Ameliorative effects of clindamycin - nanoceria conjugate: A ROS responsive smart drug delivery system for diabetic wound healing study

Molecular immunological mechanisms of impaired wound healing in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), current therapeutic strategies and future directions

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a foremost cause of amputation in diabetic patients. Consequences of DFU include infections, decline in limb function, hospitalization, amputation, and in severe cases, death. Immune cells including macrophages, regulatory T cells, fibroblasts and other damage repair cells work in sync for effective healing and in establishment of a healthy skin barrier post-injury. Immune dysregulation during the healing of wounds can result in wound chronicity. Hyperglycemic conditions in diabetic patients influence the pathophysiology of wounds by disrupting the immune system as well as promoting neuropathy and ischemic conditions, making them difficult to heal. Chronic wound microenvironment is characterized by increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in persistent inflammation and delayed healing. Novel treatment modalities including growth factor therapies, nano formulations, microRNA based treatments and skin grafting approaches have significantly augmented treatment efficiency, demonstrating creditable efficacy in clinical practices. Advancements in local treatments as well as invasive methodologies, for instance formulated wound dressings, stem cell applications and immunomodulatory therapies have been successful in targeting the complex pathophysiology of chronic wounds. This review focuses on elucidating the intricacies of emerging physical and non-physical therapeutic interventions, delving into the realm of advanced wound care and comprehensively summarizing efficacy of evidence-based therapies for DFU currently available.

Rough Ag2S@H-CeO2 photonic nanocomposites for effective eradication of drug-resistant bacteria and improved healing of infected cutaneous wounds

With the continuous increasing threat of drug-resistant bacteria induced cutaneous wound infections, there is a growing demand for novel effective antibiotics-alternative antibacterial strategies for clinical anti-infective therapy. Here, we report the fabrication and antibacterial efficacy of Ag2S@H-CeO2 photonic nanocomposites with rough surface through in-situ growth of Ag2S nanoparticles on CeO2 hollow spheres. With excellent photothermal property and peroxidase-like activity, as well as increased bacterial adhesion, the photonic nanocomposites demonstrated a broad-spectrum synergistic antibacterial effect against Gram-positive, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi as well biofilm in vitro. Significantly, the nanocomposites can effectively eradicate drug-resistant bacteria such as Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli). Notably, in vivo assessments validated its synergistic therapeutic potential in the treatment of MRSA-infected cutaneous wounds, all while maintaining excellent biosafety and biocompatibility. Our study offers a competitive and promising strategy for the development of a multifunctional synergistic antibacterial platform poised to effectively treat drug-resistant bacteria-infected cutaneous wounds.

Narrative review on nanoparticles based on current evidence: therapeutic agents for diabetic foot infection

Diabetes's effects on wound healing present a major treatment challenge and increase the risk of amputation. When traditional therapies fail, new approaches must be investigated. With their submicron size and improved cellular internalisation, nanoparticles present a viable way to improve diabetic wound healing. They are attractive options because of their innate antibacterial qualities, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Nanoparticles loaded with organic or inorganic compounds, or embedded in biomimetic matrices such as hydrogels, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid, exhibit excellent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Drug delivery systems (DDSs)-more precisely, nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs)-use the advantages of nanotechnology to get around some of the drawbacks of traditional DDSs. Recent developments show how expertly designed nanocarriers can carry a variety of chemicals, transforming the treatment of diabetic wounds. Biomaterials that deliver customised medications to the wound microenvironment demonstrate potential. Delivery techniques for nanomedicines become more potent than ever, overcoming conventional constraints. Therapeutics for diabetes-induced non-healing wounds are entering a revolutionary era thanks to precisely calibrated nanocarriers that effectively distribute chemicals. This review highlights the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles and outlines the multifunctional nanoparticles of the future that will be used for complete wound healing in diabetics. The investigation of novel nanodrug delivery systems has the potential to revolutionise diabetic wound therapy and provide hope for more efficient and focused therapeutic approaches.

Green synthesis of MnO2-embedded Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaves (MnO2@RTL) for crystal violet dye removal and as an antibacterial agent

The application of green synthesized nanocomposites for the prevention of environmental pollution is increasing nowadays. Here, a green composite has been synthesized by embedding MnO2 on Rauvolfia tetraphylla leaves using its leaf extract hereinafter termed as MnO2@RTL, and demonstrated for crystal violet (CV) dye removal from simulated and real wastewater. The surface properties of the material were determined by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area, pHZPC, and zeta potential. The material exhibits a remarkable adsorption capacity of 61.162 mg/g at 328 K and pH 7. The adsorption was best fitted with Pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.998) and a combination of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.994-0.999). The thermodynamic study revealed spontaneous (ΔG values =  - 2.988 to - 4.978 kJ/mol) and endothermic (ΔH values = 6.830 to 11.018 kJ/mol) adsorption. After adsorption, 80% regeneration occurred with 50% methanol, and recycled up to five times. Advantageously, the material was able to remove CV dye in the presence of coexistent ions and from industrial wastewater, confirming field applicability. The adsorption capacity of the material is superior to previously reported materials. The standard deviation and relative standard deviations have been evaluated to be 0.000422-0.000667 and 0.473-0.749%, which suggests the reliability of the experiments. The exhausted material, after recycling, was pyrolyzed to overcome the disposal problem. It was established as a secondary adsorbent with 73% efficiency which makes the material win-win. The material showed antibacterial properties with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a zone of inhibition 5 mm.

Recent Advances in Nano-Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Diabetic Wound Healing

Diabetes mellitus (DM) induced wound healing impairment remains a serious health problem and burden on the clinical obligation for high amputation rates. Based on the features of wound microenvironment, biomaterials loading specific drugs can benefit diabetic wound treatment. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) can carry diverse functional substances to the wound site. Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDSs), benefiting from their features related to nano size, overcome limitations of conventional DDSs application and are considered as a developing process in the wound treatment field. Recently, a number of finely designed nanocarriers efficiently loading various substances (bioactive and non-bioactive factors) have emerged to circumvent constraints faced by traditional DDSs. This review describes various recent advances of nano-drug delivery systems involved in mitigating diabetes mellitus-based non-healing wounds.