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Agarwal V, Abd El E, Danelli SG, Gatta E, Massabò D, Mazzei F, Meier B, Prati P, Vernocchi V, Wang J. Influence of CO 2 and Dust on the Survival of Non-Resistant and Multi-Resistant Airborne E. coli Strains. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:558. [PMID: 38927224 PMCID: PMC11201083 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The airborne transmission of bacterial pathogens poses a significant challenge to public health, especially with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. This study investigated environmental factors influencing the survival of airborne bacteria, focusing on the effects of different carbon dioxide (CO2) and dust concentrations. The experiments were conducted in an atmospheric simulation chamber using the non-resistant wild-type E. coli K12 (JM109) and a multi-resistant variant (JM109-pEC958). Different CO2 (100 ppm, 800 ppm, 3000 ppm) and dust concentrations (250 µg m-3, 500 µg m-3, 2000 µg m-3) were tested to encompass a wide range of CO2 and dust levels. The results revealed that JM109-pEC958 exhibited greater resilience to high CO2 and dust concentrations compared to its non-resistant counterpart. At 3000 ppm CO2, the survival rate of JM109 was significantly reduced, while the survival rate of JM109-pEC958 remained unaffected. At the dust concentration of 250 µg m-3, JM109 exhibited significantly reduced survival, whereas JM109-pEC958 did not. When the dust concentration was increased to 500 and 2000 µg m-3, even the JM109-pEC958 experienced substantially reduced survival rates, which were still significantly higher than those of its non-resistant counterpart at these concentrations. These findings suggest that multi-resistant E. coli strains possess mechanisms enabling them to endure extreme environmental conditions better than non-resistant strains, potentially involving regulatory genes or efflux pumps. The study underscores the importance of understanding bacterial adaptation strategies to develop effective mitigation approaches against antibiotic-resistant bacteria in atmospheric environments. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the interplay between environmental stressors and bacterial survival, serving as a foundational step towards elucidating the adaptation mechanisms of multi-resistant bacteria and informing strategies for combating antibiotic resistance in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Agarwal
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8983 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.A.); (B.M.)
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elena Abd El
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.E.); (S.G.D.); (E.G.); (D.M.); (F.M.); (P.P.)
- INFN—Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Silvia Giulia Danelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.E.); (S.G.D.); (E.G.); (D.M.); (F.M.); (P.P.)
- INFN—Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Elena Gatta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.E.); (S.G.D.); (E.G.); (D.M.); (F.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Dario Massabò
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.E.); (S.G.D.); (E.G.); (D.M.); (F.M.); (P.P.)
- INFN—Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Federico Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.E.); (S.G.D.); (E.G.); (D.M.); (F.M.); (P.P.)
- INFN—Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Benedikt Meier
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8983 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.A.); (B.M.)
| | - Paolo Prati
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.A.E.); (S.G.D.); (E.G.); (D.M.); (F.M.); (P.P.)
- INFN—Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy;
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8983 Zurich, Switzerland; (V.A.); (B.M.)
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Vidács A, Kerekes EB, Takó M, Vágvölgyi C, Krisch J. Eradication of multiple-species biofilms from food industrial and domestic surfaces using essential oils. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2024; 30:361-369. [PMID: 36959708 DOI: 10.1177/10820132231165543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofilm formation represents a serious problem for both food industry and households. Natural biofilms are formed mostly by multiple species, and show resistance against most of the usual sanitizers. In this study, the effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), marjoram (Origanum majorana) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils (EOs) and their main components (cinnamaldehyde, terpinene-4-ol, and thymol) were investigated on four-species biofilms of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) and killing time were determined by means of the microdilution method. MBC of the investigated EOs and components was between 0.5 mg/mL (cinnamaldehyde) to 25 mg/mL (terpinene-4-ol). Killing times for the four-species suspension were 5 or 10 min, time spans usable in the food industry. For eradication of the mixed-population biofilm from stainless steel (SS), polypropylene (PP), tile and wood surfaces, EO- or EO component-based disinfectant solutions were developed, and their effects were compared to a peracetic acid-based industrial sanitizer (HC-DPE). Total eradication of biofilms (99.9%) was achieved, with solutions containing cinnamon and thyme EO and EO components, from SS and PP, but not from tile or wood surfaces. Apparently, cinnamon EO, terpinene-4-ol and thymol have better disinfectant activity than HC-DPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Vidács
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Beáta Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Yang J, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Meng D, Xia S, Wang H. Deciphering the diversity and assemblage mechanisms of nontuberculous mycobacteria community in four drinking water distribution systems with different disinfectants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168176. [PMID: 37907107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent an emerging health concern due to their escalating infections worldwide. Although drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) have been considered as NTM reservoirs and a potential infection route, NTM community at the species level remain largely elusive in DWDSs. This study employed high-throughput sequencing coupled with qPCR to profile NTM community and estimate their abundances at the species level in water and biofilm samples in four DWDSs using three different disinfectants (i.e. free chlorine, chloramine and chlorine dioxide). Results demonstrated the dominance of Mycobacterium paragordonae and Mycobacterium mucogenicum in both biofilm and water across four DWDSs, whereas Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae, the two clinically significant species, exhibited low abundance but high prevalence. Comparable NTM community was observed in biofilm across these four DWDSs. Distinct separation of NTM community between SH-chloramine DWDSs water and other DWDSs highlighted the selective pressure of chloramine on NTM community. Furthermore, the research revealed that biofilm and water exhibited distinct NTM community structures, with biofilm harboring more diverse NTM community. Certain NTM species displayed a preference for biofilm, such as Mycobacterium gordonae, while others, like Mycobacterium mucogenicum, were more abundant in water samples (P < 0.05). In terms of NTM community assembly, stochastic processes dominated biofilm, while comparable role of stochastic and deterministic processes was observed in water. In conclusion, this study offers a pioneering and comprehensive insight into the dynamics and assembly mechanisms of NTM community within four DWDSs treated with three distinct disinfectants. These findings serve as a critical foundation for assessing NTM exposure risks and devising effective management strategies within DWDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Die Meng
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Siqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Boudehen YM, Tasrini Y, Aguilera-Correa JJ, Alcaraz M, Kremer L. Silencing essential gene expression in Mycobacterium abscessus during infection. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0283623. [PMID: 37831478 PMCID: PMC10714871 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02836-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium abscessus represents the most common rapidly growing mycobacterial pathogen in cystic fibrosis and is extremely difficult to eradicate. Essential genes are required for growth, often participate in pathogenesis, and encode valid drug targets for further chemotherapeutic developments. However, assessing the function of essential genes in M. abscessus remains challenging due to the limited spectrum of efficient genetic tools. Herein, we generated a Tet-OFF-based system allowing to knock down the expression of mmpL3, encoding the mycolic acid transporter in mycobacteria. Using this conditional mutant, we confirm the essentiality of mmpL3 in planktonic cultures, in biofilms, and during infection in zebrafish embryos. Thus, in this study, we developed a robust and reliable method to silence the expression of any M. abscessus gene during host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves-Marie Boudehen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yara Tasrini
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - John Jairo Aguilera-Correa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthéo Alcaraz
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France
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Arciola CR, Ravaioli S, Mirzaei R, Dolzani P, Montanaro L, Daglia M, Campoccia D. Biofilms in Periprosthetic Orthopedic Infections Seen through the Eyes of Neutrophils: How Can We Help Neutrophils? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16669. [PMID: 38068991 PMCID: PMC10706149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in our knowledge of neutrophil responses to planktonic bacteria during acute inflammation, much remains to be elucidated on how neutrophils deal with bacterial biofilms in implant infections. Further complexity transpires from the emerging findings on the role that biomaterials play in conditioning bacterial adhesion, the variety of biofilm matrices, and the insidious measures that biofilm bacteria devise against neutrophils. Thus, grasping the entirety of neutrophil-biofilm interactions occurring in periprosthetic tissues is a difficult goal. The bactericidal weapons of neutrophils consist of the following: ready-to-use antibacterial proteins and enzymes stored in granules; NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS); and net-like structures of DNA, histones, and granule proteins, which neutrophils extrude to extracellularly trap pathogens (the so-called NETs: an allusive acronym for "neutrophil extracellular traps"). Neutrophils are bactericidal (and therefore defensive) cells endowed with a rich offensive armamentarium through which, if frustrated in their attempts to engulf and phagocytose biofilms, they can trigger the destruction of periprosthetic bone. This study speculates on how neutrophils interact with biofilms in the dramatic scenario of implant infections, also considering the implications of this interaction in view of the design of new therapeutic strategies and functionalized biomaterials, to help neutrophils in their arduous task of managing biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Paolo Dolzani
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.R.); (D.C.)
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Aguilera-Correa JJ, Boudehen YM, Kremer L. Characterization of Mycobacterium abscessus colony-biofilms based on bi-dimensional images. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0040223. [PMID: 37565746 PMCID: PMC10508158 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00402-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus biofilm aggregates have been shown in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients and are often tolerant to drugs. Herein, we analyzed bi-dimensional images of either fluorescent or Congo red-stained M. abscessus colony-biofilms grown on a membrane to monitor growth and shape of M. abscessus smooth and rough variants. These colony-biofilms responded differently to rifabutin and bedaquiline, thus highlighting the importance of the morphotype to properly address antibiotic treatment in patients with biofilm-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jairo Aguilera-Correa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves-Marie Boudehen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, IRIM, Montpellier, France
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Paletti Rovey MF, Sotelo JP, Carezzano ME, Huallpa C, Oliva MDLM. Hexanic extract of Achyrocline satureioides: antimicrobial activity and in vitro inhibitory effect on mechanisms related to the pathogenicity of Paenibacillus larvae. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1379-1391. [PMID: 36809600 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Paenibacillus larvae is a spore-forming bacillus, the most important bacterial pathogen of honeybee larvae and the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB). Control measures are limited and represent a challenge for both beekeepers and researchers. For this reason, many studies focus on the search for alternative treatments based on natural products. AIM The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of the hexanic extract (HE) of Achyrocline satureioides on P. larvae and the inhibitory activity on some mechanisms related to pathogenicity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the HE was determined by the broth microdilution technique and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by the microdrop technique. Swimming and swarming motility was evaluated in plates with 0.3 and 0.5% agar, respectively. Biofilm formation was evaluated and quantified by the Congo red and crystal violet method. The protease activity was evaluated by the qualitative technique on skim milk agar plates. RESULTS It was determined that the MIC of the HE on four strains of P. larvae ranged between 0.3 and 9.37 µg/ml and the MBC between 1.17 and 150 µg/ml. On the other hand, sub-inhibitory concentrations of the HE were able to decrease swimming motility, biofilm formation and the proteases production of P. larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Paletti Rovey
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Jesica Paola Sotelo
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Evangelina Carezzano
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Huallpa
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Las Mercedes Oliva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisico-Químicas y Naturales, Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y Salud (INBIAS), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 - Km. 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), 2290, C1425FQB CABA, Godoy Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Xie Y, Zhang C, Mei J, Xie J. Antimicrobial Effect of Ocimum gratissimum L. Essential Oil on Shewanella putrefaciens: Insights Based on the Cell Membrane and External Structure. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11066. [PMID: 37446243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to assess the in vitro antibacterial effectiveness of Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil (OGEO) against Shewanella putrefaciens. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of OGEO acting on S. putrefaciens were both 0.1% and OGEO could inhibit the growth of S. putrefaciens in a dose-dependent manner. The restraint of the biofilm growth of S. putrefaciens was found in the crystal violet attachment assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The disruption of cell membranes and exudation of contents in S. putrefaciens with OGEO treatment were observed by scanning electron microscopy, hemolysis and ATPase activity. The results demonstrated that OGEO had a positive inhibitory effect on the growth of S. putrefaciens, which primarily developed its antibacterial function against S. putrefaciens by disrupting the formation of biofilms and cell membranes. This study could provide a new method of inhibiting the spoilage of food in which the dominant spoilage bacteria are S. putrefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xie
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products High Quality Utilization, Storage and Transportation (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products High Quality Utilization, Storage and Transportation (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
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Jeong Y, Vyas K, Irudayaraj J. Toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to microorganisms in confined hydrogel structures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 456:131672. [PMID: 37236111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a group of environmentally persistent synthetic chemicals has been widely used in industrial and consumer products. Bioaccumulation studies have documented the adverse effects of PFAS in various living organisms. Despite the large number of studies, experimental approaches to evaluate the toxicity of PFAS on bacteria in a biofilm-like niche as structured microbial communities are sparse. This study suggests a facile approach to query the toxicity of PFOS and PFOA on bacteria (Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 strain) in a biofilm-like niche provided by hydrogel-based core-shell beads. Our study shows that E. coli MG1655 upon complete confinement in hydrogel beads exhibit altered physiological characteristics of viability, biomass, and protein expression, compared to their susceptible counterpart cultivated under planktonic conditions. We find that soft-hydrogel engineering platforms may provide a protective role for microorganisms from environmental contaminants, depending on the size or thickness of the protective/barrier layer. We expect our study to provide insights on the toxicity of environmental contaminants on organisms under encapsulated conditions that could potentially be useful for toxicity screening and in evaluating ecological risk of soil, plant, and mammalian microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Khushali Vyas
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Biomedical Research Center, Mills Breast Cancer Institute, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA; Carle R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Beckman Institute, Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Genomic Insights and Functional Analysis Reveal Plant Growth Promotion Traits of Paenibacillus mucilaginosus G78. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020392. [PMID: 36833318 PMCID: PMC9956331 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus mucilaginosus has widely been reported as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). However, the important genomic insights into plant growth promotion in this species remain undescribed. In this study, the genome of P. mucilaginosus G78 was sequenced using Illumina NovaSeq PE150. It contains 8,576,872 bp with a GC content of 58.5%, and was taxonomically characterized. Additionally, a total of 7337 genes with 143 tRNAs, 41 rRNAs, and 5 ncRNAs were identified. This strain can prohibit the growth of the plant pathogen, but also has the capability to form biofilm, solubilize phosphate, and produce IAA. Twenty-six gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites were identified, and the genotypic characterization indirectly proved its resistant ability to ampicillin, bacitracin, polymyxin and chloramphenicol. The putative exopolysaccharide biosynthesis and biofilm formation gene clusters were explored. According to the genetic features, the potential monosaccharides of its exopolysaccharides for P. mucilaginosus G78 may include glucose, mannose, galactose, fucose, that can probably be acetylated and pyruvated. Conservation of the pelADEFG compared with other 40 Paenibacillus species suggests that Pel may be specific biofilm matrix component in P. mucilaginosus. Several genes relevant to plant growth-promoting traits, i.e., IAA production and phosphate solubilization are well conserved compared with other 40 other Paenibacillus strains. The current study can benefit for understanding the plant growth-promoting traits of P. mucilaginosus as well as its potential application in agriculture as PGPR.
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11
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Ullah A, Mirani ZA, Binbin S, Wang F, Chan MWH, Aslam S, Yonghong L, Hassan N, Naveed M, Hussain S, Khatoon Z. An Elucidative Study of the Anti-biofilm Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) on Selected Biofilm Producing Pathogenic Bacteria: A Disintegrating Effect of SeNPs on Bacteria. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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An Overview of the Impact of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Microbial Communities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121700. [PMID: 36551357 PMCID: PMC9774725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are present as pollutants in several ecosystems worldwide. Despite the reduced concentrations at which they are detected, their negative impact on natural biota constitutes a global concern. The consequences of pharmaceuticals' presence in water sources and food have been evaluated with a higher detail for human health. However, although most of the pharmaceuticals detected in the environment had not been designed to act against microorganisms, it is of utmost importance to understand their impact on the environmental native microbiota. Microbial communities can suffer serious consequences from the presence of pharmaceuticals as pollutants in the environment, which may directly impact public health and ecosystem equilibrium. Among this class of pollutants, the ones that have been studied in more detail are antibiotics. This work aims to provide an overview of the impacts of different pharmaceuticals on environmental biofilms, more specifically in biofilms from aquatic ecosystems and engineered water systems. The alterations caused in the biofilm function and characteristics, as well as bacteria antimicrobial tolerance and consequently the associated risks for public health, are also reviewed. Despite the information already available on this topic, the need for additional data urges the assessment of emerging pollutants on microbial communities and the potential public health impacts.
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13
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Sauer A, Cooper A, Gramacy RB. Vecchia-approximated Deep Gaussian Processes for Computer Experiments. J Comput Graph Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10618600.2022.2129662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
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14
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Huang J, Gramacy RB. Multi-Output Calibration of a Honeycomb Seal via On-site Surrogates. Technometrics 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00401706.2022.2104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Zhang B, Gramacy RB, Johnson LR, Rose KA, Smith E. Batch-sequential design and heteroskedastic surrogate modeling for delta smelt conservation. Ann Appl Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1214/21-aoas1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kenneth A. Rose
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory
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Systems view of Bacillus subtilis pellicle development. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:25. [PMID: 35414070 PMCID: PMC9005697 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we link pellicle development at the water-air interface with the vertical distribution and viability of the individual B. subtilis PS-216 cells throughout the water column. Real-time interfacial rheology and time-lapse confocal laser scanning microscopy were combined to correlate mechanical properties with morphological changes (aggregation status, filament formation, pellicle thickness, spore formation) of the growing pellicle. Six key events were identified in B. subtilis pellicle formation that are accompanied by a major change in viscoelastic and morphology behaviour of the pellicle. The results imply that pellicle development is a multifaceted response to a changing environment induced by bacterial growth that causes population redistribution within the model system, reduction of the viable habitat to the water-air interface, cell development, and morphogenesis. The outcome is a build-up of mechanical stress supporting structure that eventually, due to nutrient deprivation, reaches the finite thickness. After prolonged incubation, the formed pellicle collapses, which correlates with the spore releasing process. The pellicle loses the ability to support mechanical stress, which marks the end of the pellicle life cycle and entry of the system into the dormant state.
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17
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Nadar S, Khan T, Patching SG, Omri A. Development of Antibiofilm Therapeutics Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020303. [PMID: 35208758 PMCID: PMC8879831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A biofilm is a community of stable microorganisms encapsulated in an extracellular matrix produced by themselves. Many types of microorganisms that are found on living hosts or in the environment can form biofilms. These include pathogenic bacteria that can serve as a reservoir for persistent infections, and are culpable for leading to a broad spectrum of chronic illnesses and emergence of antibiotic resistance making them difficult to be treated. The absence of biofilm-targeting antibiotics in the drug discovery pipeline indicates an unmet opportunity for designing new biofilm inhibitors as antimicrobial agents using various strategies and targeting distinct stages of biofilm formation. The strategies available to control biofilm formation include targeting the enzymes and proteins specific to the microorganism and those involved in the adhesion pathways leading to formation of resistant biofilms. This review primarily focuses on the recent strategies and advances responsible for identifying a myriad of antibiofilm agents and their mechanism of biofilm inhibition, including extracellular polymeric substance synthesis inhibitors, adhesion inhibitors, quorum sensing inhibitors, efflux pump inhibitors, and cyclic diguanylate inhibitors. Furthermore, we present the structure–activity relationships (SAR) of these agents, including recently discovered biofilm inhibitors, nature-derived bioactive scaffolds, synthetic small molecules, antimicrobial peptides, bioactive compounds isolated from fungi, non-proteinogenic amino acids and antibiotics. We hope to fuel interest and focus research efforts on the development of agents targeting the uniquely complex, physical and chemical heterogeneous biofilms through a multipronged approach and combinatorial therapeutics for a more effective control and management of biofilms across diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaya Nadar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Mumbai 400056, India;
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India;
| | - Simon G. Patching
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: or (S.G.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: or (S.G.P.); (A.O.)
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Jha S, Bhadani NK, Kumar A, Sengupta TK. Glucose-Induced Biofilm Formation in Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1 is Associated with Increased Cell Surface Hydrophobicity and Increased Production of Exopolymeric Substances. Curr Microbiol 2021; 79:24. [PMID: 34905099 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is an agriculturally and medically important bacteria as it produces insecticidal Cry proteins and can form biofilm on different plant surfaces. Previous studies reported that the ubiquitous carbon source glucose could induce restricted motility and fractal pattern formation in the growing colonies of pH, salt and arsenate tolerant Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1. As bacteria are evolved with the ability to exhibit multicellular behavior and biofilm formation under limiting conditions for survival, the present study was focused on exploring the effect of glucose in biofilm formation by Bacillus thuringiensis KPWP1. A significant rise in biofilm loads was observed with increased glucose concentrations in growth media. Compared to control, six times more biofilm load was marked in presence of 2% of glucose. Interestingly, it was observed that the effect was glucose specific and also not due to any change in the sugar-induced physicochemical property of the growth media as the addition of galactose or arabinose could not induce any significant increase in KPWP1 biofilm load. Scanning electron-, confocal laser scanning-microscopic studies and biochemical tests revealed that increased concentrations of glucose could induce increased production of exopolymeric substances, increased number of densely-packed micro-colonies in KPWP1 biofilm and increased hydrophobicity and adherence properties in KPWP1cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Jha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Nirbhay K Bhadani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Abhinash Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Tapas K Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 246, India.
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Study the Use of Activated Carbon and Bone Char on the Performance of Gravity Sand-Bag Water Filter. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11110868. [PMID: 34832097 PMCID: PMC8621261 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, granulated activated charcoal (GAC) and bio charcoal (BC) is used as a filler in P3 biosand bag filter to study their filtration performance against a range of fluoride impurities from 1–1400 mg/L. A set of experiments are done to analyze the filtration efficiency of the sandbag filter against fluoride impurities after incorporating different amounts (e.g., 0.2, 2 kg) and a combination of GAC and BC. A combination of filler GAC and BC (1 kg each) have exhibited excellent results with 100% fluoride removal efficiency against 5 mg/L fluoride impurities for an entire experimental time of 165 min. It is because of the synergetic effect of adsorption caused by the high surface area (739 m2/g) of GAC and hydroxyapatite groups in BC. The data from remediation experiments using individual GAC and BC are fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherm Models to check their adsorption mechanism and determine GAC and BC’s maximum adsorption capacity (Qm). The remediation data for both GAC and BC have shown the better fitting to the Langmuir Isotherm Model with a high R2 value of 0.994 and 0.970, respectively, showing the excellent conformity with monolayer adsorption. While the GAC and BC have presented negative Kf values of −1.08 and −0.72, respectively, for Freundlich Model, showing the non-conformity to multilayer adsorption. The Qm values obtained from Langmuir Model for GAC is 6.23 mg/g, and for BC, it is 9.13 mg/g. The pH study on adsorption efficiency of individual GAC and BC against 5 mg/L of fluoride impurities indicates the decrease in removal efficiency with an increase in pH from 3 to 9. For example, BC has shown removal efficiency of 99.8% at pH 3 and 99.5% at pH 9, while GAC has exhibited removal efficiency of 96.1% at pH 3 and 95.9% at pH 9. Importantly, this study presents the significance of the synergetic application of GAC and BC in the filters, where GAC and BC are different in their origin, functionalities, and surface characteristics.
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Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis Reveals Significant Antibiofilm Activity in Pleione maculata, an Endangered Medicinal Orchid. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleione maculata has no scientific reports on quantitative phytochemical and antibiofilm activity till date. The objective of the study was to quantify and determine medicinally important bioactivity in P. maculata and analyse its anti-biofilm activity against clinical isolates Staphyloccocus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. P. maculata exhibited the highest Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) about 193.98±0.1 mg, highest Total Phenolic Content (TPC) at 552±0.0 mg and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were observed highest at 879.5±0.2 mg. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of P. maculata pseudobulb showed distinct and significant zone of inhibition (ZOI) against drug-resistant S.aureus about 16±0.00 mm (MIC 0.875 mg/mL), ZOI of acetonitrile pseudobulb extract against P. mirabilis was 15.33±0.4 mm (MIC 1 mg/mL), ZOI of acetonitrile extracts of leaves and stem, ethyl acetate extract of pseudobulb was 12±0.0 mm, 12±01.4 mm, 12±2.8 mm against K. pneumoniae (MIC 1.8 mg/mL, 0.68 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL). Acetonitrile extract of pseudobulbs exhibited the highest Minimum Biofilm Inhibition concentration (MBIC) at 0.25 mg/mL against S. aureus, water root extract inhibited attachment of K. pneumoniae with lowest MBIC value 0.093 mg/mL, water and acetone extract of leaves inhibited cell attachment of P. mirabilis at lowest MBIC 0.117 and 0.171 mg/mL. The UV-VIS absorption band of P. maculata extracts ranges from 204-665 nm indicating the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The study indicates the potentiality of P. maculata as a rich source of medicinal active compounds as an antibiofilm agent against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates.
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21
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Alvares JJ, Furtado IJ. Anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm activity of tellurium nanorods biosynthesized by cell lysate of Haloferax alexandrinus GUSF-1(KF796625). Biometals 2021; 34:1007-1016. [PMID: 34173930 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic human pathogen, is a major health concern as it grows as a biofilm and evades the host's immune defenses. Formation of biofilms on catheter and endotracheal tubes demands the development of biofilm-preventive (anti-biofilm) approaches and evaluation of nanomaterials as alternatives to antibiotics. The present study reports the successful biosynthesis of tellurium nanorods using cell lysate of Haloferax alexandrinus GUSF-1 (KF796625). The black particulate matter had absorption bands at 0.5 and 3.6 keV suggestive of elemental tellurium; showed x-ray diffraction peaks at 2θ values 24.50°, 28.74°, 38.99°, 43.13°, 50.23° and displayed a crystallite size of 36.99 nm. The black nanorods of tellurium were an average size of 40 nm × 7 nm, as observed in transmission electron microscopy. To our knowledge, the use of cell lysate of Haloferax alexandrinus GUSF-1 (KF796625) as a green route for the biosynthesis of tellurium nanorods with a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm inhibiting capacity is novel to haloarchaea. At 50 µg mL-1, these tellurium nanorods exhibited 75.03% in-vitro reduction of biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, which is used in treatment of Pseudomonas infections. Further, the observed ability of these nanoparticles to inhibit the formation of Pseudomonas biofilms is worthy of future research perusal.
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22
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Jiang R, Xiang M, Chen W, Zhang P, Wu X, Zhu G, Tu T, Jiang D, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Chen D, Wang Y. Biofilm characteristics and transcriptomic analysis of Haemophilus parasuis. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109073. [PMID: 33984794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) is a conditional pathogen with the ability to form biofilms which can lead to ineffective drug treatment and severe chronic infections resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. Currently, knowledge of biofilm formation by H. parasuis is not well developed. The objective of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional morphology of biofilms and perform transcriptomic analysis on H. parasuis cells in biofilm versus planktonic forms. The results showed that proteins and DNA accounted for a large proportion of the H. parasuis biofilm extracellular matrix. Here, we have traced the entire biofilm formation process of H. parasuis from beginning to end for the first time. These biofilms grew rapidly in the first 48 h and became stable at 60 h. According to GO and KEGG analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEG) artM, artQ, ssrS, pflA and HutX were implicated as being involved in bacterial colonisation and adhesion; these are the most likely genes to affect biofilm formation. Most functional gene enrichments were of those involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Thus, in the present pilot study, the composition and characteristics of these biofilms were explored, and the genes related to biofilm formation were screened for. This research lays the foundation for further studies on mechanisms regulating biofilm formation, in order to find new drug targets and develop new therapeutic drugs against H. parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Xiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wanting Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xulong Wu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Teng Tu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dike Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu 610047, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Doppler imaging detects bacterial infection of living tissue. Commun Biol 2021; 4:178. [PMID: 33568744 PMCID: PMC7876006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01550-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Living 3D in vitro tissue cultures, grown from immortalized cell lines, act as living sentinels as pathogenic bacteria invade the tissue. The infection is reported through changes in the intracellular dynamics of the sentinel cells caused by the disruption of normal cellular function by the infecting bacteria. Here, the Doppler imaging of infected sentinels shows the dynamic characteristics of infections. Invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes penetrate through multicellular tumor spheroids, while non-invasive strains of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua remain isolated outside the cells, generating different Doppler signatures. Phase distributions caused by intracellular transport display Lévy statistics, introducing a Lévy-alpha spectroscopy of bacterial invasion. Antibiotic treatment of infected spheroids, monitored through time-dependent Doppler shifts, can distinguish drug-resistant relative to non-resistant strains. This use of intracellular Doppler spectroscopy of living tissue sentinels opens a new class of microbial assay with potential importance for studying the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Honggu Choi et al. use biodynamic Doppler imaging to monitor bacterial infection of 3D living tissue and describe changes in the intracellular motions of living host tissue induced by early-stage infection. This work demonstrates the potential for the clinical use of this method to test for antibiotic-resistant infections.
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Kuan HS, Pönisch W, Jülicher F, Zaburdaev V. Continuum Theory of Active Phase Separation in Cellular Aggregates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:018102. [PMID: 33480767 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.018102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dense cellular aggregates are common in biology, ranging from bacterial biofilms to organoids, cell spheroids, and tumors. Their dynamics, driven by intercellular forces, is intrinsically out of equilibrium. Motivated by bacterial colonies as a model system, we present a continuum theory to study dense, active, cellular aggregates. We describe the process of aggregate formation as an active phase separation phenomenon, while the merging of aggregates is rationalized as a coalescence of viscoelastic droplets where the key timescales are linked to the turnover of the active force. Our theory provides a general framework for studying the rheology and nonequilibrium dynamics of dense cellular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Shun Kuan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Pönisch
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Dapunt U, Prior B, Oelkrug C, Kretzer JP. IgY Targeting Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Molecules in Implant-Associated Infections. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174027. [PMID: 32899313 PMCID: PMC7504788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Implant-associated infections are still a major complication in the field of orthopedics. Bacteria can form biofilms on implant surfaces, making them more difficult to detect and treat. Since standard antibiotic therapy is often impaired in biofilm infections, particular interest is directed towards finding treatment alternatives. Biofilm-formation is a well-organized process during which bacteria communicate via quorum-sensing molecules (QSM). The aim of this study was to inhibit bacterial communication by directing avian IgY against specific QSM. Methods: Chicken were immunized against the following QSM: (1) AtlE, a member of the autolysin family which mediates attachment to a surface in Staphylococcus epidermidis; (2) GroEL, the bacterial heat shock protein; (3) PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesion), which is essential for cell–cell adhesion in biofilms. Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms were grown and inhibition of biofilm-formation by IgYs was evaluated. Additionally, human osteoblasts were cultivated and biocompatibility of IgYs was tested. Results: We were able to demonstrate that all IgYs reduced biofilm-formation, also without prior immunization. Therefore, the response was probably not specific with regard to the QSM. Osteoblasts were activated by all IgYs which was demonstrated by microscopy and an increased release of IL-8. Conclusions: In conclusion, avian IgY inhibits biofilm-formation, though the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. However, adverse effects on local tissue cells (osteoblasts) were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Dapunt
- Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49/6221-5625000
| | - Birgit Prior
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 672, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Christopher Oelkrug
- Oelkrug Enterprises UG (haftungsbeschraenkt), Gerhart Hauptmann Str. 10, 59387 Ascheberg, Germany;
| | - Jan Philippe Kretzer
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Implant Research, Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany;
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Al-Shabib NA, Husain FM, Qais FA, Ahmad N, Khan A, Alyousef AA, Arshad M, Noor S, Khan JM, Alam P, Albalawi TH, Shahzad SA. Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of Porous Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles From Withania somnifera Root Extract: Broad-Spectrum Attenuation of Biofilm and Cytotoxic Properties Against HepG2 Cell Lines. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1680. [PMID: 32849352 PMCID: PMC7399045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is grave necessity to counter the menace of drug-resistant biofilms of pathogens using nanomaterials. Moreover, we need to produce nanoparticles (NPs) using inexpensive clean biological approaches that demonstrate broad-spectrum inhibition of microbial biofilms and cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines. In the current research work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs were fabricated through an environmentally friendly green process using the root extract of Withania somnifera as the stabilizing and reducing agent to examine its antibiofilm and anticancer potential. Further, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron micrograph (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques were used for determining the crystallinity, functional groups involved, shape, size, thermal behavior, surface area, and porosity measurement, respectively, of the synthesized TiO2 NPs. Antimicrobial potential of the TiO2 NPs was determined by evaluating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Serratia marcescens, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, at levels below the MIC (0.5 × MIC), TiO2 NPs demonstrated significant inhibition of biofilm formation (43-71%) and mature biofilms (24-64%) in all test pathogens. Cell death due to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could be responsible for the impaired biofilm production in TiO2 NP-treated pathogens. The synthesized NPs induced considerable reduction in the viability of HepG2 in vitro and could prove effective in controlling liver cancer. In summary, the green synthesized TiO2 NPs demonstrate multifarious biological properties and could be used as an anti-infective agent to treat biofilm-based infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A. Al-Shabib
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizan Abul Qais
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alyousef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Arshad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Noor
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Javed Masood Khan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pravej Alam
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H. Albalawi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ali Shahzad
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Dapunt U, Bürkle C, Günther F, Pepke W, Hemmer S, Akbar M. [Infections after hip and knee replacement surgery and after spinal fusion: a comparison]. DER ORTHOPADE 2020; 49:710-713. [PMID: 32642940 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-020-03944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Dapunt
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - C Bürkle
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - F Günther
- Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - W Pepke
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - S Hemmer
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M Akbar
- Clinic für Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen und -Therapien, MEOCLINIC, Berlin, Deutschland
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Food color 'Azorubine' interferes with quorum sensing regulated functions and obliterates biofilm formed by food associated bacteria: An in vitro and in silico approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1080-1090. [PMID: 32256169 PMCID: PMC7105693 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) plays a crucial role in different stages of biofilm development, virulence production, and subsequently to the growth of bacteria in food environments. Biofilm mediated spoilage of food is one of the ongoing challenge faced by the food industry worldwide as it incurs substantial economic losses and leads to various health issues. In the present investigation, we studied the interference of quorum sensing, its regulated virulence functions, and biofilm in food-associated bacteria by colorant azorubine. In vitro bioassays demonstrated significant inhibition of QS and its coordinated virulence functions in Chromobacterium violaceum 12472 (violacein) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (elastase, protease, pyocyanin, and alginate). Further, the decrease in the production EPS (49–63%) and swarming motility (61–83%) of the pathogens was also recorded at sub-MICs. Azorubine demonstrated broad-spectrum biofilm inhibitory potency (50–65%) against Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli O157:H7, Serratia marcescens, and Listeria monocytogenes. ROS generation due to the interaction between bacteria and azorubine could be responsible for the biofilm inhibitory action of the food colorant. Findings of the in vitro studies were well supported by molecular docking and simulation analysis of azorubine and QS virulence proteins. Azorubine showed strong binding to PqsA as compared to other virulent proteins (LasR, Vfr, and QscR). Thus, it is concluded that azorubine is a promising candidate to ensure food safety by curbing the menace of bacterial QS and biofilm-based spoilage of food and reduce economic losses.
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Doğan SŞ, Kocabaş A. Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with Veronica multifida and their antibiofilm activity. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:319-327. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119888270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, Veronica multifida leaf extract and zinc acetate dihydrate were utilized to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) eco-friendly and cost-effectively under different physical conditions. Soxhlet extractor was used for the preparation of aqueous plant extract. UV-Vis (ultraviolet–visible) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the ZnO NPs. UV-Vis spectrophotometer in the range of 200–800 nm was used to get information about the formation of ZnO NPs at different pH and temperatures. FTIR spectrum revealed the presence of functional groups in ZnO NPs. XRD, scanning electron microscope, and TEM analyses confirmed the crystal structure and average size of ZnO NPs. The antimicrobial activities of ZnO NPs were tested on microorganisms, that is, Escherichia coli ATCC 43895 , Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 , Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium. Moreover, antibiofilm activity of ZnO NPs was performed against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus ATCC 29213. ZnO NPs have shown effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against tested microorganisms. The results elucidated that eco-friendly and cost-effectively produced ZnO NPs could be used as coating materials and in a wide range of industrial applications, such as pharmaceutical industries and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Şahin Doğan
- Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
| | - A Kocabaş
- Department of Biology, Kamil Özdağ Faculty of Science, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey
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Kerekes EB, Vidács A, Takó M, Petkovits T, Vágvölgyi C, Horváth G, Balázs VL, Krisch J. Anti-Biofilm Effect of Selected Essential Oils and Main Components on Mono- and Polymicrobic Bacterial Cultures. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E345. [PMID: 31547282 PMCID: PMC6780703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-associated microbial communities resistant to sanitizers and antimicrobials. Various interactions that can contribute to increased resistance occur between the populations in biofilms. These relationships are the focus of a range of studies dealing with biofilm-associated infections and food spoilage. The present study investigated the effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), marjoram (Origanum majorana), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oils (EOs) and their main components, i.e., trans-cinnamaldehyde, terpinen-4-ol, and thymol, respectively, on single- and dual-species biofilms of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus aureus. In dual-species biofilms, L. monocytogenes was paired with each of the other three bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the individual bacteria ranged between 0.25 and 20 mg/mL, and trans-cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon showed the highest growth inhibitory effect. Single-species biofilms of L. monocytogenes, P. putida, and S. aureus were inhibited by the tested EOs and their components at sub-lethal concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the three-dimensional structure of mature biofilms embedded in the exopolysaccharide matrix disappeared or was limited to micro-colonies with a simplified structure. In most dual-species biofilms, to eliminate living cells from the matrix, concentrations exceeding the MIC determined for individual bacteria were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Beáta Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Anita Vidács
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6724 Szeged, Mars tér 7, Hungary
| | - Miklós Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Tamás Petkovits
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Rókus utca 2, Hungary
| | | | - Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, H-6724 Szeged, Mars tér 7, Hungary
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Sowndarya J, Farisa Banu S, Madhura G, Yuvalakshmi P, Rubini D, Bandeira Junior G, Baldisserotto B, Vadivel V, Nithyanand P. Agro food by-products and essential oil constituents curtail virulence and biofilm of Vibrio harveyi. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103633. [PMID: 31326562 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi causes severe loss to the aquaculture industry due to its virulence, which is mediated by Quorum sensing (QS) and biofilm formation. In the current study, we have explored the anti-virulent properties and biofilm disruption ability of luteolin (extracted from coconut shell) and linalool against this important aquaculture pathogen. HPLC analysis of the methanolic extract of coconut shells revealed a single major peak which matched to the standard luteolin which was further elucidated by NMR studies. Further, luteolin and linalool were screened for their ability to inhibit biofilms and various quorum sensing mediated virulence factors of V. harveyi. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the two compounds was determined and the sub-inhibitory concentrations of the compounds were able to inhibit biofilm formation. Both the compounds disrupted about 60-70% mature biofilms, which was also visually observed by light microscopy. Both linalool and luteolin exhibited a significant reduction in the production of EPS and alginate in the biofilms matrix of V. harveyi which was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Both compounds inhibited the swarming and swimming motility, the crucial quorum sensing (QS) mediated virulence of V. harveyi. The present study shows the presence of valuable polyphenolic compound like luteolin in coconut shells that are discarded as a waste. From the present study we envisage that luteolin and linalool can serve as potent anti-virulent agents to combat QS mediated infections against aquaculture pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothipandiyan Sowndarya
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanaulla Farisa Banu
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunasekaran Madhura
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prabakaran Yuvalakshmi
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Durairajan Rubini
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Guerino Bandeira Junior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Baldisserotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vellingiri Vadivel
- Chemical Biology Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT/CARISM), SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Paramasivam Nithyanand
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Centre for Research on Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613 401,Tamil Nadu, India.
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Zhang S, Wang L, Liang X, Vorstius J, Keatch R, Corner G, Nabi G, Davidson F, Gadd GM, Zhao Q. Enhanced Antibacterial and Antiadhesive Activities of Silver-PTFE Nanocomposite Coating for Urinary Catheters. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2804-2814. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Liyun Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Xinjin Liang
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Vorstius
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Keatch
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - George Corner
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Academic Section of Urology, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, DD1 9SY, United Kingdom
| | - Fordyce Davidson
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
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Soumya KR, Jishma P, Sugathan S, Mathew J, Radhakrishnan EK. Biofilm Changes of Clinically Isolated Coagulase Negative Staphylococci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-019-01096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lopeman RC, Harrison J, Desai M, Cox JAG. Mycobacterium abscessus: Environmental Bacterium Turned Clinical Nightmare. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030090. [PMID: 30909391 PMCID: PMC6463083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are a large family of over 100 species, most of which do not cause diseases in humans. The majority of the mycobacterial species are referred to as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), meaning they are not the causative agent of tuberculous (TB) or leprosy, i.e., Mycobacterium tuberculous complex and Mycobacterium leprae, respectively. The latter group is undoubtedly the most infamous, with TB infecting an estimated 10 million people and causing over 1.2 million deaths in 2017 alone TB and leprosy also differ from NTM in that they are only transmitted from person to person and have no environmental reservoir, whereas NTM infections are commonly acquired from the environment. It took until the 1950′s for NTM to be recognised as a potential lung pathogen in people with underlying pulmonary disease and another three decades for NTM to be widely regarded by the medical community when Mycobacterium avium complex was identified as the most common group of opportunistic pathogens in AIDS patients. This review focuses on an emerging NTM called Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abs). M. abs is a rapidly growing NTM that is responsible for opportunistic pulmonary infections in patients with structural lung disorders such as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, as well as a wide range of skin and soft tissue infections in humans. In this review, we discuss how we came to understand the pathogen, how it is currently treated and examine drug resistance mechanisms and novel treatments currently in development. We highlight the urgent need for new and effective treatments for M. abs infection as well as improved in vivo methods of efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose C Lopeman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - James Harrison
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Maya Desai
- Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK.
| | - Jonathan A G Cox
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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Grinberg M, Orevi T, Kashtan N. Bacterial surface colonization, preferential attachment and fitness under periodic stress. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006815. [PMID: 30835727 PMCID: PMC6420035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Early bacterial surface colonization is not a random process wherein cells arbitrarily attach to surfaces and grow; but rather, attachment events, movement and cellular interactions induce non-random spatial organization. We have only begun to understand how the apparent self-organization affects the fitness of the population. A key factor contributing to fitness is the tradeoff between solitary-planktonic and aggregated surface-attached biofilm lifestyles. Though planktonic cells typically grow faster, bacteria in aggregates are more resistant to stress such as desiccation, antibiotics and predation. Here we ask if and to what extent informed surface-attachments improve fitness during early surface colonization under periodic stress conditions. We use an individual-based modeling approach to simulate foraging planktonic cells colonizing a surface under alternating wet-dry cycles. Such cycles are common in the largest terrestrial microbial habitats–soil, roots, and leaf surfaces–that are not constantly saturated with water and experience daily periods of desiccation stress. We compared different surface-attachment strategies, and analyzed the emerging spatio-temporal dynamics of surface colonization and population yield as a measure of fitness. We demonstrate that a simple strategy of preferential attachment (PA), biased to dense sites, carries a large fitness advantage over any random attachment across a broad range of environmental conditions–particularly under periodic stress. A vast portion of bacterial life on Earth takes place on surfaces. In many of these surfaces cells collectively organize into biofilms that are known to provide them protection from various environmental stresses. Early bacterial colonization of surfaces, prior to the development of mature biofilm, is a critical stage during which cells attempt to establish a sustainable population. It is not a random process wherein cells arbitrarily attach to surfaces and grow to form micro-colonies. Rather, surface-attachments, movement and cellular interactions take place to yield non-random organization. Using computer simulations, based on individual-based modeling, we demonstrate that simple attachment strategies, where planktonic cells preferentially attach to existing surface-attached aggregates, may confer fitness advantage over random attachment. The advantage of preferential attachment is particularly substantial under periodic stress–a common characteristic of many natural microbial habitats. This is due to a more efficient recruitment of planktonic cells that accelerates the formation of stress-protected aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Grinberg
- The department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tomer Orevi
- The department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nadav Kashtan
- The department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Fraiha RO, Pereira APR, Brito EDCA, Borges CL, Parente AFA, Perdomo RT, Macedo MLR, Weber SS. Stress conditions in the host induce persister cells and influence biofilm formation by Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20180001. [PMID: 30785531 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0001-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have demonstrated that pathogens react to the harsh conditions in human tissues by inducing mechanisms that promote survival. METHODS Persistence and biofilm-forming ability were evaluated during stress conditions that mimic those in the host. RESULTS Carbon-source availability had a positive effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A adhesion during hypoxia, accompanied by a decrease in pH. In contrast, iron limitation led to decreased surface-adherent biomass, accompanied by an increase medium acidification and lactate levels. Interestingly, iron starvation and hypoxia induced persister cells in planktonic culture. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the role of host stress in the virulence of S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ovando Fraiha
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Ramos Pereira
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Eliana da Costa Alvarenga Brito
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Renata Trentin Perdomo
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Maria Ligia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Laboratório de Biociência, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, AM, Brasil
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Xu Y, Wang C, Hou J, Wang P, You G, Miao L. Mechanistic understanding of cerium oxide nanoparticle-mediated biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34765-34776. [PMID: 30324376 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) was investigated. With the addition of 0.1 mg/L and 1 mg/L CeO2 NPs, the biofilm development was substantially enhanced. During the attachment process, the enhanced surface hydrophobicity and excess production of mannosan and rhamnolipids in CeO2 NP treatments were detected, which were conductive to the colonization of bacterial cells. During the maturation period, the biofilm biomass was accelerated by the improved aggregation percentage as well as the secretion of extracellular DNA and pyocyanin. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by CeO2 NPs were found to activate the N-butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) and quinolone signals secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the quorum sensing (QS) systems of rhl and pqs were initiated, reflected by the stimulated expression levels of biofilm formation-related genes rhlI-rhlR, rhlAB, and pqsR-pqsA. The addition of a quorum quencher, furanone C-30, significantly declined the activities of QS-controlled catalase and superoxide dismutase. A dose of antioxidant, ascorbic acid, effectively relieved the accelerating effects of NPs on biofilm formation. These results indicated that CeO2 NPs could accelerate biofilm formation through the interference of QS system by generating ROS, which provides possible targets for controlling biofilm growth in the NP exposure environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang You
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzhan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, People's Republic of China
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Binois M, Huang J, Gramacy RB, Ludkovski M. Replication or Exploration? Sequential Design for Stochastic Simulation Experiments. Technometrics 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00401706.2018.1469433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Binois
- Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Mike Ludkovski
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
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Gates AY, Guerra TM, Morrison FB, Forstner MRJ, Hardy TB, Hahn D. Detection of Salmonella in the intestine of Hypostomus plecostomus from the upper San Marcos River, Texas. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:460-471. [PMID: 29952334 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of salmonellae in the intestines of the invasive suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus was assessed in the San Marcos River, just down-stream of its spring-fed headwaters. In 2014, H. plecostomus, sediment, and water samples were collected during 15 sampling events. A combination of semi-selective enrichment and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed the presence of salmonellae in 45% of the fish intestines across the entire year, with a prevalence range of 13-100% per sampling event. Repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) revealed a high diversity of salmonellae from fish intestine samples at individual sampling times, single or multiple presence of rep-PCR patterns and serotypes within individual fish, and identical rep-PCR patterns and serotypes for different fish within and across sampling events. Overall, 15 serotypes were identified by MLST, with a diversity range between one and seven serotypes per sampling event. Some serotypes were retrieved only once, while others were detected more frequently. A few serotypes were retrieved at several sampling times, nearly evenly distributed over the entire sampling period. Prevalence and diversity were independent of precipitation events, indicating the potential presence of environmental strains that are capable of long-term persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Gates
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA E-mail:
| | - Trina M Guerra
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA E-mail:
| | - Fritzina B Morrison
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA E-mail:
| | - Michael R J Forstner
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA E-mail:
| | - Thomas B Hardy
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA E-mail:
| | - Dittmar Hahn
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA E-mail:
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40
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Liu J, Dong Y, Wang N, Li S, Yang Y, Wang Y, Awan F, Lu C, Liu Y. Tetrahymena thermophila Predation Enhances Environmental Adaptation of the Carp Pathogenic Strain Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-35. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:76. [PMID: 29594069 PMCID: PMC5861188 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistence of Aeromonas hydrophila in aquatic environments is the principle cause of fish hemorrhagic septicemia. Protistan predation has been considered to be a strong driving force for the evolution of bacterial defense strategies. In this study, we investigated the adaptive traits of A. hydrophila NJ-35, a carp pathogenic strain, in response to Tetrahymena thermophila predation. After subculturing with Tetrahymena, over 70% of A. hydrophila colonies were small colony variants (SCVs). The SCVs displayed enhanced biofilm formation, adhesion, fitness, and resistance to bacteriophage infection and oxidative stress as compared to the non-Tetrahymena-exposed strains. In contrast, the SCVs exhibited decreased intracellular bacterial number in RAW264.7 macrophages and were highly attenuated for virulence in zebrafish. Considering the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are directly involved in bacterial interaction with the external surroundings, we investigated the roles of OMPs in the antipredator fitness behaviors of A. hydrophila. A total of 38 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the SCVs by quantitative proteomics. Among them, three lipoproteins including SurA, Slp, and LpoB, and a serine/threonine protein kinase (Stpk) were evidenced to be associated with environmental adaptation of the SCVs. Also, the three lipoproteins were involved in attenuated virulence of SCVs through the proinflammatory immune response mediated by TLR2. This study provides an important contribution to the understanding of the defensive traits of A. hydrophila against protistan predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nannan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shougang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Furqan Awan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Esbelin J, Santos T, Hébraud M. Desiccation: An environmental and food industry stress that bacteria commonly face. Food Microbiol 2018; 69:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Grimm I, Dumke J, Dreier J, Knabbe C, Vollmer T. Biofilm formation and transcriptome analysis of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus in response to lysozyme. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191705. [PMID: 29373594 PMCID: PMC5786311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus is a commensal bacterium of the human gastrointestinal tract, and a pathogen causing infective endocarditis and other biofilm-associated infections via exposed collagen. This study focuses on the characterization of the biofilm formation and collagen adhesion of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus under different conditions. In this study, it has been observed that the isolate UCN 34 is resistant to 20 mg/ml lysozyme in BHI medium, whereas the strain BAA-2069 builds more biofilm in the presence of lysozyme compared to in a control of BHI without lysozyme. A transcriptome analysis with whole genome microarrays of these two isolates in BHI medium with lysozyme compared to control without lysozyme revealed changes in gene expression levels. In the isolate BAA-2069, 67 genes showed increased expression in the presence of lysozyme, while in the isolate UCN 34, 165 genes showed increased expression and 30 genes showed decreased expression through lysozyme treatment. Products of genes which were higher expressed are in involved in transcription and translation, in cell-wall modification, in hydrogen peroxide resistance and in bacterial immunity. Furthermore, the adhesion ability of different strains of S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus to collagen type I and IV was analyzed. Thereby, we compared the adhesion of 46 human isolates with 23 isolates from animals. It was shown that the adhesion ability depends significantly on whether the isolate was isolated from human or animal. For example, high adhesion ability was observed for strain UCN 34 isolated from an infective endocarditis patient, whereas strain DSM 16831 isolated from koala feces adhered only marginally to collagen. Full genome microarray analysis of these two strains revealed strain-dependent gene expression due to adhesion. The expression of 25 genes of a transposon and 15 genes of a phage region in strain DSM 16831 were increased, which corresponds to horizontal gene transfer. Adherence to collagen in strain UCN 34 led to higher expression of 27 genes and lower expression of 31 genes. This was suggestive of a change in nutrient uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Grimm
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jessika Dumke
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Jens Dreier
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tanja Vollmer
- Institut für Laboratoriums- und Transfusionsmedizin, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Universitätsklinikum der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Kumar M, Curtis A, Hoskins C. Application of Nanoparticle Technologies in the Combat against Anti-Microbial Resistance. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10010011. [PMID: 29342903 PMCID: PMC5874824 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance is a growing problem that has impacted the world and brought about the beginning of the end for the old generation of antibiotics. Increasingly, more antibiotics are being prescribed unnecessarily and this reckless practice has resulted in increased resistance towards these drugs, rendering them useless against infection. Nanotechnology presents a potential answer to anti-microbial resistance, which could stimulate innovation and create a new generation of antibiotic treatments for future medicines. Preserving existing antibiotic activity through novel formulation into or onto nanotechnologies can increase clinical longevity of action against infection. Additionally, the unique physiochemical properties of nanoparticles can provide new anti-bacterial modes of action which can also be explored. Simply concentrating on antibiotic prescribing habits will not resolve the issue but rather mitigate it. Thus, new scientific approaches through the development of novel antibiotics and formulations is required in order to employ a new generation of therapies to combat anti-microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Kumar
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Science and Technology for Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 6DB, UK.
| | - Anthony Curtis
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Science and Technology for Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 6DB, UK.
| | - Clare Hoskins
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Science and Technology for Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 6DB, UK.
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Belfiore C, Curia MV, Farías ME. Characterization of Rhodococcus sp. A5 wh isolated from a high altitude Andean lake to unravel the survival strategy under lithium stress. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:311-322. [PMID: 29239754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is widely distributed in nature and has several industrial applications. The largest reserves of Li (over 85%) are in the so-called "triangle of lithium" that includes the Salar de Atacama in Chile, Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia and Salar del Hombre Muerto in Argentina. Recently, the use of microorganisms in metal recovery such as copper has increased; however, there is little information about the recovery of lithium. The strain Rhodococcus sp. A5wh used in this work was previously isolated from Laguna Azul. The assays revealed that this strain was able to accumulate Li (39.52% of Li/g microbial cells in 180min) and that it was able to grow in its presence up to 1M. In order to understand the mechanisms implicated in Li tolerance, a proteomic approach was conducted. Comparative proteomic analyses of strain A5wh exposed and unexposed to Li reveal that 17 spots were differentially expressed. The identification of proteins was performed by MALDI-TOF/MS, and the obtained results showed that proteins involved in stress response, transcription, translations, and metabolism were expressed under Li stress. This knowledge constitutes the first proteomic approach to elucidate the strategy followed by Rhodococcus to adapt to Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Belfiore
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT-Tucumán, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - María V Curia
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT-Tucumán, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María E Farías
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales y Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CCT-Tucumán, CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 S. M. de Tucumán, Argentina
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45
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Effect of bacteriocin and exopolysaccharides isolated from probiotic on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 63:181-190. [PMID: 28905285 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms develop biofilms on indwelling medical devices and are associated with biofilm-related infections, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Therefore, to prevent and control biofilm-associated infections, the present study was designed to assess the anti-biofilm potential of postbiotics derived from probiotic organisms against most prevalent biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Eighty lactic acid bacteria isolated from eight neonatal fecal samples possessed antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa PAO1. Among these, only four lactic acid bacteria produced both bacteriocin and exopolysaccharides but only one isolate was found to maximally attenuate the P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm. More specifically, the phenotypic and probiotic characterization showed that the isolated lactic acid bacteria were gram positive, non-motile, and catalase and oxidase negative; tolerated acidic and alkaline pH; has bile salt concentration; showed 53% hydrophobicity; and was found to be non-hemolytic. Phylogenetically, the organism was found to be probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum with accession no. KT998657. Interestingly, pre-coating of a microtiter plate either with bacteriocin or with exopolysaccharides as well as their combination significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the number of viable cells forming biofilms to 41.7% compared with simultaneous coating of postbiotics that had 72.4% biofilm-forming viable cells as observed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Therefore, it can be anticipated that postbiotics as the natural biointerventions can be employed as the prophylactic agents for medical devices used to treat gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections.
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46
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Bhattacharyya P, Agarwal B, Goswami M, Maiti D, Baruah S, Tribedi P. Zinc oxide nanoparticle inhibits the biofilm formation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:89-99. [PMID: 28889242 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are structured consortia of microbial cells that grow on living and non living surfaces and surround themselves with secreted polymers. Infections with bacterial biofilms have emerged as a foremost public health concern because biofilm growing cells can be highly resistant to both antibiotics and host immune defenses. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been reported as a potential antimicrobial agent, thus, in the current study, we have evaluated the antimicrobial as well as antibiofilm activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae which is a significant cause of disease. Zinc oxide nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. pneumoniae, with an MIC value of 40 μg/ml. Biofilm inhibition of S. pneumoniae was also evaluated by performing a series of experiments such as crystal violet assay, microscopic observation, protein count, EPS secretion etc. using sub-MIC concentrations (3, 6 and 12 µg/ml) of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The results showed that the sub-MIC doses of zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited significant anti-biofilm activity against S. pneumoniae, with maximum biofilm attenuation found at 12 μg/ml. Taken together, the results indicate that zinc oxide nanoparticles can be considered as a potential agent for the inhibition of microbial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purnita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Sonapur, Assam, 782402, India
| | - Bikash Agarwal
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Assam Don Bosco University, Azara, Guwahati, Assam, 781017, India
| | - Madhurankhi Goswami
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Sonapur, Assam, 782402, India
| | - Debasish Maiti
- Department of Human Physiology, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Sunandan Baruah
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Assam Don Bosco University, Azara, Guwahati, Assam, 781017, India.
| | - Prosun Tribedi
- Department of Microbiology, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Sonapur, Assam, 782402, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, The Neotia University, Sarisha, West Bengal, 743363, India.
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47
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Sheats J, Sclavi B, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Cicuta P, Dorfman KD. Role of growth rate on the orientational alignment of Escherichia coli in a slit. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170463. [PMID: 28680690 PMCID: PMC5493932 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental data on the nematic alignment of Escherichia coli bacteria confined in a slit, with an emphasis on the effect of growth rate and corresponding changes in cell aspect ratio. Global alignment with the channel walls arises from the combination of local nematic ordering of nearby cells, induced by cell division and the elongated shape of the cells, and the preferential orientation of cells proximate to the side walls of the slit. Decreasing the growth rate leads to a decrease in alignment with the walls, which is attributed primarily to effects of changing cell aspect ratio rather than changes in the variance in cell area. Decreasing confinement also reduces the degree of alignment by a similar amount as a decrease in the growth rate, but the distribution of the degree of alignment differs. The onset of alignment with the channel walls is coincident with the slits reaching their steady-state occupancy and connected to the re-orientation of locally aligned regions with respect to the walls during density fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Sheats
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bianca Sclavi
- LBPA, UMR 8113 du CNRS, École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Cachan, France
| | - Marco Cosentino Lagomarsino
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR7238 Computational and Quantitative Biology, Paris, France
- IFOM Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Author for correspondence: Kevin D. Dorfman e-mail:
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48
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Srikumar A, Krishna PS, Sivaramakrishna D, Kopfmann S, Hess WR, Swamy MJ, Lin-Chao S, Prakash JSS. The Ssl2245-Sll1130 Toxin-Antitoxin System Mediates Heat-induced Programmed Cell Death in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4222-4234. [PMID: 28104802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two putative heat-responsive genes, ssl2245 and sll1130, constitute an operon that also has characteristics of a toxin-antitoxin system, thus joining several enigmatic features. Closely related orthologs of Ssl2245 and Sll1130 exist in widely different bacteria, which thrive under environments with large fluctuations in temperature and salinity, among which some are thermo-epilithic biofilm-forming cyanobacteria. Transcriptome analyses revealed that the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genes as well as several hypothetical genes were commonly up-regulated in Δssl2245 and Δsll1130 mutants. Genes coding for heat shock proteins and pilins were also induced in Δsll1130 We observed that the majority of cells in a Δsll1130 mutant strain remained unicellular and viable after prolonged incubation at high temperature (50 °C). In contrast, the wild type formed large cell clumps of dead and live cells, indicating the attempt to form biofilms under harsh conditions. Furthermore, we observed that Sll1130 is a heat-stable ribonuclease whose activity was inhibited by Ssl2245 at optimal temperatures but not at high temperatures. In addition, we demonstrated that Ssl2245 is physically associated with Sll1130 by electrostatic interactions, thereby inhibiting its activity at optimal growth temperature. This association is lost upon exposure to heat, leaving Sll1130 to exhibit its ribonuclease activity. Thus, the activation of Sll1130 leads to the degradation of cellular RNA and thereby heat-induced programmed cell death that in turn supports the formation of a more resistant biofilm for the surviving cells. We suggest to designate Ssl2245 and Sll1130 as MazE and MazF, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Srikumar
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and
| | - Pilla Sankara Krishna
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and
| | | | - Stefan Kopfmann
- Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Wolfgang R Hess
- Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany, and
| | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Sue Lin-Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jogadhenu S S Prakash
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and
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49
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Pönisch W, Weber CA, Juckeland G, Biais N, Zaburdaev V. Multiscale modeling of bacterial colonies: how pili mediate the dynamics of single cells and cellular aggregates. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2017; 19:015003. [PMID: 34017216 PMCID: PMC8132470 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, gonorrhea. Over the past two decades there has been an alarming increase of reported gonorrhea cases where the bacteria were resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics thus prompting for alternative antimicrobial treatment strategies. The crucial step in this and many other bacterial infections is the formation of microcolonies, agglomerates consisting of up to several thousands of cells. The attachment and motility of cells on solid substrates as well as the cell-cell interactions are primarily mediated by type IV pili, long polymeric filaments protruding from the surface of cells. While the crucial role of pili in the assembly of microcolonies has been well recognized, the exact mechanisms of how they govern the formation and dynamics of microcolonies are still poorly understood. Here, we present a computational model of individual cells with explicit pili dynamics, force generation and pili-pili interactions. We employ the model to study a wide range of biological processes, such as the motility of individual cells on a surface, the heterogeneous cell motility within the large cell aggregates, and the merging dynamics and the self-assembly of microcolonies. The results of numerical simulations highlight the central role of pili generated forces in the formation of bacterial colonies and are in agreement with the available experimental observations. The model can quantify the behavior of multicellular bacterial colonies on biologically relevant temporal and spatial scales and can be easily adjusted to include the geometry and pili characteristics of various bacterial species. Ultimately, the combination of the microbiological experimental approach with the in silico model of bacterial colonies might provide new qualitative and quantitative insights on the development of bacterial infections and thus pave the way to new antimicrobial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Pönisch
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Guido Juckeland
- Department of Information Services and Computing (FWC), Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolas Biais
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Graduate Center of CUNY, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
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50
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Oliveira VMC, Santos SSF, Silva CRG, Jorge AOC, Leão MVP. Lactobacillus is able to alter the virulence and the sensitivity profile of Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1737-1744. [PMID: 27606962 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The study investigated whether the interaction with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC7469) interfere with the expression of virulence factors by Candida albicans (ATCC18804). METHODS AND RESULTS These micro-organisms were grown in biofilms for 24, 48 and 72 h, Candida was isolated and the expression of the major virulence factors were investigated. The production of phospholipase, protease and haemolysin were observed in appropriate media; observation of germ tubes formation in serum; biofilm formation, after growth in microtitre plates and reading in spectrophotometer. Candida was also tested for antifungal sensitivity to amphotericin B, fluconazole and ketoconazole. The results were compared with the cells of Candida grown in the absence of lactobacilli (control group). Candida cells, which interacted with Lact. rhamnosus (test group), showed significantly lower proteinase and haemolysin activity, when compared with control group. The germ tube formation and biofilm formation capacity also decreased in tested groups, which demonstrated alterations in susceptibility to antifungal drugs. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Lact. rhamnosus is able to influence the expression of virulence factors by C. albicans and can alter its antifungal sensitivity profile. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results suggest reduction in the pathogenicity of Candida and improvement in candidiasis therapy and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M C Oliveira
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S S F Santos
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C R G Silva
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A O C Jorge
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M V P Leão
- Institute of Basic Biosciences, School of Medicine, University of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
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