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Kalaf-Mussi R, Nakajima D, Chen M, Maahs L, Coutinho R, Qaqish R, Liu M, Keshavjee S, Cypel M. Therapeutic Use of Carbon Monoxide in Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion in Donor With Prolonged Cold Ischemia. J Surg Res 2024; 301:315-323. [PMID: 39013278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carbon monoxide (CO) has been shown to exert protective effects in multiple organs following ischemic injury, including the lung. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of CO administration during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) on lung grafts exposed to prolonged cold ischemia. METHODS Ten porcine lungs were subjected to 18 h of cold ischemia followed by 6 h of EVLP. Lungs were randomized to EVLP alone (control, n = 5) or delivery of 500 ppm of CO during the 1st hour of EVLP (treatment, n = 5). Following EVLP, the left lungs were transplanted and reperfused for 4 h. RESULTS At the end of EVLP, pulmonary vascular resistance (P = 0.007) and wet to dry lung weight ratios (P = 0.027) were significantly reduced in CO treated lungs. Posttransplant, lung graft PaO2/FiO2 (P = 0.032) and compliance (P = 0.024) were significantly higher and peak airway pressure (P = 0.032) and wet to dry ratios (P = 0.003) were significantly lower in CO treated lungs. Interleukin-6 was significantly reduced in plasma during reperfusion in the CO treated group (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS In this preclinical porcine model, CO application during EVLP resulted in better graft performance and outcomes after reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kalaf-Mussi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Manyin Chen
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas Maahs
- University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Robert Qaqish
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Erie County Medical Center with UBMD Surgery, Buffalo, New York
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Griffiths C, Scott WE, Ali S, Fisher AJ. Maximizing organs for donation: the potential for ex situ normothermic machine perfusion. QJM 2023; 116:650-657. [PMID: 31943119 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a shortfall in the number of suitable organs available for transplant resulting in a high number of patients on the active transplant waiting lists worldwide. To address this shortfall and increase the utilization of donor organs, the acceptance criteria for donor organs is gradually expanding including increased use of organs from donation after circulatory death. Use of such extended criteria donors and exposure of organs to more prolonged periods of warm or cold ischaemia also increases the risk of primary graft dysfunction occurring. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) offers a unique opportunity to objectively assess donor organ function outside the donor body and potentially recondition those deemed unsuitable on initial evaluation prior to implantation in the recipient. Furthermore, NMP provides a platform to support the use of established and novel therapeutics delivered directly to the organ, without the need to worry about potential deleterious 'off-target' side effects typically considered when treating the whole patient. This review will explore some of the novel therapeutics currently being added to perfusion platforms during NMP experimentally in an attempt to improve organ function and post-transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Griffiths
- From the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - W E Scott
- From the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - S Ali
- From the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A J Fisher
- From the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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Eren E, Black SM, Reader BF, Beal E, Cuddington C, Belcher DA, Palmer AF, Whitson BA. Novel Polymerized Human Serum Albumin For Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion. ASAIO J 2023; 69:716-723. [PMID: 36976617 PMCID: PMC10313759 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a method of organ preservation to expand the donor pool by allowing organ assessment and repair. Perfusion solution composition is crucial to maintaining and improving organ function during EVLP. EVLP compared perfusates supplemented with either polymeric human serum albumin (PolyHSA) or standard human serum albumin (HSA). Rat heart-lung blocks underwent normothermic EVLP (37°C) for 120 minutes using perfusate with 4% HSA or 4% PolyHSA synthesized at a 50:1 or 60:1 molar ratio of glutaraldehyde to PolyHSA. Oxygen delivery, lung compliance, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), wet-to-dry ratio, and lung weight were measured. Perfusion solution type (HSA or PolyHSA) significantly impacted end-organ metrics. Oxygen delivery, lung compliance, and PVR were comparable among groups ( P > 0.05). Wet-to-dry ratio increased in the HSA group compared to the PolyHSA groups (both P < 0.05) suggesting edema formation. Wet-to-dry ratio was most favorable in the 60:1 PolyHSA-treated lungs compared to HSA ( P < 0.05). Compared to using HSA, PolyHSA significantly lessened lung edema. Our data confirm that the physical properties of perfusate plasma substitutes significantly impact oncotic pressure and the development of tissue injury and edema. Our findings demonstrate the importance of perfusion solutions and PolyHSA is an excellent candidate macromolecule to limit pulmonary edema. http://links.lww.com/ASAIO/A980.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Eren
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
- The Collaboration for Organ Perfusion, Preservation, Engineering and Regeneration (COPPER) Laboratory
| | - Sylvester M. Black
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
- The Collaboration for Organ Perfusion, Preservation, Engineering and Regeneration (COPPER) Laboratory
| | - Brenda F. Reader
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
- The Collaboration for Organ Perfusion, Preservation, Engineering and Regeneration (COPPER) Laboratory
| | - Eliza Beal
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | - Clayton Cuddington
- The Collaboration for Organ Perfusion, Preservation, Engineering and Regeneration (COPPER) Laboratory
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University
| | - Donald A. Belcher
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University
| | - Andre F. Palmer
- The Collaboration for Organ Perfusion, Preservation, Engineering and Regeneration (COPPER) Laboratory
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University
| | - Bryan A. Whitson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
- The Collaboration for Organ Perfusion, Preservation, Engineering and Regeneration (COPPER) Laboratory
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical, College of Medicine
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4
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Huang L, Hough O, Vellanki RN, Takahashi M, Zhu Z, Xiang YY, Chen M, Gokhale H, Shan H, Soltanieh S, Jing L, Gao X, Wouters BG, Cypel M, Keshavjee S, Liu M. L-alanyl-L-glutamine modified perfusate improves human lung cell functions and extend porcine ex vivo lung perfusion. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023; 42:183-195. [PMID: 36411189 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical application of normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has increased donor lung utilization for transplantation through functional assessment. To develop it as a platform for donor lung repair, reconditioning and regeneration, the perfusate should be modified to support the lung during extended EVLP. METHODS Human lung epithelial cells and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were cultured, and the effects of Steen solution (commonly used EVLP perfusate) on basic cellular function were tested. Steen solution was modified based on screening tests in cell culture, and further tested with an EVLP cell culture model, on apoptosis, GSH, HSP70, and IL-8 expression. Finally, a modified formula was tested on porcine EVLP. Physiological parameters of lung function, histology of lung tissue, and amino acid concentrations in EVLP perfusate were measured. RESULTS Steen solution reduced cell confluence, induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell migration, compared to regular cell culture media. Adding L-alanyl-L-glutamine to Steen solution improved cell migration and decreased apoptosis. It also reduced cold preservation and warm perfusion-induced apoptosis, enhanced GSH and HSP70 production, and inhibited IL-8 expression on an EVLP cell culture model. L-alanyl-L-glutamine modified Steen solution supported porcine lungs on EVLP with significantly improved lung function, well-preserved histological structure, and significantly higher levels of multiple amino acids in EVLP perfusate. CONCLUSIONS Adding L-alanyl-L-glutamine to perfusate may provide additional energy support, antioxidant, and cytoprotective effects to lung tissue. The pipeline developed herein, with cell culture, cell EVLP, and porcine EVLP models, can be used to further optimize perfusates to improve EVLP outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Olivia Hough
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ravi N Vellanki
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mamoru Takahashi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manyin Chen
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hemant Gokhale
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongchao Shan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sahar Soltanieh
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Jing
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xinliang Gao
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in Lung Transplantation: Potential Benefits and Inherent Limitations. Transplantation 2023; 107:105-116. [PMID: 36508647 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), a technique in which isolated lungs are continually ventilated and perfused at normothermic temperature, is emerging as a promising platform to optimize donor lung quality and increase the lung graft pool. Over the past few decades, the EVLP technique has become recognized as a significant achievement and gained much attention in the field of lung transplantation. EVLP has been demonstrated to be an effective platform for various targeted therapies to optimize donor lung function before transplantation. Additionally, some physical parameters during EVLP and biological markers in the EVLP perfusate can be used to evaluate graft function before transplantation and predict posttransplant outcomes. However, despite its advantages, the clinical practice of EVLP continuously encounters multiple challenges associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic limitations. It is of utmost importance to address the advantages and disadvantages of EVLP for its broader clinical usage. Here, the pros and cons of EVLP are comprehensively discussed, with a focus on its benefits and potential approaches for overcoming the remaining limitations. Directions for future research to fully explore the clinical potential of EVLP in lung transplantation are also discussed.
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6
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Haam S. Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in Lung Transplantation. J Chest Surg 2022; 55:288-292. [PMID: 35924535 PMCID: PMC9358162 DOI: 10.5090/jcs.22.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a technique that enables active metabolism of the lung by creating an environment similar to that inside the body, even though the explanted lungs are outside the body. The EVLP system enables the use of lung grafts that do not satisfy the acceptance criteria for lung transplantation (LTx) by making it possible to evaluate the function of the lung grafts and repair lungs in poor condition, thereby reducing the waiting time of patients requiring LTx and consequently mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokjin Haam
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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7
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Dugbartey GJ. Carbon monoxide as an emerging pharmacological tool to improve lung and liver transplantation protocols. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114752. [PMID: 34487717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has long been considered purely as a toxic gas. It binds to hemoglobin at high concentrations and displaces oxygen from its binding site, resulting in carboxyhemoglobin formation, which reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood and culminates in tissue hypoxia and its associated complications. Recently, however, CO is quickly moving past its historic notorious tag as a poisonous gas to a physiological signaling molecule with therapeutic potentials in several clinical situations including transplant-induced injury. This review discusses current knowledge of CO gas and CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) in preclinical models of lung and liver transplantation, and underlying molecular mechanisms of cyto- and organ protection during organ procurement, preservation, implantation and post-transplant periods. In addition, a discussion of the future of CO in clinical organ transplantation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Dugbartey
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, London Health Sciences Center, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Matthew Mailing Center for Translational Transplant Studies, London Health Sciences Center, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Western University, London Health Sciences Center, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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8
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Wang A, Ali A, Keshavjee S, Liu M, Cypel M. Ex vivo lung perfusion for donor lung assessment and repair: a review of translational interspecies models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L932-L940. [PMID: 32996780 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00295.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with end-stage lung disease, lung transplantation is a lifesaving therapy. Currently however, the number of patients who require a transplant exceeds the number of donor lungs available. One of the contributing factors to this is the conservative mindset of physicians who are concerned about transplanting marginal lungs due to the potential risk of primary graft dysfunction. Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) technology has allowed for the expansion of donor pool of organs by enabling assessment and reconditioning of these marginal grafts before transplant. Ongoing efforts to optimize the therapeutic potential of EVLP are underway. Researchers have adopted the use of different large and small animal models to generate translational preclinical data. This includes the use of rejected human lungs, pig lungs, and rat lungs. In this review, we summarize some of the key current literature studies relevant to each of the major EVLP model platforms and identify the advantages and disadvantages of each platform. The review aims to guide investigators in choosing an appropriate species model to suit their specific goals of study, and ultimately aid in translation of therapy to meet the growing needs of the patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhou Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aadil Ali
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ohsumi A, Kanou T, Ali A, Guan Z, Hwang DM, Waddell TK, Juvet S, Liu M, Keshavjee S, Cypel M. A method for translational rat ex vivo lung perfusion experimentation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L61-L70. [PMID: 32233924 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00256.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has significantly increased the successful clinical use of marginal donor lungs. While large animal EVLP models exist to test new strategies to improve organ repair, there is currently no rat EVLP model capable of maintaining long-term lung viability. Here, we describe a new rat EVLP model that addresses this need, while enabling the study of lung injury due to cold ischemic time (CIT). The technique involves perfusing and ventilating male Lewis rat donor lungs for 4 h before transplanting the left lung into a recipient rat and then evaluating lung function 2 h after reperfusion. To test injury within this model, lungs were divided into groups and exposed to different CITs (i.e., 20 min, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h and 24 h). Experiments involving the 24-h-CIT group were prematurely terminated due to the development of severe edema. For the other groups, no differences in the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen ([Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]) were observed during EVLP; however, lung compliance decreased over time in the 18-h group (P = 0.012) and the [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] of the blood from the left pulmonary vein 2 h after transplantation was lower compared with 20-min-CIT group (P = 0.0062). This new model maintained stable lung function during 4-h EVLP and after transplantation when exposed to up to 12 h of CIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Ohsumi
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanou
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aadil Ali
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zehong Guan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Hwang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) has been developed to expand the donor pool for lung transplantation recipients. The role of EVLP in organ preservation, evaluation and potential reconditioning is reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS EVLP has been shown to significantly increase the utilization of donor lungs for transplantation. Evidence suggests that patient outcomes from EVLP lungs are comparable to standard procurement technique. Novel strategies are being developed to treat and recondition injured donor lungs. EVLP may also prove to be a tool for translational research of lung diseases. SUMMARY EVLP has been shown to be an effective system to expand donor pool for lung transplantation without detriment to recipients. Future potential ex-vivo developments may further improve patient outcomes as well as increasing availability of donor organs.
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Okamoto T, Niikawa H, Ayyat K, Sakanoue I, Said S, McCurry KR. Machine Perfusion of Lungs. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-019-00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Protective effects of hydrogen inhalation during the warm ischemia phase against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat donors after cardiac death. Microvasc Res 2019; 125:103885. [PMID: 31175855 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.103885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful amelioration of long-term warm ischemia lung injury in donors after cardiac death (DCDs) can remarkably improve outcomes. Hydrogen gas provides potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). This study observed the effects of hydrogen inhalation on lung grafts during the warm ischemia phase in cardiac death donors. METHODS After cardiac death, rat donor lungs (n = 8) underwent mechanical ventilation with 40% oxygen plus 60% nitrogen (control group) or 3% hydrogen and 40% oxygen plus 57% nitrogen (hydrogen group) for 2 h during the warm ischemia phase in situ. Then, lung transplantation was performed after 2 h of cold storage and 3 h of recipient reperfusion prior to lung graft assessment. Rats that underwent left thoracotomy without transplantation served as the sham group (n = 8). The results of static compliance and arterial blood gas analysis were assessed in the recipients. The wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D), inflammation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and histologic changes were evaluated after 3 h of reperfusion. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) protein expression in the graft was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, lung function, W/D, inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress and histological changes were decreased in both transplant groups (control and hydrogen groups). However, compared with the control group, exposure to 3% hydrogen significantly improved lung graft static compliance and oxygenation and remarkably decreased the wet-to-dry weight ratio, inflammatory reactions, and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, hydrogen improved the lung graft histological changes, decreased the lung injury score and apoptotic index and reduced NF-κB nuclear accumulation in the lung grafts. CONCLUSION Lung inhalation with 3% hydrogen during the warm ischemia phase attenuated lung graft IRI via NF-κB-dependent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in rat donors after cardiac death.
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13
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Hoetzenecker K. Step by step toward the summit. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 157:e219. [PMID: 30901810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Rosso L, Zanella A, Righi I, Barilani M, Lazzari L, Scotti E, Gori F, Mendogni P. Lung transplantation, ex-vivo reconditioning and regeneration: state of the art and perspectives. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:S2423-S2430. [PMID: 30123580 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the only therapeutic option for end-stage pulmonary failure. Nevertheless, the shortage of donor pool available for transplantation does not allow to satisfy the requests, thus the mortality on the waiting list remains high. One of the tools to overcome the donor pool shortage is the use of ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) to preserve, evaluate and recondition selected lung grafts not otherwise suitable for transplantation. EVLP is nowadays a clinical reality and have several destinations of use. After a narrative review of the literature and looking at our experience we can assume that one of the chances to improve the outcome of lung transplantation and to overcome the donor pool shortage could be the tissue regeneration of the graft during EVLP and the immunomodulation of the recipient. Both these strategies are performed using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The results of the models of lung perfusion with MSC-based cell therapy open the way to a new innovative approach that further increases the potential for using of the lung perfusion platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Rosso
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanella
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Righi
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Barilani
- Unit of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,EPIGET LAB, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Unit of Regenerative Medicine-Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Scotti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Mendogni
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Jing L, Yao L, Zhao M, Peng LP, Liu M. Organ preservation: from the past to the future. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:845-857. [PMID: 29565040 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation is the most effective therapy for patients with end-stage disease. Preservation solutions and techniques are crucial for donor organ quality, which is directly related to morbidity and survival after transplantation. Currently, static cold storage (SCS) is the standard method for organ preservation. However, preservation time with SCS is limited as prolonged cold storage increases the risk of early graft dysfunction that contributes to chronic complications. Furthermore, the growing demand for the use of marginal donor organs requires methods for organ assessment and repair. Machine perfusion has resurfaced and dominates current research on organ preservation. It is credited to its dynamic nature and physiological-like environment. The development of more sophisticated machine perfusion techniques and better perfusates may lead to organ repair/reconditioning. This review describes the history of organ preservation, summarizes the progresses that has been made to date, and discusses future directions for organ preservation.
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Maignan M, Gennai S, Debaty G, Romanini D, Schmidt MH, Brenckmann V, Brouta A, Ventrillard I, Briot R. Exhaled carbon monoxide is correlated with ischemia reperfusion injuries during
ex vivo
lung perfusion in pigs. J Breath Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa7a73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tane S, Noda K, Shigemura N. Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion. Chest 2017; 151:1220-1228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Ex Vivo Perfusion With Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist Enhances Rehabilitation of Murine Donor Lungs After Circulatory Death. Transplantation 2016; 99:2494-503. [PMID: 26262504 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) enables assessment and rehabilitation of marginal donor lungs before transplantation. We previously demonstrated that adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonism attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. The current study utilizes a novel murine EVLP model to test the hypothesis that A2AR agonist enhances EVLP-mediated rehabilitation of donation after circulatory death (DCD) lungs. METHODS Mice underwent euthanasia and 60 minutes warm ischemia, and lungs were flushed with Perfadex and underwent cold static preservation (CSP, 60 minutes). Three groups were studied: no EVLP (CSP), EVLP with Steen solution for 60 minutes (EVLP), and EVLP with Steen solution supplemented with ATL1223, a selective A2AR agonist (EVLP + ATL1223). Lung function, wet/dry weight, cytokines and neutrophil numbers were measured. Microarrays were performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Genome 430A 2.0 Array. RESULTS Ex vivo lung perfusion significantly improved lung function versus CSP, which was further, significantly improved by EVLP + ATL1223. Lung edema, cytokines, and neutrophil counts were reduced after EVLP and further, significantly reduced after EVLP + ATL1223. Gene array analysis revealed differential expression of 1594 genes after EVLP, which comprise canonical pathways involved in inflammation and innate immunity including IL-1, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-17 signaling. Several pathways were uniquely regulated by EVLP + ATL1223 including the downregulation of genes involved in IL-1 signaling, such as ADCY9, ECSIT, IRAK1, MAPK12, and TOLLIP. CONCLUSIONS Ex vivo lung perfusion modulates proinflammatory genes and reduces pulmonary dysfunction, edema, and inflammation in DCD lungs, which are further reduced by A2AR agonism. This murine EVLP model provides a novel platform to study rehabilitative mechanisms of DCD lungs.
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Meng C, Ma L, Niu L, Cui X, Liu J, Kang J, Liu R, Xing J, Jiang C, Zhou H. Protection of donor lung inflation in the setting of cold ischemia against ischemia-reperfusion injury with carbon monoxide, hydrogen, or both in rats. Life Sci 2016; 151:199-206. [PMID: 26969763 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may be attenuated through carbon monoxide (CO)'s anti-inflammatory effect or hydrogen (H2)'s anti-oxidant effect. In this study, the effects of lung inflation with CO, H2, or both during the cold ischemia phase on graft function were observed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat donor lungs, inflated with 40% oxygen (control group), 500ppm CO (CO group), 3% H2 (H2 group) or 500ppm CO+3% H2 (COH group), were kept at 4°C for 180min. After transplantation, the recipients' artery blood gas and pressure-volume (P-V) curves were analyzed. The inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in the recipients were assessed at 180min after reperfusion. KEY FINDINGS Oxygenation in the CO and H2 groups were improved compared with the control group. The CO and H2 groups also exhibited significantly improved P-V curves, reduced lung injury, and decreased inflammatory response, malonaldehyde content, and cell apoptosis in the grafts. Furthermore, the COH group experienced enhanced improvements in oxygenation, P-V curves, inflammatory response, lipid peroxidation, and graft apoptosis compared to the CO and H2 groups. SIGNIFICANCE Lung inflation with CO or H2 protected against IRI via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in a model of lung transplantation in rats, which was enhanced by combined treatment with CO and H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China; The Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Liangjuan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Li Niu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 211 Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Xiaoguang Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China; The Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China; The Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Jiyu Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Rongfang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China; The Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Jingchun Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China; The Hei Longjiang Province Key Lab of Research on Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Changlin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The General Hospital of Daqing Oilfield, Daqing, Hei Longjiang Province 163000, China
| | - Huacheng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province 150001, China.
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20
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Martens A, Montoli M, Faggi G, Katz I, Pype J, Vanaudenaerde BM, Van Raemdonck DEM, Neyrinck AP. Argon and xenon ventilation during prolonged ex vivo lung perfusion. J Surg Res 2015; 201:44-52. [PMID: 26850183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence supports the use of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) as a platform for active reconditioning before transplantation to increase the potential donor pool and to reduce the incidence of primary graft dysfunction. A promising reconditioning strategy is the administration of inhaled noble gases based on their organoprotective effects. Our aim was to validate a porcine warm ischemic lung injury model and investigate postconditioning with argon (Ar) or xenon (Xe) during prolonged EVLP. METHODS Domestic pigs were divided in four groups (n = 5 per group). In the negative control group, lungs were flushed immediately. In the positive control (PC) and treatment (Ar, Xe) groups, lungs were flushed after a warm ischemic interval of 2-h in situ. All grafts were evaluated and treated during normothermic EVLP for 6 h. In the control groups, lungs were ventilated with 70% N2/30% O2 and in the treatment groups with 70% Ar/30% O2 or 70% Xe/30% O2, respectively. Outcome parameters were physiological variables (pulmonary vascular resistance, peak airway pressures, and PaO2/FiO2), histology, wet-to-dry weight ratio, bronchoalveolar lavage, and computed tomography scan. RESULTS A significant difference between negative control and PC for pulmonary vascular resistance, peak airway pressures, PaO2/FiO2, wet-to-dry weight ratio, histology, and computed tomography-imaging was observed. No significant differences between the injury group (PC) and the treatment groups (Ar, Xe) were found. CONCLUSIONS We validated a reproducible prolonged 6-h EVLP model with 2 h of warm ischemia and described the physiological changes over time. In this model, ventilation during EVLP with Ar or Xe administered postinjury did not improve graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Martens
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Algology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Montoli
- Leuven Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giulio Faggi
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Algology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ira Katz
- Air Liquide Santé International Medical R&D Paris-Saclay Research Center, Jouy-en Josas, France
| | - Jan Pype
- Air Liquide Santé International Medical R&D Paris-Saclay Research Center, Jouy-en Josas, France
| | - Bart M Vanaudenaerde
- Leuven Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Pneumology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk E M Van Raemdonck
- Leuven Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Thoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arne P Neyrinck
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Algology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Lung Transplant Unit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Egan TM, Requard JJ. Uncontrolled Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death Donors (uDCDDs) as a Source of Lungs for Transplant. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2031-6. [PMID: 25873272 PMCID: PMC5491386 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In April 2014, the American Journal of Transplantation published a report on the first lung transplant in the United States recovered from an uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death donor (uDCDD), assessed by ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). The article identified logistical and ethical issues related to introduction of lung transplant from uDCDDs. In an open clinical trial, we have Food and Drug Administration and Institutional Review Board approval to transplant lungs recovered from uDCDDs judged suitable after EVLP. Through this project and other experiences with lung recovery from uDCDDs, we have identified solutions to many logistical challenges and have addressed ethical issues surrounding lung transplant from uDCDDs that were mentioned in this case report. Here, we discuss those challenges, including issues related to recovery of other solid organs from uDCDDs. Despite logistical challenges, uDCDDs could solve the critical shortage of lungs for transplant. Furthermore, by avoiding the deleterious impact of brain death and days of positive pressure ventilation, and by using opportunities to treat lungs in the decedent or during EVLP, lungs recovered from uDCDDs may ultimately prove to be better than lungs currently being transplanted from conventional brain-dead organ donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Egan
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Corresponding author: Thomas M. Egan,
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Yang P, Yang N, Zhang X, Xu X. The significance and mechanism of propofol on treatment of ischemia reperfusion induced lung injury in rats. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 70:1527-32. [PMID: 25074530 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to investigate the efficacy and underlying the mechanism of propofol in treatment of ischemia reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury in rats, providing a novel insight of therapeutic strategy for IR-induced lung injury. 120 healthy SD rats were selected and randomly divided into sham operation group, IR group, and propofol group (40 rats per group). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein content, serum protein content, lung permeability index, lung water content rate, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in lung tissue, superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), endothelin (ET-1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were examined and compared among different groups to evaluate the therapeutical effects of propofol on IR-induced lung injury and analyze the mechanism. In sham operation group, neither change in lung tissue nor pulmonary interstitial edema or alveolar wall damage was found under microscope; in IR group, marked pulmonary interstitial edema and alveolar wall damage complicated with inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhage were found; in propofol group, alveolar wall widening was observed, however, hemorrhage in alveolar cavity, inflammatory infiltration and tissue damage were less significant than in IR group. At 3 h after reperfusion, BALF protein content, lung permeability index, and lung water content rate were all significantly increased in IR group and propofol group, while the serum protein content was significantly lower than sham operation group (p < 0.05). Moreover, we found that the change of above parameters in propofol group was less significant than in IR group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in ET-1 levels in different groups (p > 0.05). In contrast, MDA and NO in IR group and propofol group were significantly increased, while SOD activity was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the change of above parameters in propofol group was less significant than in IR group (p < 0.05). In addition, mRNAs of TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α were significantly increased in IR group and propofol group (p < 0.05) with more significant change in IR group compared with propofol group (p < 0.05). Propofol has protective effects against IR-induced lung injury by improving activity of oxygen radical and restoring NO/ET-1 dynamic balance. Besides, regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, and TNF-α by propofol also play important role in alleviating IR-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Machuca TN, Mercier O, Collaud S, Tikkanen J, Krueger T, Yeung JC, Chen M, Azad S, Singer L, Yasufuku K, de Perrot M, Pierre A, Waddell TK, Keshavjee S, Cypel M. Lung transplantation with donation after circulatory determination of death donors and the impact of ex vivo lung perfusion. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:993-1002. [PMID: 25772069 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for suitable lungs for transplantation drives the quest for alternative strategies to expand the donor pool. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of lung transplantation (LTx) with donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD) and the impact of selective ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). From 2007 to 2013, 673 LTx were performed, with 62 (9.2%) of them using DCDDs (seven bridged cases). Cases bridged with mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal life support were excluded. From 55 DCDDs, 28 (51%) underwent EVLP. Outcomes for LTx using DCDDs and donation after neurological determination of death (DNDD) donors were similar, with 1 and 5-year survivals of 85% and 54% versus 86% and 62%, respectively (p = 0.43). Although comparison of survival curves between DCDD + EVLP versus DCDD-no EVLP showed no significant difference, DCDD + EVLP cases presented shorter hospital stay (median 18 vs. 23 days, p = 0.047) and a trend toward shorter length of mechanical ventilation (2 vs. 3 days, p = 0.059). DCDDs represent a valuable source of lungs for transplantation, providing similar results to DNDDs. EVLP seems an important technique in the armamentarium to safely increase lung utilization from DCDDs; however, further studies are necessary to better define the role of EVLP in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Machuca
- Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sanchez PG, Griffith BP. International Clinical Experiences with Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-013-0043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
After a brief review of conventional lung preservation, this article discusses the rationale behind ex vivo lung perfusion and how it has shifted the paradigm of organ preservation from conventional static cold ischemia to the utilization of functional normothermia, restoring the lung's own metabolism and its reparative processes. Technical aspects and previous clinical experience as well as opportunities to address specific donor organ injuries in a personalized medicine approach are also reviewed.
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