1
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Perez-Mockus G, Cocconi L, Alexandre C, Aerne B, Salbreux G, Vincent JP. The Drosophila ecdysone receptor promotes or suppresses proliferation according to ligand level. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2128-2139.e4. [PMID: 37769663 PMCID: PMC7615657 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxy-ecdysone (20E) promotes proliferation in Drosophila wing precursors at low titer but triggers proliferation arrest at high doses. Remarkably, wing precursors proliferate normally in the complete absence of the 20E receptor, suggesting that low-level 20E promotes proliferation by overriding the default anti-proliferative activity of the receptor. By contrast, 20E needs its receptor to arrest proliferation. Dose-response RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of ex vivo cultured wing precursors identifies genes that are quantitatively activated by 20E across the physiological range, likely comprising positive modulators of proliferation and other genes that are only activated at high doses. We suggest that some of these "high-threshold" genes dominantly suppress the activity of the pro-proliferation genes. We then show mathematically and with synthetic reporters that combinations of basic regulatory elements can recapitulate the behavior of both types of target genes. Thus, a relatively simple genetic circuit can account for the bimodal activity of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Cocconi
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | | | | | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Smith MB, Sparks H, Almagro J, Chaigne A, Behrens A, Dunsby C, Salbreux G. Active mesh and neural network pipeline for cell aggregate segmentation. Biophys J 2023; 122:1586-1599. [PMID: 37002604 PMCID: PMC10183373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Segmenting cells within cellular aggregates in 3D is a growing challenge in cell biology due to improvements in capacity and accuracy of microscopy techniques. Here, we describe a pipeline to segment images of cell aggregates in 3D. The pipeline combines neural network segmentations with active meshes. We apply our segmentation method to cultured mouse mammary gland organoids imaged over 24 h with oblique plane microscopy, a high-throughput light-sheet fluorescence microscopy technique. We show that our method can also be applied to images of mouse embryonic stem cells imaged with a spinning disc microscope. We segment individual cells based on nuclei and cell membrane fluorescent markers, and track cells over time. We describe metrics to quantify the quality of the automated segmentation. Our segmentation pipeline involves a Fiji plugin that implements active mesh deformation and allows a user to create training data, automatically obtain segmentation meshes from original image data or neural network prediction, and manually curate segmentation data to identify and correct mistakes. Our active meshes-based approach facilitates segmentation postprocessing, correction, and integration with neural network prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hugh Sparks
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Agathe Chaigne
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Axel Behrens
- Cancer Stem Cell Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Department of Genetics and Evolution, Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Abstract
Shape transformations of epithelial tissues in three dimensions, which are crucial for embryonic development or in vitro organoid growth, can result from active forces generated within the cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells. How the interplay of local differential tensions with tissue geometry and with external forces results in tissue-scale morphogenesis remains an open question. Here, we describe epithelial sheets as active viscoelastic surfaces and study their deformation under patterned internal tensions and bending moments. In addition to isotropic effects, we take into account nematic alignment in the plane of the tissue, which gives rise to shape-dependent, anisotropic active tensions and bending moments. We present phase diagrams of the mechanical equilibrium shapes of pre-patterned closed shells and explore their dynamical deformations. Our results show that a combination of nematic alignment and gradients in internal tensions and bending moments is sufficient to reproduce basic building blocks of epithelial morphogenesis, including fold formation, budding, neck formation, flattening, and tubulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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4
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Torres-Sánchez A, Kerr Winter M, Salbreux G. Interacting active surfaces: A model for three-dimensional cell aggregates. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010762. [PMID: 36525467 PMCID: PMC9803321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a modelling and simulation framework for cell aggregates in three dimensions based on interacting active surfaces. Cell mechanics is captured by a physical description of the acto-myosin cortex that includes cortical flows, viscous forces, active tensions, and bending moments. Cells interact with each other via short-range forces capturing the effect of adhesion molecules. We discretise the model equations using a finite element method, and provide a parallel implementation in C++. We discuss examples of application of this framework to small and medium-sized aggregates: we consider the shape and dynamics of a cell doublet, a planar cell sheet, and a growing cell aggregate. This framework opens the door to the systematic exploration of the cell to tissue-scale mechanics of cell aggregates, which plays a key role in the morphogenesis of embryos and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Kerr Winter
- Theoretical Physics of Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Theoretical Physics of Biology laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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5
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Thiagarajan R, Bhat A, Salbreux G, Inamdar MM, Riveline D. Pulsations and flows in tissues as two collective dynamics with simple cellular rules. iScience 2022; 25:105053. [PMID: 36204277 PMCID: PMC9531052 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective motions of epithelial cells are essential for morphogenesis. Tissues elongate, contract, flow, and oscillate, thus sculpting embryos. These tissue level dynamics are known, but the physical mechanisms at the cellular level are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a single epithelial monolayer of MDCK cells can exhibit two types of local tissue kinematics, pulsations and long range coherent flows, characterized by using quantitative live imaging. We report that these motions can be controlled with internal and external cues such as specific inhibitors and substrate friction modulation. We demonstrate the associated mechanisms with a unified vertex model. When cell velocity alignment and random diffusion of cell polarization are comparable, a pulsatile flow emerges whereas tissue undergoes long-range flows when velocity alignment dominates which is consistent with cytoskeletal dynamics measurements. We propose that environmental friction, acto-myosin distributions, and cell polarization kinetics are important in regulating dynamics of tissue morphogenesis. Two collective cell motions, pulsations and flows, coexist in MDCK monolayers Each collective movement is identified using divergence and velocity correlations Motion is controlled by the regulation of substrate friction and cytoskeleton A vertex model recapitulates the motion by tuning velocity and polarity alignment
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavan Thiagarajan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Alka Bhat
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Mandar M. Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Corresponding author
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6
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Kelkar M, Bohec P, Smith MB, Sreenivasan V, Lisica A, Valon L, Ferber E, Baum B, Salbreux G, Charras G. Spindle reorientation in response to mechanical stress is an emergent property of the spindle positioning mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121868119. [PMID: 35727980 PMCID: PMC9245638 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121868119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper orientation of the mitotic spindle plays a crucial role in embryos, during tissue development, and in adults, where it functions to dissipate mechanical stress to maintain tissue integrity and homeostasis. While mitotic spindles have been shown to reorient in response to external mechanical stresses, the subcellular cues that mediate spindle reorientation remain unclear. Here, we used a combination of optogenetics and computational modeling to investigate how mitotic spindles respond to inhomogeneous tension within the actomyosin cortex. Strikingly, we found that the optogenetic activation of RhoA only influences spindle orientation when it is induced at both poles of the cell. Under these conditions, the sudden local increase in cortical tension induced by RhoA activation reduces pulling forces exerted by cortical regulators on astral microtubules. This leads to a perturbation of the balance of torques exerted on the spindle, which causes it to rotate. Thus, spindle rotation in response to mechanical stress is an emergent phenomenon arising from the interaction between the spindle positioning machinery and the cell cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kelkar
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Bohec
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Varun Sreenivasan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lisica
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Léo Valon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3738, 75015 Paris , France
| | - Emma Ferber
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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7
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Hecht S, Perez-Mockus G, Schienstock D, Recasens-Alvarez C, Merino-Aceituno S, Smith M, Salbreux G, Degond P, Vincent JP. Mechanical constraints to cell-cycle progression in a pseudostratified epithelium. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2076-2083.e2. [PMID: 35338851 PMCID: PMC7615048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As organs and tissues approach their normal size during development or regeneration, growth slows down, and cell proliferation progressively comes to a halt. Among the various processes suggested to contribute to growth termination,1-10 mechanical feedback, perhaps via adherens junctions, has been suggested to play a role.11-14 However, since adherens junctions are only present in a narrow plane of the subapical region, other structures are likely needed to sense mechanical stresses along the apical-basal (A-B) axis, especially in a thick pseudostratified epithelium. This could be achieved by nuclei, which have been implicated in mechanotransduction in tissue culture.15 In addition, mechanical constraints imposed by nuclear crowding and spatial confinement could affect interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM),16 which allows G2 nuclei to reach the apical surface, where they normally undergo mitosis.17-25 To explore how mechanical constraints affect IKNM, we devised an individual-based model that treats nuclei as deformable objects constrained by the cell cortex and the presence of other nuclei. The model predicts changes in the proportion of cell-cycle phases during growth, which we validate with the cell-cycle phase reporter FUCCI (Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator).26 However, this model does not preclude indefinite growth, leading us to postulate that nuclei must migrate basally to access a putative basal signal required for S phase entry. With this refinement, our updated model accounts for the observed progressive slowing down of growth and explains how pseudostratified epithelia reach a stereotypical thickness upon completion of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hecht
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Imperial College London, Department of Mathematics, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | | | | - Sara Merino-Aceituno
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Mathematics, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, Wien 1090, Austria; University of Sussex, Department of Mathematics, Falmer BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Matt Smith
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Pierre Degond
- Imperial College London, Department of Mathematics, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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8
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Cocconi L, Salbreux G, Pruessner G. Scaling of entropy production under coarse graining in active disordered media. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:L042601. [PMID: 35590651 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.l042601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Entropy production plays a fundamental role in the study of nonequilibrium systems by offering a quantitative handle on the degree of time-reversal symmetry breaking. It depends crucially on the degree of freedom considered as well as on the scale of description. How the entropy production at one resolution of the degrees of freedom is related to the entropy production at another resolution is a fundamental question which has recently attracted interest. This relationship is of particular relevance to coarse-grained and continuum descriptions of a given phenomenon. In this work, we derive the scaling of the entropy production under iterative coarse graining on the basis of the correlations of the underlying microscopic transition rates for noninteracting particles in active disordered media. Our approach unveils a natural criterion to distinguish equilibrium-like and genuinely nonequilibrium macroscopic phenomena based on the sign of the scaling exponent of the entropy production per mesostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cocconi
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, SW7 2BX London, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Pruessner
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College, SW7 2BX London, United Kingdom
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9
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Davis JR, Ainslie AP, Williamson JJ, Ferreira A, Torres-Sánchez A, Hoppe A, Mangione F, Smith MB, Martin-Blanco E, Salbreux G, Tapon N. ECM degradation in the Drosophila abdominal epidermis initiates tissue growth that ceases with rapid cell-cycle exit. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1285-1300.e4. [PMID: 35167804 PMCID: PMC8967408 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During development, multicellular organisms undergo stereotypical patterns of tissue growth in space and time. How developmental growth is orchestrated remains unclear, largely due to the difficulty of observing and quantitating this process in a living organism. Drosophila histoblast nests are small clusters of progenitor epithelial cells that undergo extensive growth to give rise to the adult abdominal epidermis and are amenable to live imaging. Our quantitative analysis of histoblast proliferation and tissue mechanics reveals that tissue growth is driven by cell divisions initiated through basal extracellular matrix degradation by matrix metalloproteases secreted by the neighboring larval epidermal cells. Laser ablations and computational simulations show that tissue mechanical tension does not decrease as the histoblasts fill the abdominal epidermal surface. During tissue growth, the histoblasts display oscillatory cell division rates until growth termination occurs through the rapid emergence of G0/G1 arrested cells, rather than a gradual increase in cell-cycle time as observed in other systems such as the Drosophila wing and mouse postnatal epidermis. Different developing tissues can therefore achieve their final size using distinct growth termination strategies. Thus, adult abdominal epidermal development is characterized by changes in the tissue microenvironment and a rapid exit from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Davis
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Anna P Ainslie
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - John J Williamson
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alejandro Torres-Sánchez
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andreas Hoppe
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-upon-Thames KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Federica Mangione
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Matthew B Smith
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Enrique Martin-Blanco
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parc Científic de Barcelona, C/Baldiri Reixac, 4-8, Torre R, 3era Planta, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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10
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Torres-Sánchez A, Winter MK, Salbreux G. Tissue hydraulics: Physics of lumen formation and interaction. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203724. [PMID: 34339904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumen formation plays an essential role in the morphogenesis of tissues during development. Here we review the physical principles that play a role in the growth and coarsening of lumens. Solute pumping by the cell, hydraulic flows driven by differences of osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, balance of forces between extracellular fluids and cell-generated cytoskeletal forces, and electro-osmotic effects have been implicated in determining the dynamics and steady-state of lumens. We use the framework of linear irreversible thermodynamics to discuss the relevant force, time and length scales involved in these processes. We focus on order of magnitude estimates of physical parameters controlling lumen formation and coarsening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max Kerr Winter
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland.
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11
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Comelles J, SS S, Lu L, Le Maout E, Anvitha S, Salbreux G, Jülicher F, Inamdar MM, Riveline D. Epithelial colonies in vitro elongate through collective effects. eLife 2021; 10:e57730. [PMID: 33393459 PMCID: PMC7850623 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues of the developing embryos elongate by different mechanisms, such as neighbor exchange, cell elongation, and oriented cell division. Since autonomous tissue self-organization is influenced by external cues such as morphogen gradients or neighboring tissues, it is difficult to distinguish intrinsic from directed tissue behavior. The mesoscopic processes leading to the different mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we study the spontaneous elongation behavior of spreading circular epithelial colonies in vitro. By quantifying deformation kinematics at multiple scales, we report that global elongation happens primarily due to cell elongations, and its direction correlates with the anisotropy of the average cell elongation. By imposing an external time-periodic stretch, the axis of this global symmetry breaking can be modified and elongation occurs primarily due to orientated neighbor exchange. These different behaviors are confirmed using a vertex model for collective cell behavior, providing a framework for understanding autonomous tissue elongation and its origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Comelles
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
| | - Soumya SS
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, PowaiMumbaiIndia
| | - Linjie Lu
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
| | - Emilie Le Maout
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
| | - S Anvitha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, PowaiMumbaiIndia
| | | | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex SystemsDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeDresdenGermany
| | - Mandar M Inamdar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, PowaiMumbaiIndia
| | - Daniel Riveline
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and Université de StrasbourgStrasbourgFrance
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104IllkirchFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964IllkirchFrance
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12
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Sparks H, Dent L, Bakal C, Behrens A, Salbreux G, Dunsby C. Dual-view oblique plane microscopy (dOPM). Biomed Opt Express 2020; 11:7204-7220. [PMID: 33408991 PMCID: PMC7747899 DOI: 10.1364/boe.409781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a new folded dual-view oblique plane microscopy (OPM) technique termed dOPM that enables two orthogonal views of the sample to be obtained by translating a pair of tilted mirrors in refocussing space. Using a water immersion 40× 1.15 NA primary objective, deconvolved image volumes of 200 nm beads were measured to have full width at half maxima (FWHM) of 0.35 ± 0.04 µm and 0.39 ± 0.02 µm laterally and 0.81 ± 0.07 µm axially. The measured z-sectioning value was 1.33 ± 0.45 µm using light-sheet FWHM in the frames of the two views of 4.99 ± 0.58 µm and 4.89 ± 0.63 µm. To qualitatively demonstrate that the system can reduce shadow artefacts while providing a more isotropic resolution, a multi-cellular spheroid approximately 100 µm in diameter was imaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Sparks
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lucas Dent
- Dynamical Cell Systems Team, The Institute
of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Dynamical Cell Systems Team, The Institute
of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Axel Behrens
- Cancer Stem Cell Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Theoretical Physics of Biology
Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics,
Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College
London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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13
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Stapornwongkul KS, de Gennes M, Cocconi L, Salbreux G, Vincent JP. Patterning and growth control in vivo by an engineered GFP gradient. Science 2020; 370:321-327. [PMID: 33060356 PMCID: PMC7611032 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients provide positional information during development. To uncover the minimal requirements for morphogen gradient formation, we have engineered a synthetic morphogen in Drosophila wing primordia. We show that an inert protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), can form a detectable diffusion-based gradient in the presence of surface-associated anti-GFP nanobodies, which modulate the gradient by trapping the ligand and limiting leakage from the tissue. We next fused anti-GFP nanobodies to the receptors of Dpp, a natural morphogen, to render them responsive to extracellular GFP. In the presence of these engineered receptors, GFP could replace Dpp to organize patterning and growth in vivo. Concomitant expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored nonsignaling receptors further improved patterning, to near-wild-type quality. Theoretical arguments suggest that GPI anchorage could be important for these receptors to expand the gradient length scale while at the same time reducing leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc de Gennes
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Luca Cocconi
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Imperial College, Department of Mathematics, London, UK
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14
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Dimitracopoulos A, Srivastava P, Chaigne A, Win Z, Shlomovitz R, Lancaster OM, Le Berre M, Piel M, Franze K, Salbreux G, Baum B. Mechanochemical Crosstalk Produces Cell-Intrinsic Patterning of the Cortex to Orient the Mitotic Spindle. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3687-3696.e4. [PMID: 32735816 PMCID: PMC7521479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating animal cells are able to orient their mitotic spindles along their interphase cell axis, setting up the axis of cell division, despite rounding up as they enter mitosis. This has previously been attributed to molecular memory and, more specifically, to the maintenance of adhesions and retraction fibers in mitosis [1-6], which are thought to act as local cues that pattern cortical Gαi, LGN, and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA) [3, 7-18]. This cortical machinery then recruits and activates Dynein motors, which pull on astral microtubules to position the mitotic spindle. Here, we reveal a dynamic two-way crosstalk between the spindle and cortical motor complexes that depends on a Ran-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) signal [12], which is sufficient to drive continuous monopolar spindle motion independently of adhesive cues in flattened human cells in culture. Building on previous work [1, 12, 19-23], we implemented a physical model of the system that recapitulates the observed spindle-cortex interactions. Strikingly, when this model was used to study spindle dynamics in cells entering mitosis, the chromatin-based signal was found to preferentially clear force generators from the short cell axis, so that cortical motors pulling on astral microtubules align bipolar spindles with the interphase long cell axis, without requiring a fixed cue or a physical memory of interphase shape. Thus, our analysis shows that the ability of chromatin to pattern the cortex during the process of mitotic rounding is sufficient to translate interphase shape into a cortical pattern that can be read by the spindle, which then guides the axis of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dimitracopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | | | - Agathe Chaigne
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Zaw Win
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roie Shlomovitz
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Oscar M Lancaster
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maël Le Berre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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15
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Duclos G, Blanch-Mercader C, Yashunsky V, Salbreux G, Joanny JF, Prost J, Silberzan P. Author Correction: Spontaneous shear flow in confined cellular nematics. Nat Phys 2019; 15:868. [PMID: 31467586 PMCID: PMC6715445 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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16
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D'Angelo A, Dierkes K, Carolis C, Salbreux G, Solon J. In Vivo Force Application Reveals a Fast Tissue Softening and External Friction Increase during Early Embryogenesis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1564-1571.e6. [PMID: 31031116 PMCID: PMC6509404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During development, cell-generated forces induce tissue-scale deformations to shape the organism [1,2]. The pattern and extent of these deformations depend not solely on the temporal and spatial profile of the generated force fields but also on the mechanical properties of the tissues that the forces act on. It is thus conceivable that, much like the cell-generated forces, the mechanical properties of tissues are modulated during development in order to drive morphogenesis toward specific developmental endpoints. Although many approaches have recently emerged to assess effective mechanical parameters of tissues [3-8], they could not quantitatively relate spatially localized force induction to tissue-scale deformations in vivo. Here, we present a method that overcomes this limitation. Our approach is based on the application of controlled forces on a single microparticle embedded in an individual cell of an embryo. Combining measurements of bead displacement with the analysis of induced deformation fields in a continuum mechanics framework, we quantify material properties of the tissue and follow their changes over time. In particular, we uncover a rapid change in tissue response occurring during Drosophila cellularization, resulting from a softening of the blastoderm and an increase of external friction. We find that the microtubule cytoskeleton is a major contributor to epithelial mechanics at this stage. We identify developmentally controlled modulations in perivitelline spacing that can account for the changes in friction. Overall, our method allows for the measurement of key mechanical parameters governing tissue-scale deformations and flows occurring during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo D'Angelo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Kai Dierkes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | - Jérôme Solon
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Petridou NI, Grigolon S, Salbreux G, Hannezo E, Heisenberg CP. Fluidization-mediated tissue spreading by mitotic cell rounding and non-canonical Wnt signalling. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:169-178. [PMID: 30559456 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis is driven by mechanical forces that elicit changes in cell size, shape and motion. The extent by which forces deform tissues critically depends on the rheological properties of the recipient tissue. Yet, whether and how dynamic changes in tissue rheology affect tissue morphogenesis and how they are regulated within the developing organism remain unclear. Here, we show that blastoderm spreading at the onset of zebrafish morphogenesis relies on a rapid, pronounced and spatially patterned tissue fluidization. Blastoderm fluidization is temporally controlled by mitotic cell rounding-dependent cell-cell contact disassembly during the last rounds of cell cleavages. Moreover, fluidization is spatially restricted to the central blastoderm by local activation of non-canonical Wnt signalling within the blastoderm margin, increasing cell cohesion and thereby counteracting the effect of mitotic rounding on contact disassembly. Overall, our results identify a fluidity transition mediated by loss of cell cohesion as a critical regulator of embryo morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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18
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Messal HA, Alt S, Ferreira RMM, Gribben C, Wang VMY, Cotoi CG, Salbreux G, Behrens A. Tissue curvature and apicobasal mechanical tension imbalance instruct cancer morphogenesis. Nature 2019; 566:126-130. [PMID: 30700911 PMCID: PMC7025886 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tubular epithelia are a basic building block of organs and a common site of cancer occurrence1-4. During tumorigenesis, transformed cells overproliferate and epithelial architecture is disrupted. However, the biophysical parameters that underlie the adoption of abnormal tumour tissue shapes are unknown. Here we show in the pancreas of mice that the morphology of epithelial tumours is determined by the interplay of cytoskeletal changes in transformed cells and the existing tubular geometry. To analyse the morphological changes in tissue architecture during the initiation of cancer, we developed a three-dimensional whole-organ imaging technique that enables tissue analysis at single-cell resolution. Oncogenic transformation of pancreatic ducts led to two types of neoplastic growth: exophytic lesions that expanded outwards from the duct and endophytic lesions that grew inwards to the ductal lumen. Myosin activity was higher apically than basally in wild-type cells, but upon transformation this gradient was lost in both lesion types. Three-dimensional vertex model simulations and a continuum theory of epithelial mechanics, which incorporate the cytoskeletal changes observed in transformed cells, indicated that the diameter of the source epithelium instructs the morphology of growing tumours. Three-dimensional imaging revealed that-consistent with theory predictions-small pancreatic ducts produced exophytic growth, whereas large ducts deformed endophytically. Similar patterns of lesion growth were observed in tubular epithelia of the liver and lung; this finding identifies tension imbalance and tissue curvature as fundamental determinants of epithelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik A Messal
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rute M M Ferreira
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | - Corina G Cotoi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
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19
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Williamson JJ, Salbreux G. Stability and Roughness of Interfaces in Mechanically Regulated Tissues. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:238102. [PMID: 30576196 PMCID: PMC6420071 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.238102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell division and death can be regulated by the mechanical forces within a tissue. We study the consequences for the stability and roughness of a propagating interface by analyzing a model of mechanically regulated tissue growth in the regime of small driving forces. For an interface driven by homeostatic pressure imbalance or leader-cell motility, long and intermediate-wavelength instabilities arise, depending, respectively, on an effective viscosity of cell number change, and on substrate friction. A further mechanism depends on the strength of directed motility forces acting in the bulk. We analyze the fluctuations of a stable interface subjected to cell-level stochasticity, and find that mechanical feedback can help preserve reproducibility at the tissue scale. Our results elucidate mechanisms that could be important for orderly interface motion in developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Williamson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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20
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Sumi A, Hayes P, D'Angelo A, Colombelli J, Salbreux G, Dierkes K, Solon J. Adherens Junction Length during Tissue Contraction Is Controlled by the Mechanosensitive Activity of Actomyosin and Junctional Recycling. Dev Cell 2018; 47:453-463.e3. [PMID: 30458138 PMCID: PMC6291457 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During epithelial contraction, cells generate forces to constrict their surface and, concurrently, fine-tune the length of their adherens junctions to ensure force transmission. While many studies have focused on understanding force generation, little is known on how junctional length is controlled. Here, we show that, during amnioserosa contraction in Drosophila dorsal closure, adherens junctions reduce their length in coordination with the shrinkage of apical cell area, maintaining a nearly constant junctional straightness. We reveal that junctional straightness and integrity depend on the endocytic machinery and on the mechanosensitive activity of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. On one hand, upon junctional stretch and decrease in E-cadherin density, actomyosin relocalizes from the medial area to the junctions, thus maintaining junctional integrity. On the other hand, when junctions have excess material and ruffles, junction removal is enhanced, and high junctional straightness and tension are restored. These two mechanisms control junctional length and integrity during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angughali Sumi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Peran Hayes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Arturo D'Angelo
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Julien Colombelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Kai Dierkes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - Jérôme Solon
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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21
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Sui L, Alt S, Weigert M, Dye N, Eaton S, Jug F, Myers EW, Jülicher F, Salbreux G, Dahmann C. Differential lateral and basal tension drive folding of Drosophila wing discs through two distinct mechanisms. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4620. [PMID: 30397306 PMCID: PMC6218478 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial folding transforms simple sheets of cells into complex three-dimensional tissues and organs during animal development. Epithelial folding has mainly been attributed to mechanical forces generated by an apically localized actomyosin network, however, contributions of forces generated at basal and lateral cell surfaces remain largely unknown. Here we show that a local decrease of basal tension and an increased lateral tension, but not apical constriction, drive the formation of two neighboring folds in developing Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Spatially defined reduction of extracellular matrix density results in local decrease of basal tension in the first fold; fluctuations in F-actin lead to increased lateral tension in the second fold. Simulations using a 3D vertex model show that the two distinct mechanisms can drive epithelial folding. Our combination of lateral and basal tension measurements with a mechanical tissue model reveals how simple modulations of surface and edge tension drive complex three-dimensional morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Sui
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Weigert
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie Dye
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Biotechnologisches Zentrum, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01309, Dresden, Germany
| | - Florian Jug
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eugene W Myers
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT, London, UK.
| | - Christian Dahmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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22
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Matejčić M, Salbreux G, Norden C. A non-cell-autonomous actin redistribution enables isotropic retinal growth. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006018. [PMID: 30096143 PMCID: PMC6117063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue shape is often established early in development and needs to be scaled isotropically during growth. However, the cellular contributors and ways by which cells interact tissue-wide to enable coordinated isotropic tissue scaling are not yet understood. Here, we follow cell and tissue shape changes in the zebrafish retinal neuroepithelium, which forms a cup with a smooth surface early in development and maintains this architecture as it grows. By combining 3D analysis and theory, we show how a global increase in cell height can maintain tissue shape during growth. Timely cell height increase occurs concurrently with a non-cell-autonomous actin redistribution. Blocking actin redistribution and cell height increase perturbs isotropic scaling and leads to disturbed, folded tissue shape. Taken together, our data show how global changes in cell shape enable isotropic growth of the developing retinal neuroepithelium, a concept that could also apply to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Matejčić
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Caren Norden
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Reconstitution of a Hedgehog morphogen gradient in vitro and in silico reveals the architectural features of the signal transduction pathway that ensure rapid formation of a robust signalling gradient.
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24
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Diaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Ray RP, Ganguly PS, Alt S, Davis JR, Hoppe A, Tapon N, Salbreux G, Thompson BJ. Apical and Basal Matrix Remodeling Control Epithelial Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2018; 46:23-39.e5. [PMID: 29974861 PMCID: PMC6035286 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues can elongate in two dimensions by polarized cell intercalation, oriented cell division, or cell shape change, owing to local or global actomyosin contractile forces acting in the plane of the tissue. In addition, epithelia can undergo morphogenetic change in three dimensions. We show that elongation of the wings and legs of Drosophila involves a columnar-to-cuboidal cell shape change that reduces cell height and expands cell width. Remodeling of the apical extracellular matrix by the Stubble protease and basal matrix by MMP1/2 proteases induces wing and leg elongation. Matrix remodeling does not occur in the haltere, a limb that fails to elongate. Limb elongation is made anisotropic by planar polarized Myosin-II, which drives convergent extension along the proximal-distal axis. Subsequently, Myosin-II relocalizes to lateral membranes to accelerate columnar-to-cuboidal transition and isotropic tissue expansion. Thus, matrix remodeling induces dynamic changes in actomyosin contractility to drive epithelial morphogenesis in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert P Ray
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Poulami S Ganguly
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, Berlin-Buch 13125, Germany
| | - John R Davis
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andreas Hoppe
- Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Nic Tapon
- Apoptosis and Proliferation Control Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Theoretical Physics of Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Barry J Thompson
- Epithelial Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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25
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Abstract
We review the general hydrodynamic theory of active soft materials that is motivated in particular by biological matter. We present basic concepts of irreversible thermodynamics of spatially extended multicomponent active systems. Starting from the rate of entropy production, we identify conjugate thermodynamic fluxes and forces and present generic constitutive equations of polar active fluids and active gels. We also discuss angular momentum conservation which plays a role in the the physics of active chiral gels. The irreversible thermodynamics of active gels provides a general framework to discuss the physics that underlies a wide variety of biological processes in cells and in multicellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jülicher
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstr. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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26
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Duclos G, Blanch-Mercader C, Yashunsky V, Salbreux G, Joanny JF, Prost J, Silberzan P. Spontaneous shear flow in confined cellular nematics. Nat Phys 2018; 14:728-732. [PMID: 30079095 PMCID: PMC6071846 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In embryonic development or tumor evolution, cells often migrate collectively within confining tracks defined by their microenvironment 1,2. In some of these situations, the displacements within a cell strand are antiparallel 3, giving rise to shear flows. However, the mechanisms underlying these spontaneous flows remain poorly understood. Here, we show that an ensemble of spindle-shaped cells plated in a well-defined stripe spontaneously develop a shear flow whose characteristics depend on the width of the stripe. On wide stripes, the cells self-organize in a nematic phase with a director at a well-defined angle with the stripe's direction, and develop a shear flow close to the stripe's edges. However, on stripes narrower than a critical width, the cells perfectly align with the stripe's direction and the net flow vanishes. A hydrodynamic active gel theory provides an understanding of these observations and identifies the transition between the non-flowing phase oriented along the stripe and the tilted phase exhibiting shear flow as a Fréedericksz transition driven by the activity of the cells. This physical theory is grounded in the active nature of the cells and based on symmetries and conservation laws, providing a generic mechanism to interpret in vivo antiparallel cell displacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Duclos
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research
University - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC – CNRS. Equipe
labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; 75005, Paris, France
| | - C. Blanch-Mercader
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research
University - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC – CNRS. Equipe
labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; 75005, Paris, France
| | - V. Yashunsky
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research
University - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC – CNRS. Equipe
labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - J.-F. Joanny
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research
University - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC – CNRS. Equipe
labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; 75005, Paris, France
- ESPCI Paris, Paris, France
| | - J. Prost
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research
University - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC – CNRS. Equipe
labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; 75005, Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore,
Singapore
| | - P. Silberzan
- Laboratoire PhysicoChimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research
University - Sorbonne Universités, UPMC – CNRS. Equipe
labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer ; 75005, Paris, France
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27
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Curran S, Strandkvist C, Bathmann J, de Gennes M, Kabla A, Salbreux G, Baum B. Myosin II Controls Junction Fluctuations to Guide Epithelial Tissue Ordering. Dev Cell 2017; 43:480-492.e6. [PMID: 29107560 PMCID: PMC5703647 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Under conditions of homeostasis, dynamic changes in the length of individual adherens junctions (AJs) provide epithelia with the fluidity required to maintain tissue integrity in the face of intrinsic and extrinsic forces. While the contribution of AJ remodeling to developmental morphogenesis has been intensively studied, less is known about AJ dynamics in other circumstances. Here, we study AJ dynamics in an epithelium that undergoes a gradual increase in packing order, without concomitant large-scale changes in tissue size or shape. We find that neighbor exchange events are driven by stochastic fluctuations in junction length, regulated in part by junctional actomyosin. In this context, the developmental increase of isotropic junctional actomyosin reduces the rate of neighbor exchange, contributing to tissue order. We propose a model in which the local variance in tension between junctions determines whether actomyosin-based forces will inhibit or drive the topological transitions that either refine or deform a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Curran
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Charlotte Strandkvist
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jasper Bathmann
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marc de Gennes
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alexandre Kabla
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 OQH, UK
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Buzz Baum
- Medical Research Council - Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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28
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Abstract
We derive a fully covariant theory of the mechanics of active surfaces. This theory provides a framework for the study of active biological or chemical processes at surfaces, such as the cell cortex, the mechanics of epithelial tissues, or reconstituted active systems on surfaces. We introduce forces and torques acting on a surface, and derive the associated force balance conditions. We show that surfaces with in-plane rotational symmetry can have broken up-down, chiral, or planar-chiral symmetry. We discuss the rate of entropy production in the surface and write linear constitutive relations that satisfy the Onsager relations. We show that the bending modulus, the spontaneous curvature, and the surface tension of a passive surface are renormalized by active terms. Finally, we identify active terms which are not found in a passive theory and discuss examples of shape instabilities that are related to active processes in the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Chugh P, Clark AG, Smith MB, Cassani DAD, Dierkes K, Ragab A, Roux PP, Charras G, Salbreux G, Paluch EK. Actin cortex architecture regulates cell surface tension. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:689-697. [PMID: 28530659 PMCID: PMC5536221 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal cell shape is largely determined by the cortex, a thin actin network underlying the plasma membrane in which myosin-driven stresses generate contractile tension. Tension gradients result in local contractions and drive cell deformations. Previous cortical tension regulation studies have focused on myosin motors. Here, we show that cortical actin network architecture is equally important. First, we observe that actin cortex thickness and tension are inversely correlated during cell-cycle progression. We then show that the actin filament length regulators CFL1, CAPZB and DIAPH1 regulate mitotic cortex thickness and find that both increasing and decreasing thickness decreases tension in mitosis. This suggests that the mitotic cortex is poised close to a tension maximum. Finally, using a computational model, we identify a physical mechanism by which maximum tension is achieved at intermediate actin filament lengths. Our results indicate that actin network architecture, alongside myosin activity, is key to cell surface tension regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada Chugh
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew B. Smith
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Davide A. D. Cassani
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Dierkes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anan Ragab
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe P. Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Charras
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ewa K. Paluch
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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30
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Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires the collective, coordinated motion and deformation of a large number of cells. Vertex model simulations for tissue mechanics have been developed to bridge the scales between force generation at the cellular level and tissue deformation and flows. We review here various formulations of vertex models that have been proposed for describing tissues in two and three dimensions. We discuss a generic formulation using a virtual work differential, and we review applications of vertex models to biological morphogenetic processes. We also highlight recent efforts to obtain continuum theories of tissue mechanics, which are effective, coarse-grained descriptions of vertex models.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvanus Alt
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Poulami Ganguly
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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31
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Smutny M, Ákos Z, Grigolon S, Shamipour S, Ruprecht V, Čapek D, Behrndt M, Papusheva E, Tada M, Hof B, Vicsek T, Salbreux G, Heisenberg CP. Friction forces position the neural anlage. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:306-317. [PMID: 28346437 PMCID: PMC5635970 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, mechanical forces are essential for cellular rearrangements driving tissue morphogenesis. Here, we show that in the early zebrafish embryo, friction forces are generated at the interface between anterior axial mesoderm (prechordal plate, ppl) progenitors migrating towards the animal pole and neurectoderm progenitors moving in the opposite direction towards the vegetal pole of the embryo. These friction forces lead to global rearrangement of cells within the neurectoderm and determine the position of the neural anlage. Using a combination of experiments and simulations, we show that this process depends on hydrodynamic coupling between neurectoderm and ppl as a result of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion between those tissues. Our data thus establish the emergence of friction forces at the interface between moving tissues as a critical force-generating process shaping the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Smutny
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zsuzsa Ákos
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös
University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1A, Budapest
H-1117, Hungary
| | - Silvia Grigolon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1
1AT, UK
| | - Shayan Shamipour
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Verena Ruprecht
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona
Institute for Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona,
Spain
| | - Daniel Čapek
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Behrndt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ekaterina Papusheva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Masazumi Tada
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University
College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Björn Hof
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1,
A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Tamás Vicsek
- Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös
University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1A, Budapest
H-1117, Hungary
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32
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Merkel M, Etournay R, Popović M, Salbreux G, Eaton S, Jülicher F. Triangles bridge the scales: Quantifying cellular contributions to tissue deformation. Phys Rev E 2017; 95:032401. [PMID: 28415200 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.95.032401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we propose a general framework to study the dynamics and topology of cellular networks that capture the geometry of cell packings in two-dimensional tissues. Such epithelia undergo large-scale deformation during morphogenesis of a multicellular organism. Large-scale deformations emerge from many individual cellular events such as cell shape changes, cell rearrangements, cell divisions, and cell extrusions. Using a triangle-based representation of cellular network geometry, we obtain an exact decomposition of large-scale material deformation. Interestingly, our approach reveals contributions of correlations between cellular rotations and elongation as well as cellular growth and elongation to tissue deformation. Using this triangle method, we discuss tissue remodeling in the developing pupal wing of the fly Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Merkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, USA
| | - Raphaël Etournay
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Unité de Génétique et Physiologie de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 8, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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33
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Morita H, Grigolon S, Bock M, Krens SFG, Salbreux G, Heisenberg CP. The Physical Basis of Coordinated Tissue Spreading in Zebrafish Gastrulation. Dev Cell 2017; 40:354-366.e4. [PMID: 28216382 PMCID: PMC5364273 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryo morphogenesis relies on highly coordinated movements of different tissues. However, remarkably little is known about how tissues coordinate their movements to shape the embryo. In zebrafish embryogenesis, coordinated tissue movements first become apparent during "doming," when the blastoderm begins to spread over the yolk sac, a process involving coordinated epithelial surface cell layer expansion and mesenchymal deep cell intercalations. Here, we find that active surface cell expansion represents the key process coordinating tissue movements during doming. By using a combination of theory and experiments, we show that epithelial surface cells not only trigger blastoderm expansion by reducing tissue surface tension, but also drive blastoderm thinning by inducing tissue contraction through radial deep cell intercalations. Thus, coordinated tissue expansion and thinning during doming relies on surface cells simultaneously controlling tissue surface tension and radial tissue contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Morita
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Silvia Grigolon
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Martin Bock
- Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - S F Gabriel Krens
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
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34
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Abstract
Cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells is often accompanied by actomyosin cortical flow. Over 30 years ago, Borisy and White proposed that cortical flow converging upon the cell equator compresses the actomyosin network to mechanically align actin filaments. However, actin filaments also align via search-and-capture, and to what extent compression by flow or active alignment drive furrow formation remains unclear. Here, we quantify the dynamical organization of actin filaments at the onset of ring assembly in the C. elegans zygote, and provide a framework for determining emergent actomyosin material parameters by the use of active nematic gel theory. We characterize flow-alignment coupling, and verify at a quantitative level that compression by flow drives ring formation. Finally, we find that active alignment enhances but is not required for ring formation. Our work characterizes the physical mechanisms of actomyosin ring formation and highlights the role of flow as a central organizer of actomyosin network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cecile Reymann
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Fabio Staniscia
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Erzberger
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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35
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Diz-Muñoz A, Romanczuk P, Yu W, Bergert M, Ivanovitch K, Salbreux G, Heisenberg CP, Paluch EK. Steering cell migration by alternating blebs and actin-rich protrusions. BMC Biol 2016; 14:74. [PMID: 27589901 PMCID: PMC5010735 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High directional persistence is often assumed to enhance the efficiency of chemotactic migration. Yet, cells in vivo usually display meandering trajectories with relatively low directional persistence, and the control and function of directional persistence during cell migration in three-dimensional environments are poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we use mesendoderm progenitors migrating during zebrafish gastrulation as a model system to investigate the control of directional persistence during migration in vivo. We show that progenitor cells alternate persistent run phases with tumble phases that result in cell reorientation. Runs are characterized by the formation of directed actin-rich protrusions and tumbles by enhanced blebbing. Increasing the proportion of actin-rich protrusions or blebs leads to longer or shorter run phases, respectively. Importantly, both reducing and increasing run phases result in larger spatial dispersion of the cells, indicative of reduced migration precision. A physical model quantitatively recapitulating the migratory behavior of mesendoderm progenitors indicates that the ratio of tumbling to run times, and thus the specific degree of directional persistence of migration, are critical for optimizing migration precision. CONCLUSIONS Together, our experiments and model provide mechanistic insight into the control of migration directionality for cells moving in three-dimensional environments that combine different protrusion types, whereby the proportion of blebs to actin-rich protrusions determines the directional persistence and precision of movement by regulating the ratio of tumbling to run times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany.
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland.
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Institute of Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Martin Bergert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Kenzo Ivanovitch
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
- Present address: Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincolns Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | | | - Ewa K Paluch
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, 01307, Germany
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, 02-109, Poland
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
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36
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Etournay R, Merkel M, Popović M, Brandl H, Dye NA, Aigouy B, Salbreux G, Eaton S, Jülicher F. TissueMiner: A multiscale analysis toolkit to quantify how cellular processes create tissue dynamics. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27228153 PMCID: PMC4946903 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmentation and tracking of cells in long-term time-lapse experiments has emerged as a powerful method to understand how tissue shape changes emerge from the complex choreography of constituent cells. However, methods to store and interrogate the large datasets produced by these experiments are not widely available. Furthermore, recently developed methods for relating tissue shape changes to cell dynamics have not yet been widely applied by biologists because of their technical complexity. We therefore developed a database format that stores cellular connectivity and geometry information of deforming epithelial tissues, and computational tools to interrogate it and perform multi-scale analysis of morphogenesis. We provide tutorials for this computational framework, called TissueMiner, and demonstrate its capabilities by comparing cell and tissue dynamics in vein and inter-vein subregions of the Drosophila pupal wing. These analyses reveal an unexpected role for convergent extension in shaping wing veins. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14334.001 Cells interact, divide, rearrange and change shape to build an organ during development. Modern microscopy and computer technology can follow each individual cell of an entire organ in a living organism. However, to understand how the complex choreography of cells leads to well-shaped organs, researchers need tools to help the store and analyze the large amounts of data generated. Tools are also needed to visualize and quantify the complex cell behaviors in an easy and flexible manner. During its development, a fruit fly’s wings become divided into distinct regions separated by tubular supports called veins. Early on in development, the vein cells are indistinguishable from their neighbors, but at late stages, vein cells become a different shape. Veins also become narrower, which is assumed to be due to the number of vein cells falling. However, the way in which cells behave to bring about these changes has not been studied in detail. Etournay, Merkel, Popović, Brandl et al. have now developed a toolkit called TissueMiner that enables users to store large amounts of data about cells and analyze how cells collectively shape an organ. TissueMiner was then used to identify vein cells at late stages of wing development and follow them backward in time to reveal their position at early stages. This showed that veins become narrower and more elongated because the cells that make up the veins shrink more than cells in other regions. TissueMiner was then used to show that vein cells specifically rearrange and elongate to produce thinner regions, while the number of cells increases slightly because the cells divide. These results suggest that the cell behaviors responsible for making veins elongate and narrow are likely to be different from what had previously been assumed. TissueMiner can be used in future studies to help understand the molecule signals that influence how cells behave in veins during wing development. The toolkit could also now be used to explore the changes involved in the development of other organs in other organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14334.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Etournay
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Merkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, United States
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natalie A Dye
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoît Aigouy
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Division of Cell Polarity, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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37
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Abstract
We study the effect of turnover of cross-linkers, motors, and filaments on the generation of a contractile stress in a network of filaments connected by passive cross-linkers and subjected to the forces exerted by molecular motors. We perform numerical simulations where filaments are treated as rigid rods and molecular motors move fast compared to the time scale of an exchange of cross-linkers. We show that molecular motors create a contractile stress above a critical number of cross-linkers. When passive cross-linkers are allowed to turn over, the stress exerted by the network vanishes due to the formation of clusters. When both filaments and passive cross-linkers turn over, clustering is prevented and the network reaches a dynamic contractile steady state. A maximum stress is reached for an optimum ratio of the filament and cross-linker turnover rates. Taken together, our work reveals conditions for stress generation by molecular motors in a fluid isotropic network of rearranging filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hiraiwa
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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38
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Loiseau E, Schneider JAM, Keber FC, Pelzl C, Massiera G, Salbreux G, Bausch AR. Shape remodeling and blebbing of active cytoskeletal vesicles. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1500465. [PMID: 27152328 PMCID: PMC4846454 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Morphological transformations of living cells, such as shape adaptation to external stimuli, blebbing, invagination, or tethering, result from an intricate interplay between the plasma membrane and its underlying cytoskeleton, where molecular motors generate forces. Cellular complexity defies a clear identification of the competing processes that lead to such a rich phenomenology. In a synthetic biology approach, designing a cell-like model assembled from a minimal set of purified building blocks would allow the control of all relevant parameters. We reconstruct actomyosin vesicles in which the coupling of the cytoskeleton to the membrane, the topology of the cytoskeletal network, and the contractile activity can all be precisely controlled and tuned. We demonstrate that tension generation of an encapsulated active actomyosin network suffices for global shape transformation of cell-sized lipid vesicles, which are reminiscent of morphological adaptations in living cells. The observed polymorphism of our cell-like model, such as blebbing, tether extrusion, or faceted shapes, can be qualitatively explained by the protein concentration dependencies and a force balance, taking into account the membrane tension, the density of anchoring points between the membrane and the actin network, and the forces exerted by molecular motors in the actin network. The identification of the physical mechanisms for shape transformations of active cytoskeletal vesicles sets a conceptual and quantitative benchmark for the further exploration of the adaptation mechanisms of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Loiseau
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Felix C. Keber
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Carina Pelzl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gladys Massiera
- Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Andreas R. Bausch
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
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39
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Bielmeier C, Alt S, Weichselberger V, La Fortezza M, Harz H, Jülicher F, Salbreux G, Classen AK. Interface Contractility between Differently Fated Cells Drives Cell Elimination and Cyst Formation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:563-74. [PMID: 26853359 PMCID: PMC5282066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although cellular tumor-suppression mechanisms are widely studied, little is known about mechanisms that act at the level of tissues to suppress the occurrence of aberrant cells in epithelia. We find that ectopic expression of transcription factors that specify cell fates causes abnormal epithelial cysts in Drosophila imaginal discs. Cysts do not form cell autonomously but result from the juxtaposition of two cell populations with divergent fates. Juxtaposition of wild-type and aberrantly specified cells induces enrichment of actomyosin at their entire shared interface, both at adherens junctions as well as along basolateral interfaces. Experimental validation of 3D vertex model simulations demonstrates that enhanced interface contractility is sufficient to explain many morphogenetic behaviors, which depend on cell cluster size. These range from cyst formation by intermediate-sized clusters to segregation of large cell populations by formation of smooth boundaries or apical constriction in small groups of cells. In addition, we find that single cells experiencing lateral interface contractility are eliminated from tissues by apoptosis. Cysts, which disrupt epithelial continuity, form when elimination of single, aberrantly specified cells fails and cells proliferate to intermediate cell cluster sizes. Thus, increased interface contractility functions as error correction mechanism eliminating single aberrant cells from tissues, but failure leads to the formation of large, potentially disease-promoting cysts. Our results provide a novel perspective on morphogenetic mechanisms, which arise from cell-fate heterogeneities within tissues and maintain or disrupt epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bielmeier
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Silvanus Alt
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Vanessa Weichselberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marco La Fortezza
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hartmann Harz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany; The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Faculty of Biology, Grosshadernerstrasse 2-4, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Chugh P, Clark AG, Smith MB, Cassani DA, Charras G, Salbreux G, Paluch EK. Nanoscale Organization of the Actomyosin Cortex during the Cell Cycle. Biophys J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Etournay R, Popović M, Merkel M, Nandi A, Blasse C, Aigouy B, Brandl H, Myers G, Salbreux G, Jülicher F, Eaton S. Interplay of cell dynamics and epithelial tension during morphogenesis of the Drosophila pupal wing. eLife 2015; 4:e07090. [PMID: 26102528 PMCID: PMC4574473 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How tissue shape emerges from the collective mechanical properties and behavior of individual cells is not understood. We combine experiment and theory to study this problem in the developing wing epithelium of Drosophila. At pupal stages, the wing-hinge contraction contributes to anisotropic tissue flows that reshape the wing blade. Here, we quantitatively account for this wing-blade shape change on the basis of cell divisions, cell rearrangements and cell shape changes. We show that cells both generate and respond to epithelial stresses during this process, and that the nature of this interplay specifies the pattern of junctional network remodeling that changes wing shape. We show that patterned constraints exerted on the tissue by the extracellular matrix are key to force the tissue into the right shape. We present a continuum mechanical model that quantitatively describes the relationship between epithelial stresses and cell dynamics, and how their interplay reshapes the wing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Etournay
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marko Popović
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Merkel
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amitabha Nandi
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Corinna Blasse
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benoît Aigouy
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Holger Brandl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gene Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Saias L, Swoger J, D’Angelo A, Hayes P, Colombelli J, Sharpe J, Salbreux G, Solon J. Decrease in Cell Volume Generates Contractile Forces Driving Dorsal Closure. Dev Cell 2015; 33:611-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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43
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Romanczuk P, Salbreux G. Optimal chemotaxis in intermittent migration of animal cells. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 91:042720. [PMID: 25974540 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.042720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal cells can sense chemical gradients without moving and are faced with the challenge of migrating towards a target despite noisy information on the target position. Here we discuss optimal search strategies for a chaser that moves by switching between two phases of motion ("run" and "tumble"), reorienting itself towards the target during tumble phases, and performing persistent migration during run phases. We show that the chaser average run time can be adjusted to minimize the target catching time or the spatial dispersion of the chasers. We obtain analytical results for the catching time and for the spatial dispersion in the limits of small and large ratios of run time to tumble time and scaling laws for the optimal run times. Our findings have implications for optimal chemotactic strategies in animal cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romanczuk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, New Jersey 80544, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstr. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - G Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstr. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Single and collective cellular oscillations driven by the actomyosin cytoskeleton have been observed in numerous biological systems. Here, we propose that these oscillations can be accounted for by a generic oscillator model of a material turning over and contracting against an elastic element. As an example, we show that during dorsal closure of the Drosophila embryo, experimentally observed changes in actomyosin concentration and oscillatory cell shape changes can, indeed, be captured by the dynamic equations studied here. We also investigate the collective dynamics of an ensemble of such contractile elements and show that the relative contribution of viscous and friction losses yields different regimes of collective oscillations. Taking into account the diffusion of force-producing molecules between contractile elements, our theoretical framework predicts the appearance of traveling waves, resembling the propagation of actomyosin waves observed during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dierkes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angughali Sumi
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Solon
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain and Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
A cell is a complex material whose mechanical properties are essential for its normal functions. Heating can have a dramatic effect on these mechanical properties, similar to its impact on the dynamics of artificial polymer networks. We investigated such mechanical changes by the use of a microfluidic optical stretcher, which allowed us to probe cell mechanics when the cells were subjected to different heating conditions at different time scales. We find that HL60/S4 myeloid precursor cells become mechanically more compliant and fluid-like when subjected to either a sudden laser-induced temperature increase or prolonged exposure to higher ambient temperature. Above a critical temperature of 52 ± 1°C, we observed active cell contraction, which was strongly correlated with calcium influx through temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) ion channels, followed by a subsequent expansion in cell volume. The change from passive to active cellular response can be effectively described by a mechanical model incorporating both active stress and viscoelastic components. Our work highlights the role of TRPV2 in regulating the thermomechanical response of cells. It also offers insights into how cortical tension and osmotic pressure govern cell mechanics and regulate cell-shape changes in response to heat and mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - G. Whyte
- Department of Physics and Institute of Medical Biotechnology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L. Boyde
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G. Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - J. Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Maître JL, Berthoumieux H, Gabriel Krens SF, Salbreux G, Jülicher F, Paluch E, Heisenberg CP. [Cell adhesion mechanics of zebrafish gastrulation]. Med Sci (Paris) 2013; 29:147-50. [PMID: 23452600 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2013292011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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47
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Behrndt M, Salbreux G, Campinho P, Hauschild R, Oswald F, Roensch J, Grill SW, Heisenberg CP. Forces Driving Epithelial Spreading in Zebrafish Gastrulation. Science 2012; 338:257-60. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1224143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Maître JL, Berthoumieux H, Krens SFG, Salbreux G, Jülicher F, Paluch E, Heisenberg CP. Adhesion functions in cell sorting by mechanically coupling the cortices of adhering cells. Science 2012; 338:253-6. [PMID: 22923438 DOI: 10.1126/science.1225399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Differential cell adhesion and cortex tension are thought to drive cell sorting by controlling cell-cell contact formation. Here, we show that cell adhesion and cortex tension have different mechanical functions in controlling progenitor cell-cell contact formation and sorting during zebrafish gastrulation. Cortex tension controls cell-cell contact expansion by modulating interfacial tension at the contact. By contrast, adhesion has little direct function in contact expansion, but instead is needed to mechanically couple the cortices of adhering cells at their contacts, allowing cortex tension to control contact expansion. The coupling function of adhesion is mediated by E-cadherin and limited by the mechanical anchoring of E-cadherin to the cortex. Thus, cell adhesion provides the mechanical scaffold for cell cortex tension to drive cell sorting during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Léon Maître
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Salbreux G, Charras G, Paluch E. Actin cortex mechanics and cellular morphogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:536-45. [PMID: 22871642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cortex is a thin, crosslinked actin network lying immediately beneath the plasma membrane of animal cells. Myosin motors exert contractile forces in the meshwork. Because the cortex is attached to the cell membrane, it plays a central role in cell shape control. The proteic constituents of the cortex undergo rapid turnover, making the cortex both mechanically rigid and highly plastic, two properties essential to its function. The cortex has recently attracted increasing attention and its functions in cellular processes such as cytokinesis, cell migration, and embryogenesis are progressively being dissected. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the structural organization, composition, and mechanics of the actin cortex, focusing on the link between molecular processes and macroscopic physical properties. We also highlight consequences of cortex dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Salbreux
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, 01187, Germany.
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50
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Tinevez JY, Salbreux G, Paluch E. [The mechanics of the cellular division or how to split a sphere into two?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2012; 28:144-6. [PMID: 22377299 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2012282009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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