1
|
Xu M, Li K, Xue Y, Wang F, Liu Z, Xiao T. Measurement of mass force field driving water refilling of cuttage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8947. [PMID: 38637680 PMCID: PMC11026483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuttage is a common plant cultivation method, and the key to its survival is the restoration of water refilling, which remains unclear up to now. We report 3D dynamic imaging of water refilling of cuttage without resorting to any contrast agent. Hydrodynamics of the refilled water flow over time reveals the existence of a unit mass force field with a gradient along the refilling direction, which means that cutting plants also have a gradient force field to drive the recovery of water refilling, as predicted by Cohesion-Tension theory in normal plants. We found that force fields of different functional regions are isolated and independently distributed, which is conducive to ensure the safety of water transmission. At the same time, we also found that there is a so-called "inchworm effect" in the mass force field, which contributes to the force transfer inside the cutting through local force accumulation. Results of this paper demonstrate that the developed method for the measurement of mass force field in-vivo is applicable to help decipher the mechanism of plant water refilling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Xu
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke Li
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yanling Xue
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Feixiang Wang
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhixuan Liu
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Tiqiao Xiao
- Research Center for Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Melkikh AV, Sutormina MI. From leaves to roots: Biophysical models of transport of substances in plants. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 169-170:53-83. [PMID: 35114180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transport processes of substances in various plant tissues are extremely diverse. However, models aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of such processes are almost absent in the literature. A unified view of all these transport processes is necessary, considering the laws of statistical physics and thermodynamics. A model of active ion transport was constructed based on the laws of statistical physics. Using this model, we traced the entire pathway of substances and energy in a plant. The pathway included aspects of the production of energy in the process of photosynthesis, consumption of energy to obtain nutrients from the soil, transport of such substances to the main organelles of all types of plant cells, the rise of water with dissolved substances along the trunk to the leaves, and the evaporation of water, accompanied by a change in the percentage of isotopes caused by different rates of evaporation. Models of ion transport in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of plant cells have been constructed. A generalized model comprising plant cells and their vacuoles was analyzed. A model of the transport of substances in the roots of plants was also developed. Based on this model, the problem of transport of substances in tall trees has been considered. The calculated concentrations of ions in the vacuoles of cells and resting potentials agreed well with the experimental data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Melkikh
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jupa R, Krabičková D, Plichta R, Mayr S, Gloser V. Do angiosperm tree species adjust intervessel lateral contact in response to soil drought? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2048-2058. [PMID: 33876443 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During soil drought (i.e. limited soil water availability to plants), woody species may adjust the structure of their vessel network to improve their resistance against future soil drought stress. Impacts of soil drought on intervessel lateral contact remain poorly understood despite of its significance to xylem transport efficiency and safety. Here, we analysed drought-induced modifications in xylem structures of temperate angiosperm trees with a focus on intervessel lateral contact. Anatomical analyses were performed both in stems of seedlings cultivated under different substrate water availability and annual rings of mature individuals developed during years of low and high soil drought intensities. In response to limited water availability, a decrease in vessel diameter (up to -20%) and simultaneous increase in vessel density (up to +60%) were observed both in seedlings and mature trees. Conversely, there were only small and inconsistent drought-induced changes in intervessel contact frequency and intervessel contact fraction (typically up to ±15%) observed across species, indicating that intervessel lateral contact is a conservative trait. The small adjustments in intervessel lateral contacts were primarily driven by changes in the contact frequencies between neighbouring vessels (i.e. vessel grouping) rather than by changes in proportions of shared cell walls. Our results demonstrate that angiosperm tree species, despite remarkable adjustments in vessel dimensions and densities upon soil drought, exhibit surprisingly invariant intervessel lateral contact architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radek Jupa
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dita Krabičková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Plichta
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vít Gloser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Active ion transport as the basis for water movement in plants. J Theor Biol 2020; 500:110332. [PMID: 32417363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A model of active ion transport in plant root hair cells was built and can be used to independently calculate the concentration of ions inside plant cells and the resting potential on its membrane. Using the model, the maximum height to which water can be transported in plants was calculated.
Collapse
|
5
|
Klein T, Zeppel MJB, Anderegg WRL, Bloemen J, De Kauwe MG, Hudson P, Ruehr NK, Powell TL, von Arx G, Nardini A. Xylem embolism refilling and resilience against drought-induced mortality in woody plants: processes and trade-offs. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-018-1588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
6
|
Gouin H, Seppecher P. Temperature profile in a liquid-vapour interface near the critical point. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20170229. [PMID: 28878561 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2017.0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thanks to an expansion with respect to densities of energy, mass and entropy, we discuss the concept of thermocapillary fluid for inhomogeneous fluids. The non-convex state law valid for homogeneous fluids is modified by adding terms taking account of the gradients of these densities. This seems more realistic than Cahn and Hilliard's model which uses a density expansion in mass-density gradient only. Indeed, through liquid-vapour interfaces, realistic potentials in molecular theories show that entropy density and temperature do not vary with the mass density as it would do in bulk phases. In this paper, we prove using a rescaling process near the critical point, that liquid-vapour interfaces behave essentially in the same way as in Cahn and Hilliard's model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Gouin
- Aix-Marseille Univ., Centrale Marseille, CNRS, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Seppecher
- IMATH, Institut de Mathématiques, Université de Toulon, BP 132, 83957 La Garde Cedex, France.,LMA, CNRS, UPR 7051, Aix-Marseille Univ, Centrale Marseille, 13402 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mason Earles J, Sperling O, Silva LCR, McElrone AJ, Brodersen CR, North MP, Zwieniecki MA. Bark water uptake promotes localized hydraulic recovery in coastal redwood crown. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:320-8. [PMID: 26178179 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), the world's tallest tree species, rehydrates leaves via foliar water uptake during fog/rain events. Here we examine if bark also permits water uptake in redwood branches, exploring potential flow mechanisms and biological significance. Using isotopic labelling and microCT imaging, we observed that water entered the xylem via bark and reduced tracheid embolization. Moreover, prolonged bark wetting (16 h) partially restored xylem hydraulic conductivity in isolated branch segments and whole branches. Partial hydraulic recovery coincided with an increase in branch water potential from about -5.5 ± 0.4 to -4.2 ± 0.3 MPa, suggesting localized recovery and possibly hydraulic isolation. As bark water uptake rate correlated with xylem osmotic potential (R(2) = 0.88), we suspect a symplastic role in transferring water from bark to xylem. Using historical weather data from typical redwood habitat, we estimated that bark and leaves are wet more than 1000 h per year on average, with over 30 events being sufficiently long (>24 h) to allow for bark-assisted hydraulic recovery. The capacity to uptake biologically meaningful volumes of water via bark and leaves for localized hydraulic recovery throughout the crown during rain/fog events might be physiologically advantageous, allowing for relatively constant transpiration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mason Earles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Or Sperling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lucas C R Silva
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Deparment of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Craig R Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Malcolm P North
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 1731 Research Park Dr., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pfautsch S, Hölttä T, Mencuccini M. Hydraulic functioning of tree stems--fusing ray anatomy, radial transfer and capacitance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:706-22. [PMID: 26163488 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Not long ago, textbooks on plant physiology divulged the view that phloem and xylem are separate transport systems with exclusive functions. Phloem was flowing downwards providing roots with carbohydrates. Xylem transported water upwards from roots to leaves. This simplified view has changed forever. Today we have a much-refined understanding of the complex transport mechanisms, regulatory functions and surprisingly ingenuous solutions trees have evolved to distribute carbohydrates and water internally to fuel growth and help mediate biotic and abiotic stresses. This review focuses on functional links between tissues of the inner bark region (i.e., more than just phloem) and the xylem, facilitated by radially aligned and interconnected parenchyma cells, called rays. Rays are usually found along the entire vertical axis of tree stems, mediating a number of transport processes. We use a top-down approach to unveil the role of rays in these processes. Due to the central role of rays in facilitating the coupling of inner bark and xylem we dedicate the first section to ray anatomy, pathways and control mechanisms involved in radial transport. In the second section, basic concepts and models for radial movement through rays are introduced and their impacts on water and carbon fluxes at the whole-tree level are discussed. This section is followed by a closer look at the capacitive function of composite tissues in stems where gradual changes in water potential generate a diurnal 'pulse'. We explain how this pulse can be measured and interpreted, and where the limitations of such analyses are. Towards the end of this review, we include a brief description of the role of radial transport during limited availability of water. By elucidating the strong hydraulic link between inner bark and xylem, the traditional view of two separate transport systems dissolves and the idea of one interconnected, yet highly segregated transport network for carbohydrates and water arises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, NSW, Australia
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of Geo-Science, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK ICREA at CREAF, Campus de UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles 08023, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|