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Pani P, Bal NC. Avian adjustments to cold and non-shivering thermogenesis: whats, wheres and hows. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:2106-2126. [PMID: 35899483 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian cold adaptation is hallmarked by innovative strategies of both heat conservation and thermogenesis. While minimizing heat loss can reduce the thermogenic demands of body temperature maintenance, it cannot eliminate the requirement for thermogenesis. Shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) are the two synergistic mechanisms contributing to endothermy. Birds are of particular interest in studies of NST as they lack brown adipose tissue (BAT), the major organ of NST in mammals. Critical analysis of the existing literature on avian strategies of cold adaptation suggests that skeletal muscle is the principal site of NST. Despite recent progress, isolating the mechanisms involved in avian muscle NST has been difficult as shivering and NST co-exist with its primary locomotory function. Herein, we re-evaluate various proposed molecular bases of avian skeletal muscle NST. Experimental evidence suggests that sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ -ATPase (SERCA) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) are key in avian muscle NST, through their mediation of futile Ca2+ cycling and thermogenesis. More recent studies have shown that SERCA regulation by sarcolipin (SLN) facilitates muscle NST in mammals; however, its role in birds is unclear. Ca2+ signalling in the muscle seems to be common to contraction, shivering and NST, but elucidating its roles will require more precise measurement of local Ca2+ levels inside avian myofibres. The endocrine control of avian muscle NST is still poorly defined. A better understanding of the mechanistic details of avian muscle NST will provide insights into the roles of these processes in regulatory thermogenesis, which could further inform our understanding of the evolution of endothermy among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punyadhara Pani
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
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2
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do Amaral-Silva L, da Silva WC, Gargaglioni LH, Bícego KC. Metabolic trade-offs favor regulated hypothermia and inhibit fever in immune-challenged chicks. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274497. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The febrile response to resist a pathogen is energetically expensive while regulated hypothermia seems to preserve energy for vital functions. We hypothesized here that immune challenged birds under metabolic trade-offs (reduced energy supply / increased energy demand) favor a regulated hypothermic response at the expense of fever. To test this hypothesis, we compared 5-days old broiler chicks exposed to fasting, cold (25oC), and fasting combined with cold to a control group fed at thermoneutral condition (30oC). The chicks were injected with saline or with a high dose of endotoxin known to induce a biphasic thermal response composed of body temperature (Tb) drop followed by fever. Then Tb, oxygen consumption (metabolic rate), peripheral vasomotion (cutaneous heat exchange), breathing frequency (respiratory heat exchange), and huddling behavior (heat conservation indicator) were analyzed. Irrespective of metabolic trade-offs, chicks presented a transient regulated hypothermia in the first hour, which relied on a suppressed metabolic rate for all groups, increased breathing frequency for chicks fed/fasted at 30oC, and peripheral vasodilation in fed/fasted chicks at 25oC. Fever was observed only in chicks kept at thermoneutrality and was supported by peripheral vasoconstriction and huddling behavior. Fed and fasted chicks at 25oC completely eliminated fever despite the ability to increase metabolic rate for thermogenesis in the phase correspondent to fever when it was pharmacologically induced by 2.4-Dinitrophenol. Our data suggest that increased competing demands affect chicks’ response to an immune challenge favoring regulated hypothermia to preserve energy while the high costs of fever to resist a pathogen are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara do Amaral-Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Welex Cândido da Silva
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Helena Gargaglioni
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Kênia Cardoso Bícego
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, São Paulo State University (FCAV-UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Linek N, Volkmer T, Shipley JR, Twining CW, Zúñiga D, Wikelski M, Partecke J. A songbird adjusts its heart rate and body temperature in response to season and fluctuating daily conditions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200213. [PMID: 34121457 PMCID: PMC8200648 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a seasonal world, organisms are continuously adjusting physiological processes relative to local environmental conditions. Owing to their limited heat and fat storage capacities, small animals, such as songbirds, must rapidly modulate their metabolism in response to weather extremes and changing seasons to ensure survival. As a consequence of previous technical limitations, most of our existing knowledge about how animals respond to changing environmental conditions comes from laboratory studies or field studies over short temporal scales. Here, we expanded beyond previous studies by outfitting 71 free-ranging Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) with novel heart rate and body temperature loggers coupled with radio transmitters, and followed individuals in the wild from autumn to spring. Across seasons, blackbirds thermoconformed at night, i.e. their body temperature decreased with decreasing ambient temperature, but not so during daytime. By contrast, during all seasons blackbirds increased their heart rate when ambient temperatures became colder. However, the temperature setpoint at which heart rate was increased differed between seasons and between day and night. In our study, blackbirds showed an overall seasonal reduction in mean heart rate of 108 beats min-1 (21%) as well as a 1.2°C decrease in nighttime body temperature. Episodes of hypometabolism during cold periods likely allow the birds to save energy and, thus, help offset the increased energetic costs during the winter when also confronted with lower resource availability. Our data highlight that, similar to larger non-hibernating mammals and birds, small passerine birds such as Eurasian blackbirds not only adjust their heart rate and body temperature on daily timescales, but also exhibit pronounced seasonal changes in both that are modulated by local environmental conditions such as temperature. This article is part of the theme issue 'Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Linek
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tamara Volkmer
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J Ryan Shipley
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Cornelia W Twining
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel Zúñiga
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jesko Partecke
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Dawson A. Both Low Temperature and Shorter Duration of Food Availability Delay Testicular Regression and Affect the Daily Cycle in Body Temperature in a Songbird. Physiol Biochem Zool 2018; 91:917-924. [DOI: 10.1086/698109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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McCue MD, Terblanche JS, Benoit JB. Learning to starve: impacts of food limitation beyond the stress period. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4330-4338. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Starvation is common among wild animal populations, and many individuals experience repeated bouts of starvation over the course of their lives. Although much information has been gained through laboratory studies of acute starvation, little is known about how starvation affects an animal once food is again available (i.e. during the refeeding and recovery phases). Many animals exhibit a curious phenomenon – some seem to ‘get better’ at starving following exposure to one or more starvation events – by this we mean that they exhibit potentially adaptive responses, including reduced rates of mass loss, reduced metabolic rates, and lower costs of digestion. During subsequent refeedings they may also exhibit improved digestive efficiency and more rapid mass gain. Importantly, these responses can last until the next starvation bout or even be inherited and expressed in the subsequent generation. Currently, however, little is known about the molecular regulation and physiological mechanisms underlying these changes. Here, we identify areas of research that can fill in the most pressing knowledge gaps. In particular, we highlight how recently refined techniques (e.g. stable isotope tracers, quantitative magnetic resonance and thermal measurement) as well as next-generation sequencing approaches (e.g. RNA-seq, proteomics and holobiome sequencing) can address specific starvation-focused questions. We also describe outstanding unknowns ripe for future research regarding the timing and severity of starvation, and concerning the persistence of these responses and their interactions with other ecological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D. McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Tattersall GJ, Roussel D, Voituron Y, Teulier L. Novel energy-saving strategies to multiple stressors in birds: the ultradian regulation of body temperature. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161551. [PMID: 27655770 PMCID: PMC5046907 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine thermoregulatory responses in birds facing two commonly experienced stressors, cold and fasting. Logging devices allowing long-term and precise access to internal body temperature were placed within the gizzards of ducklings acclimated to cold (CA) (5°C) or thermoneutrality (TN) (25°C). The animals were then examined under three equal 4-day periods: ad libitum feeding, fasting and re-feeding. Through the analysis of daily as well as short-term, or ultradian, variations of body temperature, we showed that while ducklings at TN show only a modest decline in daily thermoregulatory parameters when fasted, they exhibit reduced surface temperatures from key sites of vascular heat exchange during fasting. The CA birds, on the other hand, significantly reduced their short-term variations of body temperature while increasing long-term variability when fasting. This phenomenon would allow the CA birds to reduce the energetic cost of body temperature maintenance under fasting. By analysing ultradian regulation of body temperature, we describe a means by which an endotherm appears to lower thermoregulatory costs in response to the combined stressors of cold and fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn J Tattersall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada L2S3A1
| | - Damien Roussel
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 Écologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yann Voituron
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 Écologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loïc Teulier
- Université de Lyon, UMR 5023 Écologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Targeted 13C enrichment of lipid and protein pools in the body reveals circadian changes in oxidative fuel mixture during prolonged fasting: A case study using Japanese quail. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:546-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Maloney SK, Fuller A, Meyer LCR, Kamerman PR, Mitchell G, Mitchell D. Minimum daily core body temperature in western grey kangaroos decreases as summer advances: a seasonal pattern, or a direct response to water, heat or energy supply? J Exp Biol 2011; 214:1813-20. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Using implanted temperature loggers, we measured core body temperature in nine western grey kangaroos every 5 min for 24 to 98 days in spring and summer. Body temperature was highest at night and decreased rapidly early in the morning, reaching a nadir at 10:00 h, after ambient temperature and solar radiation had begun to increase. On hotter days, the minimum morning body temperature was lower than on cooler days, decreasing from a mean of 36.2°C in the spring to 34.0°C in the summer. This effect correlated better with the time of the year than with proximate thermal stressors, suggesting that either season itself or some factor correlated with season, such as food availability, caused the change. Water saving has been proposed as a selective advantage of heterothermy in other large mammals, but in kangaroos the water savings would have been small and not required in a reserve with permanent standing water. We calculate that the lower core temperature could provide energy savings of nearly 7%. It is likely that the heterothermy that we observed on hot days results either from decreased energy intake during the dry season or from a seasonal pattern entrained in the kangaroos that presumably has been selected for because of decreased energy availability during the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane K. Maloney
- Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Andrea Fuller
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Leith C. R. Meyer
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Peter R. Kamerman
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Graham Mitchell
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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9
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Ontogeny and Nutritional Status Influence Oxidative Kinetics of Nutrients and Whole-Animal Bioenergetics in Zebra Finches,Taeniopygia guttata: New Applications for13C Breath Testing. Physiol Biochem Zool 2011; 84:32-42. [DOI: 10.1086/657285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Ben-Hamo M, Pinshow B, McCue MD, McWilliams SR, Bauchinger U. Fasting triggers hypothermia, and ambient temperature modulates its depth in Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McCue MD. Starvation physiology: reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:1-18. [PMID: 20060056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
All animals face the possibility of limitations in food resources that could ultimately lead to starvation-induced mortality. The primary goal of this review is to characterize the various physiological strategies that allow different animals to survive starvation. The ancillary goals of this work are to identify areas in which investigations of starvation can be improved and to discuss recent advances and emerging directions in starvation research. The ubiquity of food limitation among animals, inconsistent terminology associated with starvation and fasting, and rationale for scientific investigations into starvation are discussed. Similarities and differences with regard to carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism during starvation are also examined in a comparative context. Examples from the literature are used to underscore areas in which reporting and statistical practices, particularly those involved with starvation-induced changes in body composition and starvation-induced hypometabolism can be improved. The review concludes by highlighting several recent advances and promising research directions in starvation physiology. Because the hundreds of studies reviewed here vary so widely in their experimental designs and treatments, formal comparisons of starvation responses among studies and taxa are generally precluded; nevertheless, it is my aim to provide a starting point from which we may develop novel approaches, tools, and hypotheses to facilitate meaningful investigations into the physiology of starvation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D McCue
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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Vézina F, Petit M, Buehler D, Dekinga A, Piersma T. Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. I. Energy Metabolism, Behavior, and Body‐Mass Regulation. Physiol Biochem Zool 2009; 82:549-60. [DOI: 10.1086/603644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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The effect of ambient temperature and simulated predation risk on fasting-induced nocturnal hypothermia of pigeons in outdoor conditions. J Therm Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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