1
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Piscitello-Gómez R, Gruber FS, Krishna A, Duclut C, Modes CD, Popović M, Jülicher F, Dye NA, Eaton S. Core PCP mutations affect short-time mechanical properties but not tissue morphogenesis in the Drosophila pupal wing. eLife 2023; 12:e85581. [PMID: 38117039 PMCID: PMC10843330 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
How morphogenetic movements are robustly coordinated in space and time is a fundamental open question in biology. We study this question using the wing of Drosophila melanogaster, an epithelial tissue that undergoes large-scale tissue flows during pupal stages. Previously, we showed that pupal wing morphogenesis involves both cellular behaviors that allow relaxation of mechanical tissue stress, as well as cellular behaviors that appear to be actively patterned (Etournay et al., 2015). Here, we show that these active cellular behaviors are not guided by the core planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, a conserved signaling system that guides tissue development in many other contexts. We find no significant phenotype on the cellular dynamics underlying pupal morphogenesis in mutants of core PCP. Furthermore, using laser ablation experiments, coupled with a rheological model to describe the dynamics of the response to laser ablation, we conclude that while core PCP mutations affect the fast timescale response to laser ablation they do not significantly affect overall tissue mechanics. In conclusion, our work shows that cellular dynamics and tissue shape changes during Drosophila pupal wing morphogenesis do not require core PCP as an orientational guiding cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Piscitello-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Franz S Gruber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- National Phenotypic Screening Centre, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Abhijeet Krishna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes ComplexesParisFrance
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marko Popović
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- DFG Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Systems Biology DresdenDresdenGermany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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2
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Surówka P, Souslov A, Jülicher F, Banerjee D. Odd Cosserat elasticity in active materials. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064609. [PMID: 38243431 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Stress-strain constitutive relations in solids with an internal angular degree of freedom can be modeled using Cosserat (also called micropolar) elasticity. In this paper, we explore Cosserat materials that include chiral active components and hence odd elasticity. We calculate static elastic properties and show that the static response to rotational stresses leads to strains that depend on both Cosserat and odd elasticity. We compute the dispersion relations in odd Cosserat materials in the overdamped regime and find the presence of exceptional points. These exceptional points create a sharp boundary between a Cosserat-dominated regime of complete wave attenuation and an odd-elasticity-dominated regime of propagating waves. We conclude by showing the effect of Cosserat and odd-elasticity terms on the polarization of Rayleigh surface waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Surówka
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anton Souslov
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Debarghya Banerjee
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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3
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Amiri A, Duclut C, Jülicher F, Popović M. Random Traction Yielding Transition in Epithelial Tissues. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:188401. [PMID: 37977637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.188401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate how randomly oriented cell traction forces lead to fluidization in a vertex model of epithelial tissues. We find that the fluidization occurs at a critical value of the traction force magnitude F_{c}. We show that this transition exhibits critical behavior, similar to the yielding transition of sheared amorphous solids. However, we find that it belongs to a different universality class, even though it satisfies the same scaling relations between critical exponents established in the yielding transition of sheared amorphous solids. Our work provides a fluidization mechanism through active force generation that could be relevant in biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboutaleb Amiri
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, CNRS UMR 168, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Bergmann AM, Bauermann J, Bartolucci G, Donau C, Stasi M, Holtmannspötter AL, Jülicher F, Weber CA, Boekhoven J. Liquid spherical shells are a non-equilibrium steady state of active droplets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6552. [PMID: 37848445 PMCID: PMC10582082 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42344-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation yields spherical droplets that eventually coarsen to one large, stable droplet governed by the principle of minimal free energy. In chemically fueled phase separation, the formation of phase-separating molecules is coupled to a fuel-driven, non-equilibrium reaction cycle. It thus yields dissipative structures sustained by a continuous fuel conversion. Such dissipative structures are ubiquitous in biology but are poorly understood as they are governed by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Here, we bridge the gap between passive, close-to-equilibrium, and active, dissipative structures with chemically fueled phase separation. We observe that spherical, active droplets can undergo a morphological transition into a liquid, spherical shell. We demonstrate that the mechanism is related to gradients of short-lived droplet material. We characterize how far out of equilibrium the spherical shell state is and the chemical power necessary to sustain it. Our work suggests alternative avenues for assembling complex stable morphologies, which might already be exploited to form membraneless organelles by cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Bergmann
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bauermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giacomo Bartolucci
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carsten Donau
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michele Stasi
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Holtmannspötter
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technical University of Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Materials Engineering: Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Job Boekhoven
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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5
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Lier R, Duclut C, Bo S, Armas J, Jülicher F, Surówka P. Lift force in odd compressible fluids. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:L023101. [PMID: 37723786 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.l023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
When a body moves through a fluid, it can experience a force orthogonal to its movement called lift force. Odd viscous fluids break parity and time-reversal symmetry, suggesting the existence of an odd lift force on tracer particles, even at vanishing Reynolds numbers and for symmetric geometries. It was previously found that an incompressible odd fluid cannot induce lift force on a tracer particle with no-slip boundary conditions, making signatures of odd viscosity in the two-dimensional bulk elusive. By computing the response matrix for a tracer particle, we show that an odd compressible fluid can produce an odd lift force. Using shell localization, we provide analytic expressions for the drag and odd lift forces acting on the tracer particle in a steady state and also at finite frequency. Importantly, we find that the existence of an odd lift force in a steady state requires taking into account the nonconservation of the fluid mass density due to the coupling between the two-dimensional surface and the three-dimensional bulk fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Lier
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena (DIEP), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), UMR 7057 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - Stefano Bo
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Armas
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena (DIEP), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Surówka
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena (DIEP), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Yan VT, Narayanan A, Wiegand T, Jülicher F, Grill SW. Publisher Correction: A condensate dynamic instability orchestrates actomyosin cortex activation. Nature 2023; 615:E28. [PMID: 36927805 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05932-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tianjing Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arjun Narayanan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany. .,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tina Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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7
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Daeden A, Mietke A, Derivery E, Seum C, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Polarized branched Actin modulates cortical mechanics to produce unequal-size daughters during asymmetric division. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:235-245. [PMID: 36747081 PMCID: PMC9928585 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The control of cell shape during cytokinesis requires a precise regulation of mechanical properties of the cell cortex. Only few studies have addressed the mechanisms underlying the robust production of unequal-sized daughters during asymmetric cell division. Here we report that unequal daughter-cell sizes resulting from asymmetric sensory organ precursor divisions in Drosophila are controlled by the relative amount of cortical branched Actin between the two cell poles. We demonstrate this by mistargeting the machinery for branched Actin dynamics using nanobodies and optogenetics. We can thereby engineer the cell shape with temporal precision and thus the daughter-cell size at different stages of cytokinesis. Most strikingly, inverting cortical Actin asymmetry causes an inversion of daughter-cell sizes. Our findings uncover the physical mechanism by which the sensory organ precursor mother cell controls relative daughter-cell size: polarized cortical Actin modulates the cortical bending rigidity to set the cell surface curvature, stabilize the division and ultimately lead to unequal daughter-cell size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Daeden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mietke
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Derivery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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8
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Abstract
Chemically active systems such as living cells are maintained out of thermal equilibrium due to chemical events which generate heat and lead to active fluctuations. A key question is to understand on which time and length scales active fluctuations dominate thermal fluctuations. Here, we formulate a stochastic field theory with Poisson white noise to describe the heat fluctuations which are generated by stochastic chemical events and lead to active temperature fluctuations. We find that on large length- and timescales, active fluctuations always dominate thermal fluctuations. However, at intermediate length- and timescales, multiple crossovers exist which highlight the different characteristics of active and thermal fluctuations. Our work provides a framework to characterize fluctuations in active systems and reveals that local equilibrium holds at certain length- and timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Mabillard
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Materials Engineering: Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Ishihara K, Mukherjee A, Gromberg E, Brugués J, Tanaka EM, Jülicher F. Topological morphogenesis of neuroepithelial organoids. Nat Phys 2022; 19:177-183. [PMID: 36815964 PMCID: PMC9928582 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Animal organs exhibit complex topologies involving cavities and tubular networks, which underlie their form and function1-3. However, how topology emerges during the development of organ shape, or morphogenesis, remains elusive. Here we combine tissue reconstitution and quantitative microscopy to show that tissue topology and shape is governed by two distinct modes of topological transitions4,5. One mode involves the fusion of two separate epithelia and the other involves the fusion of two ends of the same epithelium. The morphological space is captured by a single control parameter that can be traced back to the relative rates of the two epithelial fusion modes. Finally, we identify a pharmacologically accessible pathway that regulates the frequency of two modes of epithelial fusion, and demonstrate the control of organoid topology and shape. The physical principles uncovered here provide fundamental insights into the self-organization of complex tissues6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishihara
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Arghyadip Mukherjee
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Present Address: Laboratoire de physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | - Elena Gromberg
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Brugués
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elly M. Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Jülicher F, Prost J, Toner J. Broken living layers: Dislocations in active smectic liquid crystals. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054607. [PMID: 36559431 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We show that dislocations in active two-dimensional (2D) smectic liquid crystals with underlying rotational symmetry are always unbound in the presence of noise, meaning the active smectic phase does not exist for nonzero noise in d=2. The active smectic phase can, like equilibrium smectics in 2D, be stabilized by applying rotational symmetry-breaking fields; however, even in the presence of such fields, active smectics are still much less stable against noise than equilibrium ones, when the symmetry-breaking field(s) are weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany and Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacques Prost
- Mechanobiology Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 and Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France
| | - John Toner
- Department of Physics and Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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11
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Abstract
The kinetics of chemical reactions are determined by the law of mass action, which has been successfully applied to homogeneous, dilute mixtures. At nondilute conditions, interactions among the components can give rise to coexisting phases, which can significantly alter the kinetics of chemical reactions. Here, we derive a theory for chemical reactions in coexisting phases at phase equilibrium. We show that phase equilibrium couples the rates of chemical reactions of components with their diffusive exchanges between the phases. Strikingly, the chemical relaxation kinetics can be represented as a flow along the phase equilibrium line in the phase diagram. A key finding of our theory is that differences in reaction rates between coexisting phases stem solely from phase-dependent reaction rate coefficients. Our theory is key to interpreting how concentration levels of reactive components in condensed phases control chemical reaction rates in synthetic and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bauermann
- Max
Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sudarshana Laha
- Max
Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Patrick M. McCall
- Max
Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max
Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center
for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Weber
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Materials Engineering: Institute
of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
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12
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Pochitaloff M, Miranda M, Richard M, Chaiyasitdhi A, Takagi Y, Cao W, De La Cruz EM, Sellers JR, Joanny JF, Jülicher F, Blanchoin L, Martin P. Flagella-like beating of actin bundles driven by self-organized myosin waves. Nat Phys 2022; 18:1240-1247. [PMID: 37396880 PMCID: PMC10312380 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01688-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Wave-like beating of eukaryotic cilia and flagella-threadlike protrusions found in many cells and microorganisms-is a classic example of spontaneous mechanical oscillations in biology. This type of self-organized active matter raises the question of the coordination mechanism between molecular motor activity and cytoskeletal filament bending. Here we show that in the presence of myosin motors, polymerizing actin filaments self-assemble into polar bundles that exhibit wave-like beating. Importantly, filament beating is associated with myosin density waves initiated at twice the frequency of the actin-bending waves. A theoretical description based on curvature control of motor binding to the filaments and of motor activity explains our observations in a regime of high internal friction. Overall, our results indicate that the binding of myosin to actin depends on the actin bundle shape, providing a feedback mechanism between the myosin activity and filament deformations for the self-organization of large motor filament assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pochitaloff
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Present address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Martin Miranda
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathieu Richard
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Atitheb Chaiyasitdhi
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Yasuharu Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Enrique M. De La Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James R. Sellers
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean-François Joanny
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, Grenoble, France
- CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d’Hématologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Martin
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France
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13
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Yan VT, Narayanan A, Wiegand T, Jülicher F, Grill SW. A condensate dynamic instability orchestrates actomyosin cortex activation. Nature 2022; 609:597-604. [PMID: 35978196 PMCID: PMC9477739 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A key event at the onset of development is the activation of a contractile actomyosin cortex during the oocyte-to-embryo transition1-3. Here we report on the discovery that, in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes, actomyosin cortex activation is supported by the emergence of thousands of short-lived protein condensates rich in F-actin, N-WASP and the ARP2/3 complex4-8 that form an active micro-emulsion. A phase portrait analysis of the dynamics of individual cortical condensates reveals that condensates initially grow and then transition to disassembly before dissolving completely. We find that, in contrast to condensate growth through diffusion9, the growth dynamics of cortical condensates are chemically driven. Notably, the associated chemical reactions obey mass action kinetics that govern both composition and size. We suggest that the resultant condensate dynamic instability10 suppresses coarsening of the active micro-emulsion11, ensures reaction kinetics that are independent of condensate size and prevents runaway F-actin nucleation during the formation of the first cortical actin meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tianjing Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arjun Narayanan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany. .,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tina Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Dickmann JEM, Rink JC, Jülicher F. Long-range morphogen gradient formation by cell-to-cell signal propagation. Phys Biol 2022; 19. [PMID: 35921820 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac86b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients are a central concept in developmental biology. Their formation often involves the secretion of morphogens from a local source, that spread by diffusion in the cell field, where molecules eventually get degraded. This implies limits to both the time and length scales over which morphogen gradients can form which are set by diffusion coefficients and degradation rates. Towards the goal of identifying plausible mechanisms capable of extending the gradient range, we here use theory to explore properties of a cell-to-cell signaling relay. Inspired by the millimeter-scale Wnt-expression and signaling gradients in flatworms, we consider morphogen-mediated morphogen production in the cell field. We show that such a relay can generate stable morphogen and signaling gradients that are oriented by a local, morphogen-independent source of morphogen at a boundary. This gradient formation can be related to an effective diffusion and an effective degradation that result from morphogen production due to signaling relay. If the secretion of morphogen produced in response to the relay is polarized, it further gives rise to an effective drift. We find that signaling relay can generate long-ranged gradients in relevant times without relying on extreme choices of diffusion coefficients or degradation rates, thus exceeding the limits set by physiological diffusion coefficients and degradation rates. A signaling relay is hence an attractive principle to conceptualize long-range gradient formation by slowly diffusing morphogens that are relevant for patterning in adult contexts such as regeneration and tissue turn-over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E M Dickmann
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, Dresden, Sachsen, 01187, GERMANY
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, 37077, GERMANY
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Dresden, 01187, GERMANY
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15
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Abstract
Active chiral viscoelastic materials exhibit elastic responses perpendicular to the applied stresses, referred to as odd elasticity. We use a covariant formulation of viscoelasticity combined with an entropy production analysis to show that odd elasticity is not only present in active systems but also in broad classes of passive chiral viscoelastic fluids. In addition, we demonstrate that linear viscoelastic chiral solids require activity in order to manifest odd elastic responses. To model the phenomenon of passive odd viscoelasticity we propose a chiral extension of Jeffreys model. We apply our covariant formalism in order to derive the dispersion relations of hydrodynamic modes and obtain clear imprints of odd viscoelastic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Lier
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jay Armas
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena (DIEP), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Bo
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Surówka
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Emergent Phenomena (DIEP), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Duclut C, Paijmans J, Inamdar MM, Modes CD, Jülicher F. Active T1 transitions in cellular networks. Eur Phys J E Soft Matter 2022; 45:29. [PMID: 35320447 PMCID: PMC8942949 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In amorphous solids as in tissues, neighbor exchanges can relax local stresses and allow the material to flow. In this paper, we use an anisotropic vertex model to study T1 rearrangements in polygonal cellular networks. We consider two different physical realizations of the active anisotropic stresses: (i) anisotropic bond tension and (ii) anisotropic cell stress. Interestingly, the two types of active stress lead to patterns of relative orientation of T1 transitions and cell elongation that are different. Our work suggests that these two realizations of anisotropic active stresses can be observed in vivo. We describe and explain these results through the lens of a continuum description of the tissue as an anisotropic active material. We furthermore discuss the energetics of the dynamic tissue and express the energy balance in terms of internal elastic energy, mechanical work, chemical work and heat. This allows us to define active T1 transitions that can perform mechanical work while consuming chemical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Harmon TS, Jülicher F. Molecular Assembly Lines in Active Droplets. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:108102. [PMID: 35333067 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.108102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Large protein complexes are assembled from protein subunits to form a specific structure. In our theoretic work, we propose that assembly into the correct structure could be reliably achieved through an assembly line with a specific sequence of assembly steps. Using droplet interfaces to position compartment boundaries, we show that an assembly line can be self-organized by active droplets. As a consequence, assembly steps can be arranged spatially so that a specific order of assembly is achieved and incorrect assembly is strongly suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Harmon
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohestraße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Many microorganisms take a chiral path while swimming in an ambient fluid. In this paper we study the combined behavior of two chiral swimmers using the well-known squirmer model taking into account chiral asymmetries. In contrast to the simple squirmer model, which has an axisymmetric distribution of slip velocity, the chiral squirmer has additional asymmetries in the surface slip, which contribute to both translations and rotations of the motion. As a result, swimming trajectories can become helical and chiral asymmetries arise in the flow patterns. We study the swimming trajectories of a pair of chiral squirmers that interact hydrodynamically. This interaction can lead to attraction and repulsion, and in some cases even to bounded states where the swimmers continue to periodically orbit around a common average trajectory. Such bound states are a signature of the chiral nature of the swimmers. Our study could be relevant to the collective movements of ciliated microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Burada
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - R Maity
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - F Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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19
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Michailidi MR, Hadjivasiliou Z, Aguilar-Hidalgo D, Basagiannis D, Seum C, Dubois M, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Morphogen gradient scaling by recycling of intracellular Dpp. Nature 2021; 602:287-293. [PMID: 34937053 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04346-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients are fundamental to establish morphological patterns in developing tissues1. During development, gradients scale to remain proportional to the size of growing organs2,3. Scaling is a universal gear adjusting patterns to size in living organisms3-8, yet its mechanisms remain unclear. Here, focusing on the Dpp gradient in the Drosophila wing disc, we unravel a cell biological basis behind scaling. From small to large discs, scaling of the Dpp gradient is achieved by increasing the contribution of the internalized Dpp molecules to Dpp transport: to expand the gradient, endocytosed molecules are re-exocytosed to spread extracellularly. To regulate the contribution of endocytosed Dpp to the spreading extracellular pool during tissue growth, it is the Dpp binding rates that are progressively modulated by the extracellular factor Pentagone, driving scaling. Thus, for some morphogens, evolution may act on endocytic trafficking to regulate the range of the gradient and its scaling, which could allow adaptation of shape and pattern to different sizes of organs in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zena Hadjivasiliou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Aguilar-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dimitris Basagiannis
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marine Dubois
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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20
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Banerjee D, Vitelli V, Jülicher F, Surówka P. Erratum: Active Viscoelasticity of Odd Materials [Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 138001 (2021)]. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:189901. [PMID: 34767434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.189901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.138001.
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21
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Duclut C, Paijmans J, Inamdar MM, Modes CD, Jülicher F. Nonlinear rheology of cellular networks. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203746. [PMID: 34592496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphogenesis depends crucially on the complex rheological properties of cell tissues and on their ability to maintain mechanical integrity while rearranging at long times. In this paper, we study the rheology of polygonal cellular networks described by a vertex model in the presence of fluctuations. We use a triangulation method to decompose shear into cell shape changes and cell rearrangements. Considering the steady-state stress under constant shear, we observe nonlinear shear-thinning behavior at all magnitudes of the fluctuations, and an even stronger nonlinear regime at lower values of the fluctuations. We successfully capture this nonlinear rheology by a mean-field model that describes the tissue in terms of cell elongation and cell rearrangements. We furthermore introduce anisotropic active stresses in the vertex model and analyze their effect on rheology. We include this anisotropy in the mean-field model and show that it recapitulates the behavior observed in the simulations. Our work clarifies how tissue rheology is related to stochastic cell rearrangements and provides a simple biophysical model to describe biological tissues. Further, it highlights the importance of nonlinearities when discussing tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Duclut
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joris Paijmans
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Carl D Modes
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden 01307, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany.
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22
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Fritsch AW, Diaz-Delgadillo AF, Adame-Arana O, Hoege C, Mittasch M, Kreysing M, Leaver M, Hyman AA, Jülicher F, Weber CA. Local thermodynamics govern formation and dissolution of Caenorhabditis elegans P granule condensates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2102772118. [PMID: 34507991 PMCID: PMC8449359 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102772118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membraneless compartments, also known as condensates, provide chemically distinct environments and thus spatially organize the cell. A well-studied example of condensates is P granules in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans that play an important role in the development of the germline. P granules are RNA-rich protein condensates that share the key properties of liquid droplets such as a spherical shape, the ability to fuse, and fast diffusion of their molecular components. An outstanding question is to what extent phase separation at thermodynamic equilibrium is appropriate to describe the formation of condensates in an active cellular environment. To address this question, we investigate the response of P granule condensates in living cells to temperature changes. We observe that P granules dissolve upon increasing the temperature and recondense upon lowering the temperature in a reversible manner. Strikingly, this temperature response can be captured by in vivo phase diagrams that are well described by a Flory-Huggins model at thermodynamic equilibrium. This finding is surprising due to active processes in a living cell. To address the impact of such active processes on intracellular phase separation, we discuss temperature heterogeneities. We show that, for typical estimates of the density of active processes, temperature represents a well-defined variable and that mesoscopic volume elements are at local thermodynamic equilibrium. Our findings provide strong evidence that P granule assembly and disassembly are governed by phase separation based on local thermal equilibria where the nonequilibrium nature of the cytoplasm is manifested on larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol W Fritsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Omar Adame-Arana
- Division Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Carsten Hoege
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthäus Mittasch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Dewpoint Therapeutics GmbH, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark Leaver
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Division Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Division Biological Physics, Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany;
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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23
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Chartier NT, Mukherjee A, Pfanzelter J, Fürthauer S, Larson BT, Fritsch AW, Amini R, Kreysing M, Jülicher F, Grill SW. A hydraulic instability drives the cell death decision in the nematode germline. Nat Phys 2021; 17:920-925. [PMID: 34777551 PMCID: PMC8548275 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Oocytes are large cells that develop into an embryo upon fertilization1. As interconnected germ cells mature into oocytes, some of them grow-typically at the expense of others that undergo cell death2-4. We present evidence that in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, this cell-fate decision is mechanical and related to tissue hydraulics. An analysis of germ cell volumes and material fluxes identifies a hydraulic instability that amplifies volume differences and causes some germ cells to grow and others to shrink, a phenomenon that is related to the two-balloon instability5. Shrinking germ cells are extruded and they die, as we demonstrate by artificially reducing germ cell volumes via thermoviscous pumping6. Our work reveals a hydraulic symmetry-breaking transition central to the decision between life and death in the nematode germline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arghyadip Mukherjee
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Pfanzelter
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Ben T. Larson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Anatol W. Fritsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Rana Amini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W. Grill
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence—Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Banerjee D, Vitelli V, Jülicher F, Surówka P. Active Viscoelasticity of Odd Materials. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:138001. [PMID: 33861116 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical response of active media ranging from biological gels to living tissues is governed by a subtle interplay between viscosity and elasticity. We generalize the canonical Kelvin-Voigt and Maxwell models to active viscoelastic media that break both parity and time-reversal symmetries. The resulting continuum theories exhibit viscous and elastic tensors that are both antisymmetric, or odd, under exchange of pairs of indices. We analyze how these parity violating viscoelastic coefficients determine the relaxation mechanisms and wave-propagation properties of odd materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarghya Banerjee
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Vitelli
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Piotr Surówka
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany
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25
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Dye NA, Popović M, Iyer KV, Fuhrmann JF, Piscitello-Gómez R, Eaton S, Jülicher F. Self-organized patterning of cell morphology via mechanosensitive feedback. eLife 2021; 10:57964. [PMID: 33769281 PMCID: PMC8133777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue organization is often characterized by specific patterns of cell morphology. How such patterns emerge in developing tissues is a fundamental open question. Here, we investigate the emergence of tissue-scale patterns of cell shape and mechanical tissue stress in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc during larval development. Using quantitative analysis of the cellular dynamics, we reveal a pattern of radially oriented cell rearrangements that is coupled to the buildup of tangential cell elongation. Developing a laser ablation method, we map tissue stresses and extract key parameters of tissue mechanics. We present a continuum theory showing that this pattern of cell morphology and tissue stress can arise via self-organization of a mechanical feedback that couples cell polarity to active cell rearrangements. The predictions of this model are supported by knockdown of MyoVI, a component of mechanosensitive feedback. Our work reveals a mechanism for the emergence of cellular patterns in morphogenesis. During development, carefully choreographed cell movements ensure the creation of a healthy organism. To determine their identity and place across a tissue, cells can read gradients of far-reaching signaling molecules called morphogens; in addition, physical forces can play a part in helping cells acquire the right size and shape. Indeed, cells are tightly attached to their neighbors through connections linked to internal components. Structures or proteins inside the cells can pull on these junctions to generate forces that change the physical features of a cell. However, it is poorly understood how these forces create patterns of cell size and shape across a tissue. Here, Dye, Popovic et al. combined experiments with physical models to examine how cells acquire these physical characteristics across the developing wing of fruit fly larvae. This revealed that cells pushing and pulling on one another create forces that trigger internal biochemical reorganization – for instance, force-generating structures become asymmetrical. In turn, the cells exert additional forces on their neighbors, setting up a positive feedback loop which results in cells adopting the right size and shape across the organ. As such, cells in the fly wing can spontaneously self-organize through the interplay of mechanical and biochemical signals, without the need for pre-existing morphogen gradients. A refined understanding of how physical forces shape cells and organs would help to grasp how defects can emerge during development. This knowledge would also allow scientists to better grow tissues and organs in the laboratory, both for theoretical research and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Dye
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Nachwuchszentrum (MSNZ) P2, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Venkatesan Iyer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana F Fuhrmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Romina Piscitello-Gómez
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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26
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Iyer KV, Taubenberger A, Zeidan SA, Dye NA, Eaton S, Jülicher F. Apico-basal cell compression regulates Lamin A/C levels in epithelial tissues. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1756. [PMID: 33767161 PMCID: PMC7994818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of nuclear protein Lamin A/C are crucial for nuclear mechanotransduction. Lamin A/C levels are known to scale with tissue stiffness and extracellular matrix levels in mesenchymal tissues. But in epithelial tissues, where cells lack a strong interaction with the extracellular matrix, it is unclear how Lamin A/C is regulated. Here, we show in epithelial tissues that Lamin A/C levels scale with apico-basal cell compression, independent of tissue stiffness. Using genetic perturbations in Drosophila epithelial tissues, we show that apico-basal cell compression regulates the levels of Lamin A/C by deforming the nucleus. Further, in mammalian epithelial cells, we show that nuclear deformation regulates Lamin A/C levels by modulating the levels of phosphorylation of Lamin A/C at Serine 22, a target for Lamin A/C degradation. Taken together, our results reveal a mechanism of Lamin A/C regulation which could provide key insights for understanding nuclear mechanotransduction in epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Venkatesan Iyer
- grid.419537.d0000 0001 2113 4567Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany ,grid.419560.f0000 0001 2154 3117Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany ,grid.34980.360000 0001 0482 5067Present Address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anna Taubenberger
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Biotechnology Center TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Salma Ahmed Zeidan
- grid.419537.d0000 0001 2113 4567Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A. Dye
- grid.419537.d0000 0001 2113 4567Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- grid.419537.d0000 0001 2113 4567Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- grid.419560.f0000 0001 2154 3117Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany ,grid.495510.cCenter for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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27
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Kuan HS, Pönisch W, Jülicher F, Zaburdaev V. Continuum Theory of Active Phase Separation in Cellular Aggregates. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 126:018102. [PMID: 33480767 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.018102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dense cellular aggregates are common in biology, ranging from bacterial biofilms to organoids, cell spheroids, and tumors. Their dynamics, driven by intercellular forces, is intrinsically out of equilibrium. Motivated by bacterial colonies as a model system, we present a continuum theory to study dense, active, cellular aggregates. We describe the process of aggregate formation as an active phase separation phenomenon, while the merging of aggregates is rationalized as a coalescence of viscoelastic droplets where the key timescales are linked to the turnover of the active force. Our theory provides a general framework for studying the rheology and nonequilibrium dynamics of dense cellular aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Shun Kuan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Pönisch
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, CB2 3DY Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Comelles J, SS S, Lu L, Le Maout E, Anvitha S, Salbreux G, Jülicher F, Inamdar MM, Riveline D. Epithelial colonies in vitro elongate through collective effects. eLife 2021; 10:e57730. [PMID: 33393459 PMCID: PMC7850623 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues of the developing embryos elongate by different mechanisms, such as neighbor exchange, cell elongation, and oriented cell division. Since autonomous tissue self-organization is influenced by external cues such as morphogen gradients or neighboring tissues, it is difficult to distinguish intrinsic from directed tissue behavior. The mesoscopic processes leading to the different mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we study the spontaneous elongation behavior of spreading circular epithelial colonies in vitro. By quantifying deformation kinematics at multiple scales, we report that global elongation happens primarily due to cell elongations, and its direction correlates with the anisotropy of the average cell elongation. By imposing an external time-periodic stretch, the axis of this global symmetry breaking can be modified and elongation occurs primarily due to orientated neighbor exchange. These different behaviors are confirmed using a vertex model for collective cell behavior, providing a framework for understanding autonomous tissue elongation and its origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Comelles
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
| | - Soumya SS
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, PowaiMumbaiIndia
| | - Linjie Lu
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
| | - Emilie Le Maout
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
| | - S Anvitha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, PowaiMumbaiIndia
| | | | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeDresdenGermany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, PowaiMumbaiIndia
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
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29
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Jawerth L, Fischer-Friedrich E, Saha S, Wang J, Franzmann T, Zhang X, Sachweh J, Ruer M, Ijavi M, Saha S, Mahamid J, Hyman AA, Jülicher F. Protein condensates as aging Maxwell fluids. Science 2020; 370:1317-1323. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Jawerth
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Biotec, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Suropriya Saha
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jie Wang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Titus Franzmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Biotec, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Sachweh
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martine Ruer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdiye Ijavi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shambaditya Saha
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohrgasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Mahamid
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anthony A. Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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30
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Scholich A, Syga S, Morales-Navarrete H, Segovia-Miranda F, Nonaka H, Meyer K, de Back W, Brusch L, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M, Jülicher F, Friedrich BM. Quantification of nematic cell polarity in three-dimensional tissues. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008412. [PMID: 33301446 PMCID: PMC7755288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
How epithelial cells coordinate their polarity to form functional tissues is an open question in cell biology. Here, we characterize a unique type of polarity found in liver tissue, nematic cell polarity, which is different from vectorial cell polarity in simple, sheet-like epithelia. We propose a conceptual and algorithmic framework to characterize complex patterns of polarity proteins on the surface of a cell in terms of a multipole expansion. To rigorously quantify previously observed tissue-level patterns of nematic cell polarity (Morales-Navarrete et al., eLife 2019), we introduce the concept of co-orientational order parameters, which generalize the known biaxial order parameters of the theory of liquid crystals. Applying these concepts to three-dimensional reconstructions of single cells from high-resolution imaging data of mouse liver tissue, we show that the axes of nematic cell polarity of hepatocytes exhibit local coordination and are aligned with the biaxially anisotropic sinusoidal network for blood transport. Our study characterizes liver tissue as a biological example of a biaxial liquid crystal. The general methodology developed here could be applied to other tissues and in-vitro organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Scholich
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Simon Syga
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Walter de Back
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Friedrich
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Dresden, Germany
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31
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Jawerth LM, Ijavi M, Ruer M, Saha S, Jahnel M, Hyman AA, Jülicher F, Fischer-Friedrich E. Erratum: Salt-Dependent Rheology and Surface Tension of Protein Condensates Using Optical Traps [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 258101 (2018)]. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:229901. [PMID: 33315465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.229901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.258101.
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32
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Abstract
We generalize the Susceptible-Infected-Removed (SIR) model for epidemics to take into account generic effects of heterogeneity in the degree of susceptibility to infection in the population. We introduce a single new parameter corresponding to a power-law exponent of the susceptibility distribution at small susceptibilities. We find that for this class of distributions the gamma distribution is the attractor of the dynamics. This allows us to identify generic effects of population heterogeneity in a model as simple as the original SIR model which is contained as a limiting case. Because of this simplicity, numerical solutions can be generated easily and key properties of the epidemic wave can still be obtained exactly. In particular, we present exact expressions for the herd immunity level, the final size of the epidemic, as well as for the shape of the wave and for observables that can be quantified during an epidemic. In strongly heterogeneous populations, the herd immunity level can be much lower than in models with homogeneous populations as commonly used for example to discuss effects of mitigation. Using our model to analyze data for the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Germany shows that the reported time course is consistent with several scenarios characterized by different levels of immunity. These scenarios differ in population heterogeneity and in the time course of the infection rate, for example due to mitigation efforts or seasonality. Our analysis reveals that quantifying the effects of mitigation requires knowledge on the degree of heterogeneity in the population. Our work shows that key effects of population heterogeneity can be captured without increasing the complexity of the model. We show that information about population heterogeneity will be key to understand how far an epidemic has progressed and what can be expected for its future course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Neipel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bauermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefano Bo
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tyler Harmon
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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33
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Adame-Arana O, Weber CA, Zaburdaev V, Prost J, Jülicher F. Liquid Phase Separation Controlled by pH. Biophys J 2020; 119:1590-1605. [PMID: 33010236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a minimal model to study the effects of pH on liquid phase separation of macromolecules. Our model describes a mixture composed of water and macromolecules that exist in three different charge states and have a tendency to phase separate. This phase separation is affected by pH via a set of chemical reactions describing protonation and deprotonation of macromolecules, as well as self-ionization of water. We consider the simple case in which interactions are captured by Flory-Huggins interaction parameters corresponding to Debye screening lengths shorter than a nanometer, which is relevant to proteins inside biological cells under physiological conditions. We identify the conjugate thermodynamic variables at chemical equilibrium and discuss the effective free energy at fixed pH. First, we study phase diagrams as a function of macromolecule concentration and temperature at the isoelectric point of the macromolecules. We find a rich variety of phase diagram topologies, including multiple critical points, triple points, and first-order transition points. Second, we change the pH relative to the isoelectric point of the macromolecules and study how phase diagrams depend on pH. We find that these phase diagrams as a function of pH strongly depend on whether oppositely charged macromolecules or neutral macromolecules have a stronger tendency to phase separate. One key finding is that we predict the existence of a reentrant behavior as a function of pH. In addition, our model predicts that the region of phase separation is typically broader at the isoelectric point. This model could account for both in vitro phase separation of proteins as a function of pH and protein phase separation in yeast cells for pH values close to the isoelectric point of many cytosolic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Adame-Arana
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph A Weber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jacques Prost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, Paris, France; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Dresden, Germany; Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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34
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Mateus R, Holtzer L, Seum C, Hadjivasiliou Z, Dubois M, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. BMP Signaling Gradient Scaling in the Zebrafish Pectoral Fin. Cell Rep 2020; 30:4292-4302.e7. [PMID: 32209485 PMCID: PMC7109522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted growth factors can act as morphogens that form spatial concentration gradients in developing organs, thereby controlling growth and patterning. For some morphogens, adaptation of the gradients to tissue size allows morphological patterns to remain proportioned as the organs grow. In the zebrafish pectoral fin, we found that BMP signaling forms a two-dimensional gradient. The length of the gradient scales with tissue length and its amplitude increases with fin size according to a power-law. Gradient scaling and amplitude power-laws are signatures of growth control by time derivatives of morphogenetic signaling: cell division correlates with the fold change over time of the cellular signaling levels. We show that Smoc1 regulates BMP gradient scaling and growth in the fin. Smoc1 scales the gradient by means of a feedback loop: Smoc1 is a BMP agonist and BMP signaling represses Smoc1 expression. Our work uncovers a layer of morphogen regulation during vertebrate appendage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mateus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Holtzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zena Hadjivasiliou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marine Dubois
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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35
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Klosin A, Oltsch F, Harmon T, Honigmann A, Jülicher F, Hyman AA, Zechner C. Phase separation provides a mechanism to reduce noise in cells. Science 2020; 367:464-468. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav6691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Expression of proteins inside cells is noisy, causing variability in protein concentration among identical cells. A central problem in cellular control is how cells cope with this inherent noise. Compartmentalization of proteins through phase separation has been suggested as a potential mechanism to reduce noise, but systematic studies to support this idea have been missing. In this study, we used a physical model that links noise in protein concentration to theory of phase separation to show that liquid droplets can effectively reduce noise. We provide experimental support for noise reduction by phase separation using engineered proteins that form liquid-like compartments in mammalian cells. Thus, phase separation can play an important role in biological signal processing and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Klosin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - F. Oltsch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - T. Harmon
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - A. Honigmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - F. Jülicher
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - A. A. Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - C. Zechner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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36
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Abstract
The cell cortex, a thin film of active material assembled below the cell membrane, plays a key role in cellular symmetry-breaking processes such as cell polarity establishment and cell division. Here, we present a minimal model of the self-organization of the cell cortex that is based on a hydrodynamic theory of curved active surfaces. Active stresses on this surface are regulated by a diffusing molecular species. We show that coupling of the active surface to a passive bulk fluid enables spontaneous polarization and the formation of a contractile ring on the surface via mechanochemical instabilities. We discuss the role of external fields in guiding such pattern formation. Our work reveals that key features of cellular symmetry breaking and cell division can emerge in a minimal model via general dynamic instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mietke
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Scientific Computing for Systems Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, TU Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - V Jemseena
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 560 089 Bengaluru, India
| | - K Vijay Kumar
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 560 089 Bengaluru, India
| | - Ivo F Sbalzarini
- Chair of Scientific Computing for Systems Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, TU Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Abstract
Suzanne Eaton, Professor at the Technical University Dresden and Group Leader at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics in Dresden, tragically died on 2 July 2019. Suzanne was a remarkable person, both as a scientist and as a human being. Having worked closely with Suzanne for many years, I remember here some of her key scientific contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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38
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Baumgart J, Kirchner M, Redemann S, Bond A, Woodruff J, Verbavatz JM, Jülicher F, Müller-Reichert T, Hyman AA, Brugués J. Soluble tubulin is significantly enriched at mitotic centrosomes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3977-3985. [PMID: 31636117 PMCID: PMC6891098 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Baumgart et al. measure the amount of dimeric and polymeric tubulin at mitotic centrosomes in C. elegans by light and electron microscopy. Centrosomes concentrate soluble tubulin tenfold over the cytoplasm, suggesting that centrosomal microtubule nucleation may be driven in part by concentrating tubulin. During mitosis, the centrosome expands its capacity to nucleate microtubules. Understanding the mechanisms of centrosomal microtubule nucleation is, however, constrained by a lack of knowledge of the amount of soluble and polymeric tubulin at mitotic centrosomes. Here we combined light microscopy and serial-section electron tomography to measure the amount of dimeric and polymeric tubulin at mitotic centrosomes in early C. elegans embryos. We show that a C. elegans one-cell stage centrosome at metaphase contains >10,000 microtubules with a total polymer concentration of 230 µM. Centrosomes concentrate soluble α/β tubulin by about 10-fold over the cytoplasm, reaching peak values of 470 µM, giving a combined total monomer and polymer tubulin concentration at centrosomes of up to 660 µM. These findings support in vitro data suggesting that microtubule nucleation in C. elegans centrosomes is driven in part by concentrating soluble tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Baumgart
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcel Kirchner
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Redemann
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Alec Bond
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jeffrey Woodruff
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jean-Marc Verbavatz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Brugués
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany .,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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39
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Richard M, Blanch-Mercader C, Ennomani H, Cao W, De La Cruz EM, Joanny JF, Jülicher F, Blanchoin L, Martin P. Active cargo positioning in antiparallel transport networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14835-14842. [PMID: 31289230 PMCID: PMC6660773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900416116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal filaments assemble into dense parallel, antiparallel, or disordered networks, providing a complex environment for active cargo transport and positioning by molecular motors. The interplay between the network architecture and intrinsic motor properties clearly affects transport properties but remains poorly understood. Here, by using surface micropatterns of actin polymerization, we investigate stochastic transport properties of colloidal beads in antiparallel networks of overlapping actin filaments. We found that 200-nm beads coated with myosin Va motors displayed directed movements toward positions where the net polarity of the actin network vanished, accumulating there. The bead distribution was dictated by the spatial profiles of local bead velocity and diffusion coefficient, indicating that a diffusion-drift process was at work. Remarkably, beads coated with heavy-mero-myosin II motors showed a similar behavior. However, although velocity gradients were steeper with myosin II, the much larger bead diffusion observed with this motor resulted in less precise positioning. Our observations are well described by a 3-state model, in which active beads locally sense the net polarity of the network by frequently detaching from and reattaching to the filaments. A stochastic sequence of processive runs and diffusive searches results in a biased random walk. The precision of bead positioning is set by the gradient of net actin polarity in the network and by the run length of the cargo in an attached state. Our results unveiled physical rules for cargo transport and positioning in networks of mixed polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Richard
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, F-75248 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, F-75248 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
| | - Hajer Ennomani
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114
| | - Enrique M De La Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114
| | - Jean-François Joanny
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, F-75248 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
- ESPCI ParisTech, 75005 Paris, France
- Collège de France, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Laurent Blanchoin
- CytomorphoLab, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Université Grenoble-Alpes/CEA/CNRS/INRA, 38054 Grenoble, France
- CytomorphoLab, Hôpital Saint Louis, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, UMRS1160, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Martin
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, F-75248 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, F-75252 Paris, France
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40
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Gross P, Kumar KV, Goehring NW, Bois JS, Hoege C, Jülicher F, Grill SW. Guiding self-organized pattern formation in cell polarity establishment. Nat Phys 2019; 15:293-300. [PMID: 31327978 PMCID: PMC6640039 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous pattern formation in Turing systems relies on feedback. Patterns in cells and tissues however often do not form spontaneously, but are under control of upstream pathways that provide molecular guiding cues. The relationship between guiding cues and feedback in controlled biological pattern formation remains unclear. We explored this relationship during cell polarity establishment in the one-cell-stage C. elegans embryo. We quantified the strength of two feedback systems that operate during polarity establishment, feedback between polarity proteins and the actomyosin cortex, and mutual antagonism amongst polarity proteins. We characterized how these feedback systems are modulated by guiding cues from the centrosome. By coupling a mass-conserved Turing-like reaction-diffusion system for polarity proteins to an active gel description of the actomyosin cortex, we reveal a transition point beyond which feedback ensures self-organized polarization even when cues are removed. Notably, the baton is passed from a guide-dominated to a feedback-dominated regime significantly beyond this transition point, which ensures robustness. Together, this reveals a general criterion for controlling biological pattern forming systems: feedback remains subcritical to avoid unstable behaviour, and molecular guiding cues drive the system beyond a transition point for pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gross
- BIOTEC, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,
Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - K. Vijay Kumar
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Nathan W. Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT,
UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology,
Gower Street, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Justin S. Bois
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd,
Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Carsten Hoege
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,
Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W. Grill
- BIOTEC, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,
Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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41
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Morales-Navarrete H, Nonaka H, Scholich A, Segovia-Miranda F, de Back W, Meyer K, Bogorad RL, Koteliansky V, Brusch L, Kalaidzidis Y, Jülicher F, Friedrich BM, Zerial M. Liquid-crystal organization of liver tissue. eLife 2019; 8:e44860. [PMID: 31204997 PMCID: PMC6598764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional tissue architecture originates by self-assembly of distinct cell types, following tissue-specific rules of cell-cell interactions. In the liver, a structural model of the lobule was pioneered by Elias in 1949. This model, however, is in contrast with the apparent random 3D arrangement of hepatocytes. Since then, no significant progress has been made to derive the organizing principles of liver tissue. To solve this outstanding problem, we computationally reconstructed 3D tissue geometry from microscopy images of mouse liver tissue and analyzed it applying soft-condensed-matter-physics concepts. Surprisingly, analysis of the spatial organization of cell polarity revealed that hepatocytes are not randomly oriented but follow a long-range liquid-crystal order. This does not depend exclusively on hepatocytes receiving instructive signals by endothelial cells, since silencing Integrin-β1 disrupted both liquid-crystal order and organization of the sinusoidal network. Our results suggest that bi-directional communication between hepatocytes and sinusoids underlies the self-organization of liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - André Scholich
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | | | - Walter de Back
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav CarusTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance ComputingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Roman L Bogorad
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Victor Koteliansky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologySkolkovoRussia
- Department of ChemistryMV Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscowRussia
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance ComputingTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Benjamin M Friedrich
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeTU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeTU DresdenDresdenGermany
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42
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Abstract
Phase separating systems that are maintained away from thermodynamic equilibrium via molecular processes represent a class of active systems, which we call active emulsions. These systems are driven by external energy input, for example provided by an external fuel reservoir. The external energy input gives rise to novel phenomena that are not present in passive systems. For instance, concentration gradients can spatially organise emulsions and cause novel droplet size distributions. Another example are active droplets that are subject to chemical reactions such that their nucleation and size can be controlled, and they can divide spontaneously. In this review, we discuss the physics of phase separation and emulsions and show how the concepts that govern such phenomena can be extended to capture the physics of active emulsions. This physics is relevant to the spatial organisation of the biochemistry in living cells, for the development of novel applications in chemical engineering and models for the origin of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Weber
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany. Center for Systems Biology Dresden, CSBD, Dresden, Germany. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States of America
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43
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Barral J, Jülicher F, Martin P. Friction from Transduction Channels' Gating Affects Spontaneous Hair-Bundle Oscillations. Biophys J 2019; 114:425-436. [PMID: 29401440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cells of the inner ear can power spontaneous oscillations of their mechanosensory hair bundle, resulting in amplification of weak inputs near the characteristic frequency of oscillation. Recently, dynamic force measurements have revealed that delayed gating of the mechanosensitive ion channels responsible for mechanoelectrical transduction produces a friction force on the hair bundle. The significance of this intrinsic source of dissipation for the dynamical process underlying active hair-bundle motility has remained elusive. The aim of this work is to determine the role of friction in spontaneous hair-bundle oscillations. To this end, we characterized key oscillation properties over a large ensemble of individual hair cells and measured how viscosity of the endolymph that bathes the hair bundles affects these properties. We found that hair-bundle movements were too slow to be impeded by viscous drag only. Moreover, the oscillation frequency was only marginally affected by increasing endolymph viscosity by up to 30-fold. Stochastic simulations could capture the observed behaviors by adding a contribution to friction that was 3-8-fold larger than viscous drag. The extra friction could be attributed to delayed changes in tip-link tension as the result of the finite activation kinetics of the transduction channels. We exploited our analysis of hair-bundle dynamics to infer the channel activation time, which was ∼1 ms. This timescale was two orders-of-magnitude shorter than the oscillation period. However, because the channel activation time was significantly longer than the timescale of mechanical relaxation of the hair bundle, channel kinetics affected hair-bundle dynamics. Our results suggest that friction from channel gating affects the waveform of oscillation and that the channel activation time can tune the characteristic frequency of the hair cell. We conclude that the kinetics of transduction channels' gating plays a fundamental role in the dynamic process that shapes spontaneous hair-bundle oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Barral
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany; Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Pascal Martin
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR168, Paris, France; UPMC Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France; Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California.
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44
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Thommen A, Werner S, Frank O, Philipp J, Knittelfelder O, Quek Y, Fahmy K, Shevchenko A, Friedrich BM, Jülicher F, Rink JC. Body size-dependent energy storage causes Kleiber's law scaling of the metabolic rate in planarians. eLife 2019; 8:e38187. [PMID: 30608231 PMCID: PMC6320072 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleiber's law, or the 3/4 -power law scaling of the metabolic rate with body mass, is considered one of the few quantitative laws in biology, yet its physiological basis remains unknown. Here, we report Kleiber's law scaling in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Its reversible and life history-independent changes in adult body mass over 3 orders of magnitude reveal that Kleiber's law does not emerge from the size-dependent decrease in cellular metabolic rate, but from a size-dependent increase in mass per cell. Through a combination of experiment and theoretical analysis of the organismal energy balance, we further show that the mass allometry is caused by body size dependent energy storage. Our results reveal the physiological origins of Kleiber's law in planarians and have general implications for understanding a fundamental scaling law in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Thommen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Steffen Werner
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- FOM Institute AMOLFAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Olga Frank
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Jenny Philipp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource EcologyDresdenGermany
| | | | - Yihui Quek
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Resource EcologyDresdenGermany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
| | - Benjamin M Friedrich
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
| | - Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
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45
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Abstract
Mechanochemical processes in thin biological structures, such as the cellular cortex or epithelial sheets, play a key role during the morphogenesis of cells and tissues. In particular, they are responsible for the dynamical organization of active stresses that lead to flows and deformations of the material. Consequently, advective transport redistributes force-generating molecules and thereby contributes to a complex mechanochemical feedback loop. It has been shown in fixed geometries that this mechanism enables patterning, but the interplay of these processes with shape changes of the material remains to be explored. In this work, we study the fully self-organized shape dynamics using the theory of active fluids on deforming surfaces and develop a numerical approach to solve the corresponding force and torque balance equations. We describe the spontaneous generation of nontrivial surface shapes, shape oscillations, and directed surface flows that resemble peristaltic waves from self-organized, mechanochemical processes on the deforming surface. Our approach provides opportunities to explore the dynamics of self-organized active surfaces and can help to understand the role of shape as an integral element of the mechanochemical organization of morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mietke
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Chair of Scientific Computing for Systems Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Universität, Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- MOSAIC Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany;
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivo F Sbalzarini
- Chair of Scientific Computing for Systems Biology, Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Universität, Dresden, 01187 Dresden, Germany;
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- MOSAIC Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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46
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Jawerth LM, Ijavi M, Ruer M, Saha S, Jahnel M, Hyman AA, Jülicher F, Fischer-Friedrich E. Salt-Dependent Rheology and Surface Tension of Protein Condensates Using Optical Traps. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:258101. [PMID: 30608810 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.258101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of proteins with intrinsically disordered domains have been shown to phase separate in buffer to form liquidlike phases. These protein condensates serve as simple models for the investigation of the more complex membraneless organelles in cells. To understand the function of such proteins in cells, the material properties of the condensates they form are important. However, these material properties are not well understood. Here, we develop a novel method based on optical traps to study the frequency-dependent rheology and the surface tension of P-granule protein PGL-3 condensates as a function of salt concentration. We find that PGL-3 droplets are predominantly viscous but also exhibit elastic properties. As the salt concentration is reduced, their elastic modulus, viscosity, and surface tension increase. Our findings show that salt concentration has a strong influence on the rheology and dynamics of protein condensates suggesting an important role of electrostatic interactions for their material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Jawerth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mahdiye Ijavi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martine Ruer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Shambaditya Saha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Jahnel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fischer-Friedrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie und Genetik, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme, Nöthnitzerstraße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Sui L, Alt S, Weigert M, Dye N, Eaton S, Jug F, Myers EW, Jülicher F, Salbreux G, Dahmann C. Differential lateral and basal tension drive folding of Drosophila wing discs through two distinct mechanisms. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4620. [PMID: 30397306 PMCID: PMC6218478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial folding transforms simple sheets of cells into complex three-dimensional tissues and organs during animal development. Epithelial folding has mainly been attributed to mechanical forces generated by an apically localized actomyosin network, however, contributions of forces generated at basal and lateral cell surfaces remain largely unknown. Here we show that a local decrease of basal tension and an increased lateral tension, but not apical constriction, drive the formation of two neighboring folds in developing Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Spatially defined reduction of extracellular matrix density results in local decrease of basal tension in the first fold; fluctuations in F-actin lead to increased lateral tension in the second fold. Simulations using a 3D vertex model show that the two distinct mechanisms can drive epithelial folding. Our combination of lateral and basal tension measurements with a mechanical tissue model reveals how simple modulations of surface and edge tension drive complex three-dimensional morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sui
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Weigert
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Jug
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugene W Myers
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK.
| | - Christian Dahmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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48
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Naganathan SR, Fürthauer S, Rodriguez J, Fievet BT, Jülicher F, Ahringer J, Cannistraci CV, Grill SW. Morphogenetic degeneracies in the actomyosin cortex. eLife 2018; 7:37677. [PMID: 30346273 PMCID: PMC6226289 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the great challenges in biology is to understand the mechanisms by which morphogenetic processes arise from molecular activities. We investigated this problem in the context of actomyosin-based cortical flow in C. elegans zygotes, where large-scale flows emerge from the collective action of actomyosin filaments and actin binding proteins (ABPs). Large-scale flow dynamics can be captured by active gel theory by considering force balances and conservation laws in the actomyosin cortex. However, which molecular activities contribute to flow dynamics and large-scale physical properties such as viscosity and active torque is largely unknown. By performing a candidate RNAi screen of ABPs and actomyosin regulators we demonstrate that perturbing distinct molecular processes can lead to similar flow phenotypes. This is indicative for a ‘morphogenetic degeneracy’ where multiple molecular processes contribute to the same large-scale physical property. We speculate that morphogenetic degeneracies contribute to the robustness of bulk biological matter in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Fürthauer
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, United States
| | - Josana Rodriguez
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Thomas Fievet
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Brain Bio-Inspired Computing (BBC) Lab, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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49
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Zwicker D, Baumgart J, Redemann S, Müller-Reichert T, Hyman AA, Jülicher F. Positioning of Particles in Active Droplets. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:158102. [PMID: 30362788 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.158102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemically active droplets are nonequilibrium systems that combine phase separation with chemical reactions. We here investigate how the activity introduced by the chemical reactions influences solid particles inside such droplets. We find that passive particles are centered in active droplets governed by first-order reactions. In autocatalytic active droplets, only catalytically active particles can be centered. An example of such systems in biology are centrosomes. Our study can account for the observed positioning of centrioles and provides a general mechanism to control the position of particles within chemically active droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zwicker
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Baumgart
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Redemann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
| | - Thomas Müller-Reichert
- Technische Universität Dresden, Experimental Center, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Fiedlerstraße 42, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony A Hyman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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50
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Abstract
We review the general hydrodynamic theory of active soft materials that is motivated in particular by biological matter. We present basic concepts of irreversible thermodynamics of spatially extended multicomponent active systems. Starting from the rate of entropy production, we identify conjugate thermodynamic fluxes and forces and present generic constitutive equations of polar active fluids and active gels. We also discuss angular momentum conservation which plays a role in the the physics of active chiral gels. The irreversible thermodynamics of active gels provides a general framework to discuss the physics that underlies a wide variety of biological processes in cells and in multicellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstr. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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