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Silva JR, Souza-Fabjan JMG, Bento TFM, Silva RC, Moura CRF, Bartlewski PM, Batista RITP. The effects of heat stress on intrauterine development, reproductive function, and ovarian gene expression of F1 female mice as well as gene expression of F2 embryos†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:33-47. [PMID: 37812452 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heat stress (HS) in utero was postulated to trigger an adaptive molecular response that can be transmitted to the next generation. Hence, this study assessed the impact of HS exposure at different stages of the gestational period of mice on the female F1 population and their offspring. Heat stress exposure (41°C and 65% relative humidity-RH) occurred during the first half (FP), the second half (SP), or the entire pregnancy (TP). A control group (C) was maintained in normothermic conditions (25°C, 45% RH) throughout the experiment. Heat stress had a significant negative effect on intrauterine development, mainly when HS exposure occurred in the first half of pregnancy (FP and TP groups). Postnatal growth of FP and TP mice was hindered until 4 weeks of age. The total number of follicles per ovary did not vary (P > 0.05) between the control and HS-exposed groups. Mean numbers of primordial follicles were lower (P < 0.05) in the sexually mature FP than those in SP and TP F1 females. However, the mean number of viable embryos after superovulation was lower (P < 0.05) in TP compared with C group. The expression of genes associated with physiological and cellular response to HS, autophagy, and apoptosis was significantly affected in the ovarian tissue of F1 females and F2 in vivo-derived blastocysts in all HS-exposed groups. In conclusion, exposure to HS during pregnancy compromised somatic development and reproductive parameters as well as altered gene expression profile that was then transmitted to the next generation of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Joanna M G Souza-Fabjan
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tays F M Bento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robson Campos Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R F Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Pawel M Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ribrio I T P Batista
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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2
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Vásquez N, Cervantes M, Bernal-Barragán H, Rodríguez-Tovar LE, Morales A. Short- and Long-Term Exposure to Heat Stress Differently Affect Performance, Blood Parameters, and Integrity of Intestinal Epithelia of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192529. [PMID: 36230270 PMCID: PMC9559682 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of short- and long-term exposure to heat stress (HS) was analyzed on blood components, performance, and intestinal epithelium integrity of pigs. Eighteen pigs (36.0 ± 3.5 kg BW) were assigned to three groups: thermo-neutral (TN); 2 d exposure to HS (2dHS); and 7 d exposure to HS (7dHS). Blood chemistry and hemogram analyses were performed; small intestine samples were analyzed for mRNA expression and histology. Compared to TN, 2dHS and 7dHS pigs reduced weight gain and feed intake; weight gain was higher in 7dHS than in 2dHS pigs (p < 0.05). White blood cells, platelet, and hematocrit were affected in 2dHS and 7dHS compared to TN pigs (p < 0.05). Short- and long-term exposure to HS affected blood concentration of triglycerides, urea, total protein, and albumin (p ≤ 0.05). Villi-height and crypt-depth decreased in HS pigs (p < 0.01). Mucin-producing and apoptotic cell number increased in 7dHS compared to TN pigs (p < 0.05). Expression of tight-junction-proteins decreased in 2dHS pigs compared to TN and 7dHS pigs (p < 0.05). Short-term exposure of pigs to HS dramatically affects performance, blood components, and integrity of the small intestine epithelia; nevertheless, pigs show signs of recovery at 7 d of HS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Vásquez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 2100, B.C., Mexico
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo 66050, N.L., Mexico
| | - Miguel Cervantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 2100, B.C., Mexico
| | - Hugo Bernal-Barragán
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo 66050, N.L., Mexico
| | - Luis Edgar Rodríguez-Tovar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo 66050, N.L., Mexico
| | - Adriana Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali 2100, B.C., Mexico
- Correspondence:
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3
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Guo H, Liu R, He J, Yao W, Zheng W. Heat Stress Modulates a Placental Immune Response Associated With Alterations in the Development of the Fetal Intestine and Its Innate Immune System in Late Pregnant Mouse. Front Physiol 2022; 13:841149. [PMID: 35444558 PMCID: PMC9014288 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.841149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The placenta is critical for the regulation of fetal innate immune function. Maternal heat stress (HS) impairs the immune function and the intestinal barrier in the offspring. However, the effects of maternal HS on the placental immune response and the development of the fetal intestine and its innate immune system remain unclear. Fetal mice were divided into the utero control (IUTN) and heat stress (IUHS) groups according to the maternal ambient temperature. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expressions of placental immune response–related genes such as macrophage antigen CD68 and Fc gamma receptors 1 and 3 (fcgγ1 and fcgγ3) were increased, but the mRNA expression and protein levels of colony-stimulating factor-1 (Csf1) were decreased in the HS group compared with the TN group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the intestinal length normalized to pup weight between the IUTN and IUHS groups. The expression of genes (such as alpi and ttr) involved in fetal duodenum and jejunum development was downregulated by maternal HS, whereas the expression of genes enriched in the cell cycle was increased. The mRNA expression and protein levels of cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6) in the fetal duodenum and jejunum were much higher in the IUHS group than in the IUTN group (p < 0.05). Maternal HS also down-regulated the expression of genes enriched in the innate immune system in the fetal duodenum and jejunum. The mRNA expression and protein levels of interleukin 1 alpha (IL1a) were reduced in the IUHS group compared with the IUTN group (p < 0.05). Taken together, these data demonstrated that maternal HS modulated the expression of genes in the placenta related to the immune response and inhibited the development of the fetal intestine and its innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiduo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Riliang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianwen He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Weijiang Zheng,
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Guo H, Yang Y, Qiao Y, He J, Yao W, Zheng W. Heat stress affects fetal brain and intestinal function associated with the alterations of placental barrier in late pregnant mouse. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112916. [PMID: 34695613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High ambient temperature-induced heat stress (HS) during pregnancy may affect the placental function and fetal development. Late gestation is a critical period of the developing fetal brain and intestine. The study aimed to investigate the effects of HS during late pregnancy on the function of placenta, fetal brain and intestine in a mouse model. We found that the number of stillborn fetal mice were increased due to maternal HS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of genes enriched in nutrients transport and metabolism of HS group were up-regulated in the placenta, but down-regulated in the fetal duodenum and jejunum. Interestingly, the concentration of triglyceride (TG) in the HS group was raised in the placenta, but reduced both in the fetal duodenum and jejunum compared with the thermal-neutral (TN) group. Additionally, maternal HS also reduced total cholesterol (TC) contents in the fetal duodenum. The mRNA expression and protein levels of placental fatty acid binding protein 2 and 4 (fabp2 and fabp4) were not affected by maternal HS, but the mRNA expression and protein levels of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (Dgat2) were decreased in the fetal intestine. Furthermore, maternal HS reduced the mRNA expression and protein levels of the placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (Hsd11b2) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D (Htr1d). The concentrations of corticosterone and the expression of heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1), hypoxia up-regulated 1 (hyou1) and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (crhr1) enriched in response to glucocorticoids in the fetal brain were increased by maternal HS. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that maternal HS disrupted the placental glucocorticoid barrier and serotonin system associated with the raised corticosterone levels in the fetal brain, which might contribute to the decreased capacity of nutrients transport and metabolism in the fetal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiduo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianwen He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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5
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Hime GR, Stonehouse SLA, Pang TY. Alternative models for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Molecular psychiatry beyond mice and man. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:711-735. [PMID: 34733638 PMCID: PMC8546770 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental illness remains the greatest chronic health burden globally with few in-roads having been made despite significant advances in genomic knowledge in recent decades. The field of psychiatry is constantly challenged to bring new approaches and tools to address and treat the needs of vulnerable individuals and subpopulations, and that has to be supported by a continuous growth in knowledge. The majority of neuropsychiatric symptoms reflect complex gene-environment interactions, with epigenetics bridging the gap between genetic susceptibility and environmental stressors that trigger disease onset and drive the advancement of symptoms. It has more recently been demonstrated in preclinical models that epigenetics underpins the transgenerational inheritance of stress-related behavioural phenotypes in both paternal and maternal lineages, providing further supporting evidence for heritability in humans. However, unbiased prospective studies of this nature are practically impossible to conduct in humans so preclinical models remain our best option for researching the molecular pathophysiologies underlying many neuropsychiatric conditions. While rodents will remain the dominant model system for preclinical studies (especially for addressing complex behavioural phenotypes), there is scope to expand current research of the molecular and epigenetic pathologies by using invertebrate models. Here, we will discuss the utility and advantages of two alternative model organisms-Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster-and summarise the compelling insights of the epigenetic regulation of transgenerational inheritance that are potentially relevant to human psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hime
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie LA Stonehouse
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence Y Pang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
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Impacts of in Utero Heat Stress on Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Market Weight Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030717. [PMID: 33800814 PMCID: PMC8002069 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study evaluated the effects of exposure of the porcine fetus to in utero heat stress (IUHS) during the first half of gestation on carcass and meat quality attributes when market weight was reached. Pigs exposed to IUHS had lower head and heart weights at slaughter compared to the thermoneutral group. Most measures of carcass quality were not impacted by the treatments, but lower loin muscle area was observed for IUHS carcasses. Additionally, the loins from the heat stressed pigs were found to be tougher, regardless of the duration of aging. Accordingly, minimizing heat stress experienced by gestating pigs would be considered an important factor in improving both yield and quality of pork production systems. Abstract This study evaluated the impacts of in utero heat stress (IUHS) on the carcass and meat quality traits of offspring when market weight was reached. Twenty-four F1 Landrace × Large White gilts were blocked by body weight and allocated among thermoneutral (IUTN) or IUHS treatments from d 6 to d 59 of gestation. The offspring were raised under identical thermoneutral conditions, and gilts (n = 10/treatment) at market weight (117.3 ± 1.7 kg) were harvested. At 24 h postmortem, the loins (M. longissimus lumborum) were obtained, and sections were allocated among 1 d and 7 d aging treatments at 2 °C. Carcasses from IUHS pigs had lower head and heart weights (p < 0.05), as well as decreased loin muscle area (p < 0.05) compared to IUTN pigs. Loins from the IUHS group had a higher shear force value than the IUTN group (p < 0.05). Treatments had no other impacts on carcass and meat quality traits (p > 0.05), and Western blots suggested increased toughness of IUHS loins would not be attributed to proteolysis. These results suggest minimizing IUHS during the first half of gestation may be beneficial in improving pork yield and quality, though in general the effects of IUHS would be minimal.
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7
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Usala M, Macciotta NPP, Bergamaschi M, Maltecca C, Fix J, Schwab C, Shull C, Tiezzi F. Genetic Parameters for Tolerance to Heat Stress in Crossbred Swine Carcass Traits. Front Genet 2021; 11:612815. [PMID: 33613622 PMCID: PMC7890262 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.612815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Data for loin and backfat depth, as well as carcass growth of 126,051 three-way crossbred pigs raised between 2015 and 2019, were combined with climate records of air temperature, relative humidity, and temperature-humidity index. Environmental covariates with the largest impact on the studied traits were incorporated in a random regression model that also included genomic information. Genetic control of tolerance to heat stress and the presence of genotype by environment interaction were detected. Its magnitude was more substantial for loin depth and carcass growth, but all the traits studied showed a different impact of heat stress and different magnitude of genotype by environment interaction. For backfat depth, heritability was larger under comfortable conditions (no heat stress), as compared to heat stress conditions. Genetic correlations between extreme values of environmental conditions were lower (∼0.5 to negative) for growth and loin depth. Based on the solutions obtained from the model, sires were ranked on their breeding value for general performance and tolerance to heat stress. Antagonism between overall performance and tolerance to heat stress was moderate. Still, the models tested can provide valuable information to identify genetic material that is resilient and can perform equally when environmental conditions change. Overall, the results obtained from this study suggest the existence of genotype by environment interaction for carcass traits, as a possible genetic contributor to heat tolerance in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Usala
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Bergamaschi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Justin Fix
- Acuity Ag Solutions, LLC, Carlyle, IL, United States
| | - Clint Schwab
- Acuity Ag Solutions, LLC, Carlyle, IL, United States.,The Maschhoffs, LLC, Carlyle, IL, United States
| | - Caleb Shull
- The Maschhoffs, LLC, Carlyle, IL, United States
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Parasite intensity drives fetal development and sex allocation in a wild ungulate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15626. [PMID: 32973197 PMCID: PMC7518422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the mechanisms influencing prenatal characteristics is fundamental to comprehend the role of ecological and evolutionary processes behind survival and reproductive success in animals. Although the negative influence of parasites on host fitness is undisputable, we know very little about how parasitic infection in reproductive females might influence prenatal factors such as fetal development and sex allocation. Using an archival collection of Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli), a capital breeder that depends on its body reserves to overcome the arctic winter, we investigated the direct and indirect impacts of the parasite community on fetal development and sex allocation. Using partial least squares modelling, we observed a negative effect of parasite community on fetal development, driven primarily by the nematode Marshallagia marshalli. Principal component analysis demonstrated that mothers with low parasite burden and in good body condition were more likely to have female versus male fetuses. This association was primarily driven by the indirect effect of M. marshalli on ewe body condition. Refining our knowledge of the direct and indirect impact that parasite communities can have on reproduction in mammals is critical for understanding the effects of infectious diseases on wildlife populations. This can be particularly relevant for species living in ecosystems sensitive to the effects of global climate change.
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9
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In utero heat stress alters postnatal phenotypes in swine. Theriogenology 2020; 154:110-119. [PMID: 32540511 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prenatal environment influences offspring health and development, and this is readily apparent when considering the well-described effects of maternal nutrition and stress on the postnatal metabolism, neural function, and stress response of progeny. Moreover, in laboratory species, sheep, and humans, the effects of in utero heat stress on offspring development have been described in detail for >50 years. Despite our extensive knowledge of the postnatal phenotypes elicited by in utero stressors, the carryover effects of in utero heat stress in pigs have only recently begun to be elucidated. The effects of climate change on increasing global temperatures, combined with greater metabolic heat production in modern swine, has increased heat stress susceptibility in pigs. Greater heat stress susceptibility can negatively affect swine welfare and performance and may impact future generations of pigs through in utero heat stress. Pigs exposed to in utero heat stress develop a variety of postnatal phenotypes that prevent profitable production, and compromise health, and welfare in commercial production systems. Specifically, in utero heat stress alters the postnatal stress response, core body temperature, response to an immune challenge, and is teratogenic. In addition, in utero heat stress changes postnatal body composition through reduced lean and increased adipose tissue accretion rates, respectively. Furthermore, in utero heat stress reduces piglet birth weight, body weight gain, and reproductive efficiency. Although the economic impact of in utero heat stress in pigs has yet to be determined, it likely rivals the postnatal consequences of heat stress and is a threat to the global sustainability of swine production.
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10
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Abuajamieh M, Abdelqader A, Irshaid R, Hayajneh FMF, Al-Khaza'leh JM, Al-Fataftah AR. Effects of organic zinc on the performance and gut integrity of broilers under heat stress conditions. Arch Anim Breed 2020; 63:125-135. [PMID: 32382654 PMCID: PMC7201270 DOI: 10.5194/aab-63-125-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has negative impacts on farm animals. Many studies have
been conducted in order to ameliorate the effects of heat stress in farm
animals. The current project investigated the effects of organic zinc
supplementation under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions on the
production, physiological, and histological parameters in broiler chickens.
Three-hundred and sixty chicks in the current project were assigned randomly
to six different treatments (n=60 chicks per treatment). The treatments
were (1) a basal diet containing 40 mg kg-1 of Zn from an organic source and
rearing under thermoneutral (TN) conditions (Ctrl); (2) a diet containing the
amount of Zn from the basal diet +50 % of the Zn level (from the basal
diet) and rearing under TN conditions (50 TN); (3) a diet containing the amount
of Zn from the basal diet +100 % of the Zn level (from the basal diet)
and rearing under TN conditions (100 TN); (4) a basal diet containing 40 mg kg-1
of Zn from an organic source and exposure to 3 d of cyclical HS at the age
of 35 d (CHS); (5) a diet containing the amount of Zn from the basal diet
+50 % of the Zn level (from the basal diet) and exposure to 3 d of
cyclical HS at the age of 35 d (50 HS); and (6) a diet containing the
amount of Zn from the basal diet +100 % of the Zn level (from the basal
diet) and exposure to 3 d of cyclical HS at the age of 35 d (100 HS).
Our results indicated that HS has decreased final body weight (fBW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed
conversion ratio (FCR) relative to TN
chicks. However, organic zinc had little or no effects on the production
parameters measures in the current project. Overall, intestinal histological
measurements were negatively altered under HS relative to TN chicks. Organic
zinc inclusion in the diet had improved villus height in the duodenum and
jejunum relative to the Ctrl and CHS chicks. Blood calcium and glucose
levels were decreased and increased, respectively, in HS relative to TN
chicks. In summary, the results discussed in the current project revealed
that the inclusion rates of organic zinc used here had little or no effects
on the productive parameters. However, it improved the morphological
characteristics of the intestines which might maximized the intestinal
efficiency in nutrient absorption under HS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Anas Abdelqader
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Rabie Irshaid
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Firas M F Hayajneh
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Ja'far M Al-Khaza'leh
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt 19117, Jordan
| | - Abdur-Rahman Al-Fataftah
- Department of Animal Production, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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11
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Johnson JS, Baumgard LH. PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Postnatal consequences of in utero heat stress in pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:962-971. [PMID: 30534960 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal heat stress negatively impacts pig productivity and well-being as animals attempt to manage the resultant strain response. This is especially true when postnatal heat stress is combined with production stressors (e.g., mixing, weaning, transport, handling, and isolation) that have the potential to increase disease occurrence, morbidity and mortality. While pigs can utilize adaptive physiological mechanisms to compensate, these are often unfavorable to efficient livestock production. Specifically, postnatal heat stress decreases weight gain, reduces growth and production efficiency, alters carcass composition, and increases morbidity and mortality. Consequently, decreased animal performance constrains profitability and affects economic sustainability. In addition to the negative effects of postnatal heat stress, prenatal heat stress has long-term consequences that may compromise future piglet well-being and performance. Pigs gestated under heat stress conditions have an increased postnatal stress response and an increase in maintenance energy requirements. Furthermore, prenatal heat stress decreases swine birth weight, and increases teratogenicity, core body temperature set-point, and alters postnatal body composition (more adipose tissue and less skeletal muscle). Taken together, the effects of heat stress during pre- and postnatal pig development negatively influences productivity and well-being, a scenario that threatens the sustainability of global swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
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12
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Prenatal stress accelerates offspring growth to compensate for reduced maternal investment across mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10658-E10666. [PMID: 29180423 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707152114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Across mammals, prenatal maternal stress (PREMS) affects many aspects of offspring development, including offspring growth. However, how PREMS translates to offspring growth is inconsistent, even within species. To explain the full range of reported effects of prenatal adversity on offspring growth, we propose an integrative hypothesis: developmental constraints and a counteracting adaptive growth plasticity work in opposition to drive PREMS effects on growth. Mothers experiencing adversity reduce maternal investment leading to stunted growth (developmental constraints). Concomitantly, the pace of offspring life history is recalibrated to partly compensate for these developmental constraints (adaptive growth plasticity). Moreover, the relative importance of each process changes across ontogeny with increasing offspring independence. Thus, offspring exposed to PREMS may grow at the same rate as controls during gestation and lactation, but faster after weaning when direct maternal investment has ceased. We tested these predictions with a comparative analysis on the outcomes of 719 studies across 21 mammal species. First, the observed growth changes in response to PREMS varied across offspring developmental periods as predicted. We argue that the observed growth acceleration after weaning is not "catch-up growth," because offspring that were small for age grew slower. Second, only PREMS exposure early during gestation produced adaptive growth plasticity. Our results suggest that PREMS effects benefit the mother's future reproduction and at the same time accelerate offspring growth and possibly maturation and reproductive rate. In this sense, PREMS effects on offspring growth allow mother and offspring to make the best of a bad start.
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Skibiel AL, Fabris TF, Corrá FN, Torres YM, McLean DJ, Chapman JD, Kirk DJ, Dahl GE, Laporta J. Effects of feeding an immunomodulatory supplement to heat-stressed or actively cooled cows during late gestation on postnatal immunity, health, and growth of calves. J Dairy Sci 2017. [PMID: 28647328 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress during late gestation negatively affects the physiology, health, and productivity of dairy cows as well as the calves developing in utero. Providing cows with active cooling devices, such as fans and soakers, and supplementing cows with an immunomodulating feed additive, OmniGen-AF (OG; Phibro Animal Health Corporation), improves immune function and milk yield of cows. It is unknown if maternal supplementation of OG combined with active cooling during late gestation might benefit the developing calf as well. Herein we evaluated markers of innate immune function, including immune cell counts, acute phase proteins, and neutrophil function, of calves born to multiparous dams in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Dams were supplemented with OG or a bentonite control (NO) beginning at 60 d before dry off and exposed to heat stress with cooling (CL) or without active cooling (HT) during the dry period (∼46 d). At birth, calves were separated from their dams and fed 6.6 L of their dams' colostrum in 2 meals. Calf body weight and rectal temperature were recorded, and blood samples were collected at birth (before colostrum feeding) and at 10, 28, and 49 d of age. Calves born to either CL dams or OG dams were heavier at birth than calves born to HT or NO dams, respectively. Concentrations of serum amyloid A were higher in the blood of calves born to OG dams relative to NO and for HT calves relative to CL calves. In addition, calves born to cooled OG dams had greater concentrations of plasma haptoglobin than calves born to cooled control dams. Neutrophil function at 10 d of age was enhanced in calves born to cooled OG dams and lymphocyte counts were higher in calves born to OG dams. Together these results suggest that adding OG to maternal feed in combination with active cooling of cows during late gestation is effective in mitigating the negative effects of in utero heat stress on postnatal calf growth and immune competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Thiago F Fabris
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Fabiana N Corrá
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Yazielis M Torres
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Derek J McLean
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666-6712
| | | | - David J Kirk
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ 07666-6712
| | - Geoffrey E Dahl
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Jimena Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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Laporta J, Fabris T, Skibiel A, Powell J, Hayen M, Horvath K, Miller-Cushon E, Dahl G. In utero exposure to heat stress during late gestation has prolonged effects on the activity patterns and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2976-2984. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Marco-Jiménez F, García-Diego F, Vicente J. Effect of gestational and lactational exposure to heat stress on performance in rabbits. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2017.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
<p>Reproductive performance is greatly affected by environmental factors such as temperature. Heat stress (HS) during pregnancy and lactation can influence not only foetal growth but also postnatal development of kits. The aim of this study was to test the effect of HS during gestation and lactation on postnatal growth till Spanish commercial liveweight. To investigate this, 32 primiparous non lactating rabbit does were exposed to 1 of 2 environmental treatments: high temperature (between 25 and 36°C, HS group; n=16) or thermoneutral conditions (between 14 and 20°C, TN group; n=16). Does were allowed to acclimate 30 d before the artificial insemination. At birth, kits were allocated into 4 groups: HS was only applied during gestation (G group; n=54); HS was applied during gestation and lactation period (GL group; n=85); HS was only applied during lactation period (L group; n=60); and TN was applied during gestation and lactation period (C group; n=77). All litters were kept under each experimental environment until weaning at day 30. Then, litters were moved to TN temperatures until slaughter at day 63. Compared with TN does, the HS does presented lower litter size (9.7 and 11.4; P<0.05), litter weight (503.0 vs. 630.5 g; P<0.05) and kit weight at birth (56.6 vs. 61.4 g; P<0.05), as well as a higher stillborn rate (25.4 vs. 9.9%; P<0.05). The kits from does subjected to HS during gestation (G group) had similar postnatal growth compared to offspring from does gestated in TN conditions (C group), whereas kits from does that experienced HS during gestation and lactation (GL group) and during their lactation (L group) presented decreased postnatal growth. Together, these results demonstrate that kits from does that underwent HS during gestation did not alter postnatal growth until Spanish commercial liveweight, whereas HS during lactation resulted in decreased postnatal growth.</p>
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