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Shi Y, Hao R, Ji H, Gao L, Yang J. Dietary zinc supplements: beneficial health effects and application in food, medicine and animals. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5660-5674. [PMID: 38415843 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Zinc, a crucial trace element is vital for the growth and development of humans. It is frequently described as 'the flower of life' and 'the source of intelligence'. Zinc supplements play a pivotal role in addressing zinc deficiency by serving as a vital source of this essential micronutrients, effectively replenishing depleted zinc levels in the body. In this paper, we first described the biological behavior of zinc in the human body and briefly described the physiological phenomena associated with zinc levels. The benefits and drawbacks of various zinc supplement forms are then discussed, with emphasis on the most recent zinc supplement formulations. Finally, the application of zinc supplements in food, medicine, and animal husbandry is further summarized. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Haixia Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Junyan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Chamie JJ, Hibberd JA, Scheim DE. COVID-19 Excess Deaths in Peru's 25 States in 2020: Nationwide Trends, Confounding Factors, and Correlations With the Extent of Ivermectin Treatment by State. Cureus 2023; 15:e43168. [PMID: 37692571 PMCID: PMC10484241 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2020, nations hastened to contain an emerging COVID-19 pandemic by deploying diverse public health approaches, but conclusive appraisals of the efficacy of these approaches are elusive in most cases. One of the medicines deployed, ivermectin (IVM), a macrocyclic lactone having biochemical activity against SARS-CoV-2 through competitive binding to its spike protein, has yielded mixed results in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for COVID-19 treatments. In Peru, an opportunity to track the efficacy of IVM with a close consideration of confounding factors was provided through data for excess deaths as correlated with IVM use in 2020, under semi-autonomous policies in its 25 states. Methods To evaluate possible IVM treatment effects, excess deaths as determined from Peruvian national health data were analyzed by state for ages ≥60 in Peru's 25 states. These data were compared with monthly summary data for excess deaths in Peru for the period 2020-2021 as published by the WHO in 2022. To identify potential confounding factors, Google mobility data, population densities, SARS-CoV-2 genetic variations, and seropositivity rates were also examined. Results Reductions in excess deaths over a period of 30 days after peak deaths averaged 74% in the 10 states with the most intensive IVM use. As determined across all 25 states, these reductions in excess deaths correlated closely with the extent of IVM use (p<0.002). During four months of IVM use in 2020, before a new president of Peru restricted its use, there was a 14-fold reduction in nationwide excess deaths and then a 13-fold increase in the two months following the restriction of IVM use. Notably, these trends in nationwide excess deaths align with WHO summary data for the same period in Peru. Conclusions The natural experiment that was put into motion with the authorization of IVM use for COVID-19 in Peru in May 2020, as analyzed using data on excess deaths by locality and by state from Peruvian national health sources, resulted in strong evidence for the drug's effectiveness. Several potential confounding factors, including effects of a social isolation mandate imposed in May 2020, variations in the genetic makeup of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and differences in seropositivity rates and population densities across the 25 states, were considered but did not appear to have significantly influenced these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Chamie
- Data Analysis, Independent Data Analyst, Cambridge, USA
| | | | - David E Scheim
- Commissioned Corps, Inactive Reserve, United States Public Health Service, Blacksburg, USA
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Li M, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Wei Z. Deciphering the toxicity mechanism of haloquinolines on Chlorella pyrenoidosa using QSAR and metabolomics approaches. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114943. [PMID: 37099961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The hazardous potential of haloquinolines (HQLs) is becoming an issue of great concern due to its wide and long-term usage in many personal care products. We examined the growth inhibition, structure-activity relationship, and toxicity mechanism of 33 HQLs on Chlorella pyrenoidosa using the 72-h algal growth inhibition assay, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR), and metabolomics. We found that the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values for 33 compounds ranged from 4.52 to > 150 mg·L-1, most tested compounds were toxic (1 mg·L-1 < IC50 < 10 mg·L-1) or harmful (10 mg·L-1 < IC50 < 100 mg·L-1) for the aquatic ecosystem. Hydrophobic properties of HQLs dominate their toxicity. Halogen atoms with large volume appear at the 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7-positions of the quinoline ring to significantly increase the toxicity. In algal cells, HQLs can block diverse carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby resulting in energy usage, osmotic pressure regulation, membrane integrity, oxidative stress disorder, thus fatally damaging algal cells. Therefore, our results provide insight into the toxicity mechanism and ecological risk of HQLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Development and Applications in Special Environment, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China.
| | - Yayao Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China.
| | - Jianren Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Development and Applications in Special Environment, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China.
| | - Xiu Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China; Ningxia Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Development and Applications in Special Environment, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China.
| | - Zhaojun Wei
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia Province, PR China.
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Arnaud J, González-Estecha M, Skalny A. The different faces of inorganic elements in SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 74:127083. [PMID: 36174459 PMCID: PMC9489959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Arnaud
- SFERETE (French Speaking Society for Trace and Toxic Element Studies and Research), University Hospital of Grenoble, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Montserrat González-Estecha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007 Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anatoly Skalny
- Laboratory of Molecular Dietetics, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia.
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Boretti A. Some Doubts Vaccine Boosters, Vaccine Passports, and Prohibition to Use Antivirals Help with Cases and Fatalities of COVID-19 Infection. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022:1-4. [PMCID: PMC9638405 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Pisoschi AM, Iordache F, Stanca L, Gajaila I, Ghimpeteanu OM, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Roles of Nonvitamin Antioxidants in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12562-12593. [PMID: 36136726 PMCID: PMC9514372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathologies encompass activation of pro-oxidative pathways and inflammatory burst. Alleviating overproduction of reactive oxygen species and cytokine storm in COVID-19 is essential to counteract the immunogenic damage in endothelium and alveolar membranes. Antioxidants alleviate oxidative stress, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, and diminish the risk of organ failure. Direct antiviral roles imply: impact on viral spike protein, interference with the ACE2 receptor, inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, transmembrane protease serine 2 or furin, and impact on of helicase, papain-like protease, 3-chyomotrypsin like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Prooxidative environment favors conformational changes in the receptor binding domain, promoting the affinity of the spike protein for the host receptor. Viral pathologies imply a vicious cycle, oxidative stress promoting inflammatory responses, and vice versa. The same was noticed with respect to the relationship antioxidant impairment-viral replication. Timing, dosage, pro-oxidative activities, mutual influences, and interference with other antioxidants should be carefully regarded. Deficiency is linked to illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Iuliana Gajaila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Oana Margarita Ghimpeteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory,
National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
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