1
|
Suaifan GARY, Alkhawaja B, Shehadeh MB, Sharmaa M, Hor Kuan C, Okechukwu PN. Glucosamine substituted sulfonylureas: IRS-PI3K-PKC-AKT-GLUT4 insulin signalling pathway intriguing agent. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:695-703. [PMID: 38389876 PMCID: PMC10880904 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00647f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Normally, skeletal muscle accounts for 70-80% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the postprandial hyperglycemia state. Consequently, abnormalities in glucose uptake by skeletal muscle or insulin resistance (IR) are deemed as initial metabolic defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Globally, T2DM is growing in exponential proportion. The majority of T2DM patients are treated with sulfonylureas in combination with other drugs to improve insulin sensitivity. Glycosylated sulfonylureas (sulfonylurea-glucosamine analogues) are modified analogues of sulfonylurea that have been previously reported to possess antidiabetic activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of glycosylated sulfonylureas on the insulin signalling pathway at the molecular level using L6 skeletal muscle cell (in vitro) and extracted soleus muscle (ex vivo) models. To create an in vitro model, insulin resistance was established utilizing a high insulin-glucose approach in differentiated L6 muscle cells from Rattus norvegicus. Additionally, for the ex vivo model, extracted soleus muscles, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a solution containing 25 mmol L-1 glucose and 100 mmol L-1 insulin for 24 hours to induce insulin resistance. After insulin resistance, compounds under investigation and standard medicines (metformin and glimepiride) were tested. The differential expression of PI3K, IRS-1, PKC, AKT2, and GLUT4 genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway was evaluated using qPCR. The evaluated glycosylated sulfonylurea analogues exhibited a significant increase in the gene expression of insulin-dependent pathways both in vitro and ex vivo, confirming the rejuvenation of the impaired insulin signaling pathway genes. Altogether, glycosylated sulfonylurea analogues described in this study represent potential therapeutic anti-diabetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer A R Y Suaifan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Bayan Alkhawaja
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra Amman 11196 Jordan
| | - Mayadah B Shehadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Mridula Sharmaa
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| | - Chan Hor Kuan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra Amman 11196 Jordan
| | - Patrick Nwabueze Okechukwu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University Kuala Lumpur 56000 Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stone CR, Harris DD, Broadwin M, Kanuparthy M, Sabe SA, Xu C, Feng J, Abid MR, Sellke FW. Crafting a Rigorous, Clinically Relevant Large Animal Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia: What Have We Learned in 20 Years? Methods Protoc 2024; 7:17. [PMID: 38392691 PMCID: PMC10891802 DOI: 10.3390/mps7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The past several decades have borne witness to several breakthroughs and paradigm shifts within the field of cardiovascular medicine, but one component that has remained constant throughout this time is the need for accurate animal models for the refinement and elaboration of the hypotheses and therapies crucial to our capacity to combat human disease. Numerous sophisticated and high-throughput molecular strategies have emerged, including rational drug design and the multi-omics approaches that allow extensive characterization of the host response to disease states and their prospective resolutions, but these technologies all require grounding within a faithful representation of their clinical context. Over this period, our lab has exhaustively tested, progressively refined, and extensively contributed to cardiovascular discovery on the basis of one such faithful representation. It is the purpose of this paper to review our porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia using ameroid constriction and the subsequent myriad of physiological and molecular-biological insights it has allowed our lab to attain and describe. We hope that, by depicting our methods and the insight they have yielded clearly and completely-drawing for this purpose on comprehensive videographic illustration-other research teams will be empowered to carry our work forward, drawing on our experience to refine their own investigations into the pathogenesis and eradication of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Stone
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA; (D.D.H.); (M.B.); (M.K.); (S.A.S.); (C.X.); (J.F.); (M.R.A.); (F.W.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alnaaim SA, Al‐kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Ali NH, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Saad HM, Batiha GE. New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3953-3965. [PMID: 37737447 PMCID: PMC10747420 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy is observed as a well-controlled disease by anti-epileptic agents (AEAs) in about 69%. However, 30%-40% of epileptic patients fail to respond to conventional AEAs leading to an increase in the risk of brain structural injury and mortality. Therefore, adding some FDA-approved drugs that have an anti-seizure activity to the anti-epileptic regimen is logical. The anti-diabetic agent metformin has anti-seizure activity. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of the anti-seizure activity of metformin was not entirely clarified. Henceforward, the objective of this review was to exemplify the mechanistic role of metformin in epilepsy. Metformin has anti-seizure activity by triggering adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling and inhibiting the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways which are dysregulated in epilepsy. In addition, metformin improves the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which has a neuroprotective effect. Hence, metformin via induction of BDNF can reduce seizure progression and severity. Consequently, increasing neuronal progranulin by metformin may explain the anti-seizure mechanism of metformin. Also, metformin reduces α-synuclein and increases protein phosphatase 2A (PPA2) with modulation of neuroinflammation. In conclusion, metformin might be an adjuvant with AEAs in the management of refractory epilepsy. Preclinical and clinical studies are warranted in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineALmustansiriyia UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang X, Gao J, Huang J, Zhang C, Liu H, Wei J. Gooseberry anthocyanins alleviate insulin resistance by regulating ceramide metabolism in high fat diet mice. Turk J Biol 2023; 47:336-348. [PMID: 38155940 PMCID: PMC10754623 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0152.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Obesity is the fifth largest risk factor of death in the world. The ceramide produced by obesity is closely related to insulin resistance (IR) caused by obesity. At present, the commercially available weight loss products have large side effects and limited therapeutic effects. Therefore, it is particularly important to find effective natural nontoxic products to treat obesity and explore its possible pathways and mechanisms. Materials and methods In this paper, a high-fat diet (HFD) mice model was established by intragastric administration of high-fat emulsion to investigate the intervention effect of Gooseberry anthocyanins (GA) on IR in HFD mice. We used molecular docking technology to find the binding sites and binding energy of anthocyanins on CerS6. Real-time PCR was used to detect the effect of GA on the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA in HFD mice. The expression of S1P/Cer signaling pathway in HFD mice with IR was detected by Western Blot. Results The results showed that GA could effectively inhibit visceral fat, liver index, the level of TC, TG and the level of LDL-C (p < 0.05), and improved HDL-C, GSH-Px and SOD (p < 0.05). GA decreased the level of insulin sensitivity index from -5.15 to -4.54 and improved insulin sensitivity and IR in HFD mice. The binding energy of anthocyanins on CerS6 was in the range of -8.2 to 5.2 kcal/mol, with low energy parameters and good binding positions. GA could reduce mRNA levels of inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.05), inhibit the expression of CerS6, PKCζ, PPARγ, CD36 (p < 0.05), and enhance the expression of SphK2, Akt, p-Akt/Akt, ISR (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study investigated the effect and mechanism of GA on reducing ceramide content and reducing IR in mice, and provided an experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Tang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Liaoning Academy of Forestry, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Jinpeng Huang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Chenjuan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du F, Liu M, Wang J, Hu L, Zeng D, Zhou S, Zhang L, Wang M, Xu X, Li C, Zhang J, Yu S. Metformin coordinates with mesenchymal cells to promote VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing through Akt/mTOR activation. Metabolism 2023; 140:155398. [PMID: 36627079 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell therapy with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and biomaterials holds great potential for the treatment of diabetic ulceration; however, the underlying mechanism as well as its compatibility with the first-line anti-diabetic drug, metformin (MTF), has not been well elucidated. METHODS MSCs derived from the umbilical cord were labeled with fluorescent proteins, followed by transplantation in a fibrin scaffold (MSCs/FG) onto the STZ-induced diabetic wound in a C57BL6/J mouse model. MTF was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 250 mg/kg/day. The wound healing rate, epithelization, angiogenesis, and underlying mechanism were evaluated in MSCs/FG- and MTF-treated diabetic wounds. Moreover, the dose-dependent effects of MTF and involvement of the Akt/mTOR pathway were analyzed in keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures. RESULTS MSCs/FG significantly promoted angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing without signs of differentiation or integration. The recruitment of fibroblasts and keratinocytes by MSCs/FG promotes migration and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in an Akt/mTOR-dependent manner. MTF, which is generally considered a mTOR inhibitor, displayed dose-dependent effects on MSC-unregulated Akt/mTOR and VEGF expression. Oral administration of MTF at an anti-diabetic dosage synergistically acted with MSCs/FG to promote Akt/mTOR activation, VEGF expression, and subsequent angiogenesis in diabetic wounds; however, it reduced the survival of MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies that MTF coordinates with mesenchymal cells to promote Akt/mTOR activation and VEGF-mediated angiogenesis during diabetic wound healing. These findings offer new insights into MSCs engraftment in FG scaffolds for diabetic wound healing and provide support for the promotion of MSCs therapy in patients prescribed with MTF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Du
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lvzhong Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongao Zeng
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaocong Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixing Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meijia Wang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Zhengzhou Zhongke Academy of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Shuang Yu
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China; Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cluzel GL, Ryan PM, Herisson FM, Caplice NM. High-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome: a contemporary synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E366-E381. [PMID: 35224983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00413.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to describe and compare porcine models of metabolic syndrome. This syndrome and its associated secondary comorbidities are set to become the greatest challenge to healthcare providers and policy makers in the coming century. However, an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis has left significant knowledge gaps in terms of efficacious therapeutics. To further our comprehension and, in turn, management of metabolic syndrome, appropriate high-fidelity models of the disease complex are of great importance. In this context, our review aims to assess the most promising porcine models of metabolic syndrome currently available for their similarity to the human phenotype. In addition, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each model in an attempt to identify the most appropriate application of each. Although no porcine model perfectly recapitulates the human metabolic syndrome, several pose satisfactory approximations. The Ossabaw miniature swine in particular represents a highly translatable model that develops each of the core parameters of the syndrome with many of the associated secondary comorbidities. Future high-fidelity porcine models of metabolic syndrome need to focus on secondary sequelae replication, which may require extended induction period to reveal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaston L Cluzel
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul M Ryan
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Florence M Herisson
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel M Caplice
- Centre for Research in Vascular Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang KZ, Shen XY, Wang M, Wang L, Sun HX, Li XZ, Huang JJ, Li XQ, Wu C, Zhao C, Liu JL, Lu X, Gao W. Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Promotes Cardiac Injury After Myocardial Infarction Via Inducing Cardiomyocyte Pyroptosis Through an Interaction With NLRP3. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e022011. [PMID: 34726071 PMCID: PMC8751920 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.022011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory cell death that plays a major role in the development and progression of cardiac injury in AMI. However, the underlying mechanisms for the activation of pyroptosis during AMI are not fully elucidated. Methods and Results Here we show that RBP4 (retinol‐binding protein 4), a previous identified proinflammatory adipokine, was increased both in the myocardium of left anterior descending artery ligation‐induced AMI mouse model and in ischemia‐hypoxia‒induced cardiomyocyte injury model. The upregulated RBP4 may contribute to the activation of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis in AMI because overexpression of RBP4 activated NLRP3 (nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3) inflammasome, promoted the precursor cleavage of Caspase‐1, and subsequently induced GSDMD (gasdermin‐D)‐dependent pyroptosis. In contrast, knockdown of RBP4 alleviated ischemia‐hypoxia‒induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Mechanistically, coimmunoprecipitation assay showed that RBP4 interacted directly with NLRP3 in cardiomyocyte, while genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 attenuated RBP4‐induced pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Finally, knockdown of RBP4 in heart decreased infarct size and protected against AMI‐induced pyroptosis and cardiac dysfunction in mice. Conclusions Taken together, these findings reveal RBP4 as a novel modulator promoting cardiomyocyte pyroptosis via interaction with NLRP3 in AMI. Therefore, targeting cardiac RBP4 might represent a viable strategy for the prevention of cardiac injury in patients with AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xi-Yu Shen
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Hui-Xian Sun
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jing-Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Can Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Geriatrics Sir Run Run HospitalNanjing Medical University Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory for Aging and Disease Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Meudt JJ, Shanmuganayagam D, Zoller JA, Haghani A, Li CZ, Zhang J, Yang A, Raj K, Horvath S. Epigenetic clock and DNA methylation analysis of porcine models of aging and obesity. GeroScience 2021; 43:2467-2483. [PMID: 34523051 PMCID: PMC8599541 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-methylation profiles have been used successfully to develop highly accurate biomarkers of age, epigenetic clocks, for many species. Using a custom methylation array, we generated DNA methylation data from n = 238 porcine tissues including blood, bladder, frontal cortex, kidney, liver, and lung, from domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and minipigs (Wisconsin Miniature Swine™). Samples used in this study originated from Large White X Landrace crossbred pigs, Large White X Minnesota minipig crossbred pigs, and Wisconsin Miniature Swine™. We present 4 epigenetic clocks for pigs that are distinguished by their compatibility with tissue type (pan-tissue and blood clock) and species (pig and human). Two dual-species human-pig pan-tissue clocks accurately measure chronological age and relative age, respectively. We also characterized CpGs that differ between minipigs and domestic pigs. Strikingly, several genes implicated by our epigenetic studies of minipig status overlap with genes (ADCY3, TFAP2B, SKOR1, and GPR61) implicated by genetic studies of body mass index in humans. In addition, CpGs with different levels of methylation between the two pig breeds were identified proximal to genes involved in blood LDL levels and cholesterol synthesis, of particular interest given the minipig's increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease compared to domestic pigs. Thus, breed-specific differences of domestic and minipigs may potentially help to identify biological mechanisms underlying weight gain and aging-associated diseases. Our porcine clocks are expected to be useful for elucidating the role of epigenetics in aging and obesity, and the testing of anti-aging interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urban, IL USA
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois At Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Jennifer J. Meudt
- Biomedical & Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam
- Biomedical & Genomic Research Group, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI USA
| | - Joseph A. Zoller
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Amin Haghani
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Caesar Z. Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Joshua Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Gonda Building, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Andrew Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Ken Raj
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Gonda Building, 695 Charles Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Merkus D, Muller-Delp J, Heaps CL. Coronary microvascular adaptations distal to epicardial artery stenosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H2351-H2370. [PMID: 33961506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00992.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, epicardial coronary stenosis has been considered the primary outcome of coronary heart disease, and clinical interventions have been dedicated primarily to the identification and removal of flow-limiting stenoses. However, a growing body of literature indicates that both epicardial stenosis and microvascular dysfunction contribute to damaging myocardial ischemia. In this review, we discuss the coexistence of macro- and microvascular disease, and how the structure and function of the distal microcirculation is impacted by the hemodynamic consequences of an epicardial, flow-limiting stenosis. Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction as well as alterations of smooth muscle function in the coronary microcirculation distal to stenosis are discussed. Risk factors including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and aging exacerbate microvascular dysfunction in the myocardium distal to a stenosis, and our current understanding of the role of these factors in limiting collateralization and angiogenesis of the ischemic myocardium is presented. Importantly, exercise training has been shown to promote collateral growth and improve microvascular function distal to stenosis; thus, the current literature reporting the mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of exercise training in the microcirculation distal to epicardial stenosis is reviewed. We also discuss recent studies of therapeutic interventions designed to improve microvascular function and stimulate angiogenesis in clinically relevant animal models of epicardial stenosis and microvascular disease. Finally, microvascular adaptation to removal of epicardial stenosis is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Merkus
- Institute for Surgical Research, Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), University Clinic, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judy Muller-Delp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Cristine L Heaps
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Michael E. DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva KAS, Emter CA. Large Animal Models of Heart Failure: A Translational Bridge to Clinical Success. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:840-856. [PMID: 32875172 PMCID: PMC7452204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical large animal models play a critical and expanding role in translating basic science findings to the development and clinical approval of novel cardiovascular therapeutics. This state-of-the-art review outlines existing methodologies and physiological phenotypes of several HF models developed in large animals. A comprehensive list of porcine, ovine, and canine models of disease are presented, and the translational importance of these studies to clinical success is highlighted through a brief overview of recent devices approved by the FDA alongside associated clinical trials and preclinical animal reports. Increasing the use of large animal models of HF holds significant potential for identifying new mechanisms underlying this disease and providing valuable information regarding the safety and efficacy of new therapies, thus, improving physiological and economical translation of animal research to the successful treatment of human HF.
Preclinical large animal models of heart failure (HF) play a critical and expanding role in translating basic science findings to the development and clinical approval of novel therapeutics and devices. The complex combination of cardiovascular events and risk factors leading to HF has proved challenging for the development of new treatments for these patients. This state-of-the-art review presents historical and recent studies in porcine, ovine, and canine models of HF and outlines existing methodologies and physiological phenotypes. The translational importance of large animal studies to clinical success is also highlighted with an overview of recent devices approved by the Food and Drug Administration, together with preclinical HF animal studies used to aid both development and safety and/or efficacy testing. Increasing the use of large animal models of HF holds significant potential for identifying the novel mechanisms underlying the clinical condition and to improving physiological and economical translation of animal research to successfully treat human HF.
Collapse
Key Words
- AF, atrial fibrillation
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- EDP, end-diastolic pressure
- EF, ejection fraction
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HF, heart failure
- HFpEF
- HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- HFrEF
- HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- I/R, ischemia/reperfusion
- IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump
- LAD, left anterior descending
- LCx, left circumflex
- LV, left ventricular
- MI, myocardial infarction
- PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
- RV, right ventricular
- heart failure
- large animal model
- preclinical
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A Emter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdel-Kader MS, Soliman GA, Abdel-Rahman RF, Saeedan AS, Abd-Elsalam RM, Ogaly HA. Effect of olive leaves extract on the antidiabetic effect of glyburide for possible herb-drug interaction. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:1182-1195. [PMID: 31885478 PMCID: PMC6921200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The concomitant use of olive leaves (OL) and glyburide (GLB) is a possible therapy for diabetic patients. However, there is no report about the effect of OL on the antidiabetic effect of GLB till now. In the current study, the possible interaction of olive leaves extract (OLE) with GLB was assessed to determine if there was any pharmacological benefit over GLB alone. Seven groups of male Sprague Dawley rats were used. Normal rats of the 1st group treated with 2 mL/kg of 3% Tween 80 (vehicle). The 2nd–5th groups were diabetic rats received vehicle, GLB (5 mg/kg), OLE low dose and OLE high dose respectively, while the 6th–7th groups administered combinations of GLB plus OLE low dose and GLB plus OLE high dose, respectively. All treatments were administered orally once daily for 8 weeks. The use of GLB+OLE-500 obviously improved fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetic rats (95.5 ± 5.55 mg/dL, 6.8 ± 0.16 mg/dL and 6.1 ± 0.29%, respectively) compared to those treated with GLB monotherapy (140.0 ± 6.36 mg/dL, 5.4 ± 0.19 mg/dL and 7.0 ± 0.20%, respectively). The lipid profile [triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)] was significantly improved in diabetic rats exposed to GLB+OLE-500 (35.6 ± 1.51 mg/dL, 48.5 ± 2.74 mg/dL, 25.1 ± 1.21 mg/dL and 17.0 ± 0.82 mg/dL, respectively) in comparison with diabetic group exposed to GLB alone (43.2 ± 2.15 mg/dL, 56.8 ± 2.14 mg/dL, 18.6 ± 0.96 mg/dL, 23.0 ± 1.26 mg/dL, respectively). Additionally, the benefit impacts of GLB+OLE-500GLB+OLE-500 therapy on the antioxidant and lipid peroxidation parameters in the pancreatic tissues of diabetic rats were higher than those of GLB monotherapy. Moreover, GLB plus OLE-500 combination had the greatest effect on restoration of the insulin content of Beta (β) cells and reduction of the glucagon and somatostatin of Alpha (α) and Delta (δ) endocrine cells in the pancreatic islets among the different treatment. The current study suggests that OL and GLB combination could cause herb-drug interactions through modulation of insulin receptor (INR), glucose transporter 2 (Slc2a2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR-α) genes expression in the liver of diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maged S Abdel-Kader
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21215, Egypt
| | - Gamal A Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Abdulaziz S Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan A Ogaly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hesen NA, Riksen NP, Aalders B, Brouwer MAE, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, El Messaoudi S, Wever KE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the protective effects of metformin in experimental myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183664. [PMID: 28832637 PMCID: PMC5568412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin improves cardiovascular prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus, compared to alternative glucose-lowering drugs, despite similar glycemic control. Direct cardiovascular protective properties have therefore been proposed, and studied in preclinical models of myocardial infarction. We now aim to critically assess the quality and outcome of these studies. We present a systematic review, quality assessment and meta-analysis of the effect of metformin in animal studies of experimental myocardial infarction. Through a comprehensive search in Pubmed and EMBASE, we identified 27 studies, 11 reporting on ex vivo experiments and 18 reporting on in vivo experiments. The primary endpoint infarct size as percentage of area at risk was significantly reduced by metformin in vivo (MD -18.11[-24.09,-12.14]) and ex vivo (MD -18.70[-25.39, -12.02]). Metformin improved the secondary endpoints left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end systolic diameter. A borderline significant effect on mortality was observed, and there was no overall effect on cardiac hypertrophy. Subgroup analyses could be performed for comorbidity and timing of treatment (infarct size and mortality) and species and duration of ischemia (LVEF), but none of these variables accounted for significant amounts of heterogeneity. Reporting of possible sources of bias was extremely poor, including randomization (reported in 63%), blinding (33%), and sample size calculation (0%). As a result, risk of bias (assessed using SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool) was unclear in the vast majority of studies. We conclude that metformin limits infarct-size and improves cardiac function in animal models of myocardial infarction, but our confidence in the evidence is lowered by the unclear risk of bias and residual unexplained heterogeneity. We recommend an adequately powered, high quality confirmatory animal study to precede a randomized controlled trial of acute administration of metformin in patients undergoing reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nienke A Hesen
- SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Aalders
- SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saloua El Messaoudi
- Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E Wever
- SYstematic Review Centre for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Nijmegen Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gupta P, Bala M, Gupta S, Dua A, Dabur R, Injeti E, Mittal A. Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs—A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:636-674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
14
|
Potz BA, Sabe AA, Elmadhun NY, Clements RT, Robich MP, Sodha NR, Sellke FW. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Inhibition Improves Myocardial Angiogenesis and Perfusion in a Swine Model of Metabolic Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003694. [PMID: 27405812 PMCID: PMC5015402 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) has been reported to be cardioprotective during stressful conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Pigs were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks to develop metabolic syndrome, then underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to their left circumflex artery to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Two weeks later, animals received either: no drug (high cholesterol control group [HCC]) or a GSK-3β inhibitor (GSK-3β inhibited group [GSK-3βI]), which were continued for 5 weeks, followed by myocardial tissue harvest. Coronary blood flow and vessel density were significantly increased in the GSK-3βI group compared to the HCC group. Expression levels of the following proteins were greater in the GSK-3βI group compared to the HCC group: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 , vascular endothelial cadherin, γ-catenin, β-catenin, protein kinase B, phosphorylated forkhead box O1, and superoxide dismutase 2. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of metabolic syndrome, inhibition of GSK-3β increases blood flow and vessel density in chronically ischemic myocardium. We identified several angiogenic, cell survival, and differentiation pathways that include β-catenin signaling and AKT/FOXO1, through which GSK-3β appears to improve vessel density and blood flow. These results may provide a potential mechanism for medical therapy of patients suffering from coronary artery disease and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Potz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Nassrene Y Elmadhun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Richard T Clements
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Michael P Robich
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Neel R Sodha
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bernardini C, Zannoni A, Bertocchi M, Bianchi F, Salaroli R, Botelho G, Bacci ML, Ventrella V, Forni M. Deleterious effects of tributyltin on porcine vascular stem cells physiology. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:38-44. [PMID: 26965667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The vascular functional and structural integrity is essential for the maintenance of the whole organism and it has been demonstrated that different types of vascular progenitor cells resident in the vessel wall play an important role in this process. The purpose of the present research was to observe the effect of tributyltin (TBT), a risk factor for vascular disorders, on porcine Aortic Vascular Precursor Cells (pAVPCs) in term of cytotoxicity, gene expression profile, functionality and differentiation potential. We have demonstrated that pAVPCs morphology deeply changed following TBT treatment. After 48h a cytotoxic effect has been detected and Annexin binding assay demonstrated that TBT induced apoptosis. The transcriptional profile of characteristic pericyte markers has been altered: TBT 10nM substantially induced alpha-SMA, while, TBT 500nM determined a significant reduction of all pericyte markers. IL-6 protein detected in the medium of pAVPCs treated with TBT at both doses studied and with a dose response. TBT has interfered with normal pAVPC functionality preventing their ability to support a capillary-like network. In addition TBT has determined an increase of pAVPC adipogenic differentiation. In conclusion in the present paper we have demonstrated that TBT alters the vascular stem cells in terms of structure, functionality and differentiating capability, therefore effects of TBT in blood should be deeply explored to understand the potential vascular risk associated with the alteration of vascular stem cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Bertocchi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Stem Wave Institute for Tissue Healing (SWITH), Gruppo Villa Maria (GVM) Care & Research - Ettore Sansavini Health Science Foundation, Lugo, Ravenna, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems at the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Salaroli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliana Botelho
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DEVET, UNICENTRO - Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittoria Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences - DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Santulli G, Borras C, Bousquet J, Calzà L, Cano A, Illario M, Franceschi C, Liotta G, Maggio M, Molloy WD, Montuori N, O’Caoimh R, Orfila F, Rauter AP, Santoro A, Iaccarino G. Models for preclinical studies in aging-related disorders: One is not for all. Transl Med UniSa 2016; 13:4-12. [PMID: 27042427 PMCID: PMC4811343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies are essentially based on animal models of a particular disease. The primary purpose of preclinical efficacy studies is to support generalization of treatment-effect relationships to human subjects. Researchers aim to demonstrate a causal relationship between an investigational agent and a disease-related phenotype in such models. Numerous factors can muddle reliable inferences about such cause-effect relationships, including biased outcome assessment due to experimenter expectations. For instance, responses in a particular inbred mouse might be specific to the strain, limiting generalizability. Selecting well-justified and widely acknowledged model systems represents the best start in designing preclinical studies, especially to overcome any potential bias related to the model itself. This is particularly true in the research that focuses on aging, which carries unique challenges, mainly attributable to the fact that our already long lifespan makes designing experiments that use people as subjects extremely difficult and largely impractical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center; College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, USA;,Corresponding authors: Guido Iaccarino, MD, PhD; ; Gaetano Santulli, MD, PhD;
| | - Consuelo Borras
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia /INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jean Bousquet
- MACVIA-LR, European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site, University Hospital of Montpellier, France;,INSERM, VIMA : Ageing and chronic diseases. Epidemiological and public health approaches, Paris, France,Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR) University of Bologna
| | - Antonio Cano
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maddalena Illario
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, and R&D Unit, Federico II University Hospital
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna;,National Research Council of Italy, CNR, Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF) and Institute of Molecular Genetics, Bologna, Italy;,Dept. of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liotta
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma; University Hospital of Parma
| | - William D. Molloy
- Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Nunzia Montuori
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, and R&D Unit, Federico II University Hospital
| | - Rónán O’Caoimh
- Centre for Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Ireland;,Health Research Board, Clinical Research Facility Galway, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Francesc Orfila
- Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia P. Rauter
- Departamento de Quimica e Bioquímica, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Dept. of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Italy.,Corresponding authors: Guido Iaccarino, MD, PhD; ; Gaetano Santulli, MD, PhD;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Molecular and immunohistochemical effects of metformin in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1921-1930. [PMID: 26136915 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious health issue worldwide. The disease is characterized by insulin resistance (IR), which leads to dyslipidemia and alterations in the expression levels of a number of genes. Metformin is the standard treatment for T2DM; however, the exact mechanism underlying metformin regulation is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of metformin on serum lipid profiles and the expression levels of various genes that are associated with IR, as well as the histopathological changes in the liver and pancreas. A T2DM rat model was established by feeding the rats a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, combined with a dose of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight). Following the successful induction of T2DM, metformin was administered orally (400 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks. The results indicated that metformin improved the symptoms of IR by normalizing the serum lipid profiles in the diabetic rats. Furthermore, metformin upregulated the expression of insulin receptors and genes associated with lipid metabolism, including acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α. In addition, treatment with metformin downregulated the expression levels of fetuin-A and retinol binding protein-4 (RBP-4), while normalizing the expression of perilipin that had been reduced in the T2DM rats. Metformin administration induced regenerative changes in the hepatocyte cytoplasm and parenchyma. In the pancreas, treatment with metformin was shown to induce positive signaling for insulin and the regeneration of pancreatic β cells. In summary, metformin treatment ameliorated a number of the harmful effects associated with T2DM via the modulation of the expression levels of fetuin-A, RBP-4, perilipin and various genes associated with lipid metabolism, resulting in regenerative changes in the liver and pancreatic cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Elmadhun NY, Sabe AA, Lassaletta AD, Chu LM, Kondra K, Sturek M, Sellke FW. Metabolic syndrome impairs notch signaling and promotes apoptosis in chronically ischemic myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:1048-55; discussion 1055. [PMID: 25037620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired angiogenesis is a known consequence of metabolic syndrome (MetS); however, the mechanism is not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that the notch signaling pathway is an integral component of cardiac angiogenesis. We tested, in a clinically relevant swine model, the effects of MetS on notch and apoptosis signaling in chronically ischemic myocardium. METHODS Ossabaw swine were fed either a regular diet (control [CTL], n = 8) or a high-cholesterol diet (MetS, n = 8) to induce MetS. An ameroid constrictor was placed to induce chronic myocardial ischemia. Eleven weeks later, the wine underwent cardiac harvest of the ischemic myocardium. RESULTS Downregulation of pro-angiogenesis proteins notch2, notch4, jagged2, angiopoietin 1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were found in the MetS group compared with the CTL group. Also, upregulation of pro-apoptosis protein caspase 8 and downregulation of anti-angiogenesis protein phosphorylated forkhead box transcription factor 03 and pro-survival proteins phosphorylated P38 and heat shock protein 90 were present in the MetS group. Cell death was increased in the MetS group compared with the CTL group. Both CTL and MetS groups had a similar arteriolar count and capillary density, and notch3 and jagged1 were both similarly concentrated in the smooth muscle wall. CONCLUSIONS MetS in chronic myocardial ischemia significantly impairs notch signaling by downregulating notch receptors, ligands, and pro-angiogenesis proteins. MetS also increases apoptosis signaling, decreases survival signaling, and increases cell death in chronically ischemic myocardium. Although short-term angiogenesis appears unaffected in this model of early MetS, the molecular signals for angiogenesis are impaired, suggesting that inhibition of notch signaling might underlie the decreased angiogenesis in later stages of MetS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nassrene Y Elmadhun
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Ashraf A Sabe
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Antonio D Lassaletta
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Louis M Chu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Katelyn Kondra
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Michael Sturek
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Metformin mitigates apoptosis in ischemic myocardium. J Surg Res 2014; 192:50-8. [PMID: 24969550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic data has shown that metformin confers a survival advantage in patients with cardiovascular disease. Although the underlying cardioprotective mechanism is unclear, it appears to be independent of metformin's insulin-sensitizing effect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin on the apoptosis pathway in the ischemic and nonischemic cardiac tissue in a swine model of metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ossabaw miniswine were fed either a regular diet (Ossabaw control, n = 8), a high-cholesterol diet (Ossabaw high cholesterol, n = 8), or a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with metformin (Ossabaw high-cholesterol metformin, n = 8). After 9 wk, all animals underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor to the left circumflex coronary artery to induce chronic ischemia. Seven weeks after ameroid placement, animals underwent cardiac harvest. RESULTS In the chronically ischemic myocardium, metformin significantly upregulates prosurvival proteins: extracellular signal-regulated kinases, nuclear factor κB, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and P38. Metformin also significantly inhibits or downregulates proapoptosis proteins: FOXO3 and caspase 3. Metformin decreased the percent apoptotic cells in the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. There was no difference in arteriolar density, capillary density, intramyocardial fibrosis, or collagen deposition in the ischemic or nonischemic myocardium. CONCLUSIONS Metformin selectively alters the apoptosis pathway by inhibiting FOXO3 and decreasing the active form of caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3. Metformin also upregulates mitogen-activated kinase proteins p38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, which are considered cardioprotective during ischemic preconditioning. Perhaps, the altered activation of the apoptosis pathway in ischemic myocardium is one mechanism by which metformin is cardioprotective.
Collapse
|
20
|
Myocardial blood flow under general anaesthesia with sevoflurane in type 2 diabetic patients: a pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014; 13:62. [PMID: 24656118 PMCID: PMC3994329 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-13-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In type 2 diabetic patients, cardiac events in the perioperative period may be associated with diminished myocardial vasomotor function and endothelial dysfunction. The influence of sevoflurane anaesthesia on myocardial endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mellitus is investigated in this pilot study. Methods Six males with type 2 diabetes mellitus and eight healthy controls were included. Using myocardial contrast echocardiography, myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured at rest, during adenosine-induced hyperaemia (endothelium-independent vasodilation) and after sympathetic stimulation by the cold pressor test (endothelium-dependent vasodilation). Measurements were performed before and after induction of sevoflurane anaesthesia. Results Sevoflurane anaesthesia decreased resting MBF in diabetics but not in controls (P = 0.03), while baseline MBF did not differ between diabetics and controls. Without anaesthesia, adenosine-induced hyperaemia increased MBF in both groups compared to resting values. Adenosine combined with sevoflurane resulted in a lower hyperaemic MBF in both groups compared to no anaesthesia. Differences in MBF in response to adenosine before and after sevoflurane administration were larger in diabetic patients, however not statistically significant in this pilot group (P = 0.08). Myocardial blood flow parameters after the cold pressor test were not different between groups. Conclusion These pilot data in type 2 diabetic patients show that sevoflurane anaesthesia decreases resting myocardial blood flow compared to healthy controls. Further, we observed a trend towards a lower endothelium-independent vasodilation capacity in diabetic patients under sevoflurane anaesthesia. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was not affected by sevoflurane in diabetic patients. These data provide preliminary insight into myocardial responses in type 2 diabetic patients under general anaesthesia. Trial registration http://www.clinicialtrials.gov,
NCT00866801
Collapse
|