in time. However, in the case of realistic inhomogeneous deposition, they occur more frequently within the mean cycle time of cells located at the carinal ridge even at low cumulative doses. The site-specificity of radionuclide deposition impacts not only on direct, but also on non-targeted radiobiological effects due to intercellular communication. Incorporation of present results into mechanistic models of carcinogenesis may provide useful information concerning the dose-effect relationship in the low-dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpád Farkas
- Health and Environmental Physics Department, Hungarian Academy of Sciences KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, Konkoly Thege M. út 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary.
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Maalouf M, Durante M, Foray N. Biological effects of space radiation on human cells: history, advances and outcomes. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:126-146. [PMID: 21436608 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to radiation is one of the main concerns for space exploration by humans. By focusing deliberately on the works performed on human cells, we endeavored to review, decade by decade, the technological developments and conceptual advances of space radiation biology. Despite considerable efforts, the cancer and the toxicity risks remain to be quantified: 1) the nature and the frequency of secondary heavy ions need to be better characterized in order to estimate their contribution to the dose and to the final biological response; 2) the diversity of radiation history of each astronaut and the impact of individual susceptibility make very difficult any epidemiological analysis for estimating hazards specifically due to space radiation exposure. 3) Cytogenetic data undoubtedly revealed that space radiation exposure produce significant damage in cells. However, our knowledge of the basic mechanisms specific to low-dose, to repeated doses and to adaptive response is still poor. The application of new radiobiological techniques, like immunofluorescence, and the use of human tissue models different from blood, like skin fibroblasts, may help in clarifying all the above items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Maalouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836, Groupe de Radiobiologie, Paris, France
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Viau M, Gastaldo J, Bencokova Z, Joubert A, Foray N. Cadmium inhibits non-homologous end-joining and over-activates the MRE11-dependent repair pathway. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 654:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gastaldo J, Viau M, Bouchot M, Joubert A, Charvet AM, Foray N. Induction and repair rate of DNA damage: A unified model for describing effects of external and internal irradiation and contamination with heavy metals. J Theor Biol 2008; 251:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Grigoryan RS, Yang B, Keshelava N, Barnhart JR, Reynolds CP. Flow cytometry analysis of single-strand DNA damage in neuroblastoma cell lines using the F7-26 monoclonal antibody. Cytometry A 2008; 71:951-60. [PMID: 17879237 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The F7-26 monoclonal antibody (Mab) has been reported to be specific for single-strand DNA damage (ssDNA) and to also identify cells in apoptosis. We carriedout studies to determine if F7-26 binding measured by flow cytometry was able to specifically identify exogenous ssDNA as opposed to DNA damage from apoptosis. Neuroblastoma cells were treated with melphalan (L-PAM), fenretinide, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC)+/-pan-caspase inhibitor BOC-d-fmk, topotecan or with 10Gy gamma radiation+/-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and fixed immediately postradiation. Cytotoxicity was measured by DIMSCAN digital imaging fluorescence assay. The degree of ssDNA damage was analyzed by flow cytometry using Mab F7-26, with DNA visualized by propidium iodide counterstaining. Flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TUNEL) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by carboxy-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Irradiated and immediately fixed neuroblastoma cells showed increased ssDNA, but not apoptosis by TUNEL (TUNEL-negative). 4-HC or L-PAM+/-BOC-d-fmk increased ssDNA (F7-26-positive), but BOC-d-fmk prevented TUNEL staining. Fenretinide increased apoptosis by TUNEL but not ssDNA damage detected with F7-26. Enhanced ssDNA in neuroblastoma cells treated with radiation+H2O2 was associated with increased ROS. Topotecan increased both ssDNA and cytotoxicity in 4-HC-treated cells. These data demonstrate that Mab F7-26 recognized ssDNA due to exogenous DNA damage, rather than apoptosis. This assay should be useful to characterize the mechanism of action of antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita S Grigoryan
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, USC-CHLA Institute for Pediatric Clinical Research, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
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31
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Gastaldo J, Viau M, Bencokova Z, Joubert A, Charvet AM, Balosso J, Foray N. Lead contamination results in late and slowly repairable DNA double-strand breaks and impacts upon the ATM-dependent signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett 2007; 173:201-14. [PMID: 17855027 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite a considerable amount of data, evaluation of the potential genotoxicity and cancer proneness of lead compounds remains unclear, probably due to the plethora of experimental procedures, biological endpoints and cellular models used. In parallel, the understanding in DNA damage formation, repair and signaling has considerably progressed all along these last years, notably for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, were examined DNA damage formation and repair in human cells exposed to lead nitrate (Pb(NO(3))(2)) and their consequences upon the ATM-dependent stress signaling, cell cycle progression and cell death. As observed with anti-pH2AX immunofluorescence, exposure to Pb(NO(3))(2) results in formation of late DSBs, that would not originate from conversion of nucleotide damage but likely by a direct production of single-strand breaks. Lead contamination inhibits non-homologous end-joining repair process by preventing the DNA-PK kinase activity whereas the MRE11-dependent repair pathway is exacerbated. Lead contamination triggers successive synchronization of cells in G2/M phase in which the RAD51-dependent homologous recombination was found to be activated. Altogether, our findings support that lead contamination generates late unrepairable DSBs that impact upon the ATM-dependent stress signaling pathway by favoring propagation of errors. Such findings should help to consider more carefully the biological action of lead compounds in the frame of public and occupational exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Gastaldo
- INSERM, U647, ID17, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043 Grenoble, France
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Joubert A, Foray N. Radiosensibilité intrinsèque et cassures double–brin de l'ADN dans les cellules humaines. Cancer Radiother 2007; 11:129-42. [PMID: 17321185 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Among the large spectrum of DNA damage induced by radiation, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered, to date, as the key-lesions responsible for the cell killing. However, although it was always intuitive to radiobiologists, such a conclusion has only been reached after technical developments and conceptual advances and remains consensual rather than demonstrated formally. In this article, we have reviewed the results that have lead to the conclusion that the assessment of successful DSB repair can be the basis of reliable assays predictive of the clinical response to radiotherapy and some chemotherapeutic treatments. We have discussed a number of technical artifacts, the biases due to the extrapolation of data obtained in yeast and rodent model systems to the human situation and the variety of phenotypes observed in human cells and in particular: 1) the most recent techniques developed, based on immunofluorescence, which have revolutionized our understanding of the molecular events occurring early after irradiation but have also raised the crucial questions about the choice of techniques to assess DSB repair and their specificity for different steps of the repair process; 2) While the homologous recombination repair pathway is predominant in yeasts, its importance in human cells appears less obvious, and raises the problem that the existence of randomized repair events may produce many more errors in human cells than in small genome organisms; 3) the impairment of DSB repair is observed in a plethora of genetic diseases, leading to radiosensitivity, immunodeficiency and sometimes cancer-proneness, but the low frequency and the pleiotropism of such diseases makes difficult the development of a single predictive assay. Therefore, although complete DSB repair appears to be crucial for cell survival, further research is still needed to provide innovative techniques fro measuring repair which can be successfully transferred to the clinic and used to ensure the avoidance of deleterious side-effects to cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Joubert
- Inserm U647, ID17, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38043, Grenoble, France
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