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Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Vageli DP, Broder A. Gastric cancer after Bariatric Bypass Surgery. Do they relate? (A Systematic Review). Obes Surg 2023; 33:1876-1888. [PMID: 37041375 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric bypass surgery has been an effective treatment for morbid obesity. However, there is an increasing number of reported cases of gastric cancer after bypass surgery. Our systematic review showed an increasing trend of gastric cancer cases after bariatric bypass surgery in the last decade, mostly located in the excluded stomach (77%) and diagnosed in an advanced stage. In addition to known risk factors such as tobacco smoking (17%), H. pylori infection (6%), and family history of gastric cancer (3%), bile reflux, a recently proposed cancer-promoting factor, was also estimated in 18% of the cases. Our data suggest that gastric cancer risk assessment should be considered before gastric bypass surgery, and further investigations are needed to determine the value of post-operative gastric cancer surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios G Doukas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Peter's University Hospital/Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, 254 Easton Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
| | - Panagiotis G Doukas
- Departmengt of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dimitra P Vageli
- Departmengt of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Arkady Broder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Peter's University Hospital/Rutgers-RWJ Medical School, 254 Easton Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Youk KM, Kim J, Cho YS, Park DJ. Gastric Cancer After Bariatric Surgeries. JOURNAL OF METABOLIC AND BARIATRIC SURGERY 2022; 11:20-29. [PMID: 36926673 PMCID: PMC10011677 DOI: 10.17476/jmbs.2022.11.2.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery has been covered by medical insurance in Korea, since January 2019; and its number is steadily increasing. Representative bariatric surgeries include adjustable gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Each surgical method can be applied according to the patient's condition; however, there are other issues to consider in Korea. Because of the high incidence of gastric cancer in Korea, gastroscopy is recommended every two years after the age of 40. Therefore, it is difficult to perform conventional gastroscopy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. In this review, the incidence of gastric cancer after representative bariatric surgery was investigated through a literature review, so that it could be used as a reference for the selection of bariatric surgery in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Min Youk
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeesun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yo-Seok Cho
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chemaly R, Diab S, Khazen G, Al-Hajj G. Gastroesophageal Cancer After Gastric Bypass Surgeries: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2022; 32:1300-1311. [PMID: 35084611 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-022-05921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Data comparing the occurrence of gastroesophageal cancer after gastric bypass procedures are lacking and are only available in the form of case reports. We perform in this study a systematic review and a meta-analysis of all the reported cases of gastroesophageal cancer following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and loop gastric bypass-one anastomosis gastric bypass/mini gastric bypass (LGB-OAGB/MGB). We conducted a systematic review of all the reported cases in articles referenced in PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, and Scholar Google. Only cases of gastro-esophageal adenocarcinoma following RYGB or LGB-OAGB/MGB are included. Statistical analysis was done accordingly. Fifty cases were identified, along with 2 reported in this paper. Sixty-one percent (27/44) of the cancers after RYGB were in the gastric tube compared to 37.5% (3/8) after LGB-OAGB/MGB. This resulted in an odds ratio of 0.38 (p-value = 0.26), which failed to prove an increase in cancer occurrence in the gastric tube after LGB-MGB/OAGB compared to RYGB. The most common symptoms were dysphagia for cancers occurring in the gastric tube (15/30) and abdominal pain for those occurring in the excluded stomach (10/22). Twenty-nine/thirty of the cancers in the gastric tube were diagnosed by gastroscopy and 13/22 of the cancers in the excluded stomach were diagnosed by CT scan. Gastroesophageal cancers after gastric bypass procedures occur commonly in the excluded stomach where many are not identified by conventional means. Physician awareness and patient education as well as lifelong follow-up are essential for maintaining bypass surgeries on the beneficial side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigue Chemaly
- Department of General Surgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center - Rizk Hospital, LAU Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon. .,Department of General Surgery, Middle East Institute of Health (MEIH), Bsalim, Lebanon.
| | - Samer Diab
- Department of General Surgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center - Rizk Hospital, LAU Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Khazen
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematical, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Al-Hajj
- Department of General Surgery, Lebanese American University Medical Center - Rizk Hospital, LAU Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of General Surgery, Middle East Institute of Health (MEIH), Bsalim, Lebanon
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Plat VD, Kasteleijn A, Greve JWM, Luyer MDP, Gisbertz SS, Demirkiran A, Daams F. Esophageal Cancer After Bariatric Surgery: Increasing Prevalence and Treatment Strategies. Obes Surg 2021; 31:4954-4962. [PMID: 34494230 PMCID: PMC8490213 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The number of bariatric procedures has increased exponentially over the last 20 years. On the background of ever-increasing incidence of esophageal malignancies, the altered anatomy after bariatric surgery poses challenges in treatment of these cancers. In this study, an epidemiological estimate is presented for the future magnitude of this problem and treatment options are described in a retrospective multicenter cohort. Methods The number of bariatric procedures, esophageal cancer incidence, and mortality rates of the general population were used for epidemiological estimates. A retrospective multicenter cohort was composed; patients were treated in three large oncological centers with a high upper gastrointestinal cancer caseload. Consecutive patients with preceding bariatric surgery who developed esophageal cancer between 2014 and 2019 were included. Results Approximately 3200 out of 6.4 million post bariatric surgery patients are estimated to have developed esophageal cancer between 1998 and 2018 worldwide. In a multicenter cohort, 15 patients with esophageal cancer or Barrett’s esophagus and preceding bariatric surgery were identified. The majority of patients had a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (46.7%) and had an adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus (60%). Seven patients received curative surgical treatment, five of whom are still alive at last follow-up (median follow-up 2 years, no loss to follow-up). Conclusion Based on worldwide data, esophageal cancer development following bariatric surgery has increased over the past decades. Treatment of patients with esophageal cancer after bariatric surgery is challenging and requires a highly individualized approach in which optimal treatment and anatomical limitations are carefully balanced. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Plat
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Postbus 7075, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Kasteleijn
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Postbus 7075, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem M Greve
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha D P Luyer
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Postbus 7075, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmet Demirkiran
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Rode Kruis Hospital, Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Daams
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Postbus 7075, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Jaruvongvanich V, Matar R, Ravi K, Murad MH, Vantanasiri K, Wongjarupong N, Ungprasert P, Vargas EJ, Maselli DB, Prokop LJ, Abu Dayyeh BK. Esophageal Pathophysiologic Changes and Adenocarcinoma After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2020; 11:e00225. [PMID: 32955206 PMCID: PMC7447443 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To assess the effects of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on acid reflux and esophageal motor function and to evaluate the observation of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) after bariatric surgery. METHODS We searched 5 databases for adults who underwent SG or RYGB and had esophageal pH test and/or esophageal manometry before and after surgery. A separate systemic search of observational studies and a retrospective review at 3 institutions of adults who developed EAC after these surgeries were conducted. Outcomes were changes in manometric and pH parameters and EAC cases after SG and RYGB. RESULTS A total of 27 nonrandomized studies (SG: 612 patients; RYGB: 470 patients) were included. After SG, lower esophageal sphincter pressure and esophageal body amplitude were decreased and the risk of ineffective esophageal motility was increased. Total and recumbent acid exposure times were increased. After RYGB, an increased risk of ineffective esophageal motility was observed. Total, upright, and recumbent acid exposure times were decreased. The total reflux episodes remained unchanged but with increased nonacid reflux and decreased acid reflux events. Including our largest series, 31 EAC cases have been reported to date after SG and RYGB. DISCUSSION This systematic review demonstrates increased acid reflux after SG and decreased acid reflux after RYGB. An observed increased nonacid reflux after RYGB might contribute to failure of gastroesophageal reflux disease improvement. This refluxate might be noxious to the esophagus, warranting further studies. RYGB might not entirely preserve esophageal function as previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reem Matar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karthik Ravi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - M. Hassan Murad
- Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kornpong Vantanasiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA;
| | - Nicha Wongjarupong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA;
| | - Patompong Ungprasert
- Department of Rheumatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA;
| | - Eric J. Vargas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel B. Maselli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Larry J. Prokop
- Division of Library Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Barham K. Abu Dayyeh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Ebrahimi R, Kermansaravi M, Khalaj A, Eghbali F, Mousavi A, Pazouki A. Gastro-Intestinal Tract Cancers Following Bariatric Surgery: a Narrative Review. Obes Surg 2020; 29:2678-2694. [PMID: 31175561 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between obesity and malignancies has been identified epidemiologically. Meanwhile, the increasing global number of bariatric surgeries is reported annually; bariatric surgery's effect on different types of cancers is not well understood. Unfortunately, nonspecific presentations and difficulties regarding investigations make diagnosis challenging. The aim of this study is to compile available data about gastro-intestinal (GI) cancers, occurring after different bariatric surgeries. Although GI cancers are considered a rare complication of obesity surgery, they do exist, and diagnosis needs a high index of suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ebrahimi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kermansaravi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Center of Excellence of International Federation for Surgery of Obesity, Hazrat e Rasool Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Khalaj
- Tehran Obesity Treatment Center, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Foolad Eghbali
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence of International Federation for Surgery of Obesity, Hazrat e Rasool Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mousavi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Pazouki
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence of International Federation for Surgery of Obesity, Hazrat e Rasool Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is widely applied in the treatment of morbid obesity. Health personnel meeting these patients should thus be familiar with the potential clinical consequences of the modified anatomy induced by the surgery. After a RYGB, the stomach is left in situ after the closure of the upper part of the organ. This blind-ended gastric remnant may cause complications and surgical emergencies, but also opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. The present review focuses on complications related to the gastric remnant including bleeding and acute dilatation in the early postoperative period and later adverse events such as gastroduodenal peptic disease, tumors, gastrogastric fistulas, and late dilatation. Opportunities offered by the remnant, including minimal invasive or open access for enteral nutrition, and therapeutic and diagnostic access to the bile ducts, the duodenum, and the gastric remnant, which is challenged by the modified anatomy, are discussed. Reversal of the gastric bypass and gastrointestinal reconstruction after esophageal resection have been commented on. The review aims to improve the awareness of issues related to the gastric remnant for physicians involved in the treatment and the follow-up of patients after a RYGB.
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