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Karitani Y, Yamada R, Matsumoto T, Ogino H. Improvement of cell growth in green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through co-cultivation with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:431-441. [PMID: 38578514 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE CO2 fixation methods using green algae have attracted considerable attention because they can be applied for the fixation of dilute CO2 in the atmosphere. However, green algae generally exhibit low CO2 fixation efficiency under atmospheric conditions. Therefore, it is a challenge to improve the CO2 fixation efficiency of green algae under atmospheric conditions. Co-cultivation of certain microalgae with heterotrophic microorganisms can increase the growth potential of microalgae under atmospheric conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the culture conditions under which the growth potential of green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is enhanced by co-culturing with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and to identify the cause of the enhanced growth potential. RESULTS When C. reinhardtii and S. cerevisiae were co-cultured with an initial green algae to yeast inoculum ratio of 1:3, the cell concentration of C. reinhardtii reached 133 × 105 cells/mL on day 18 of culture, which was 1.5 times higher than that of the monoculture. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of 363 green algae and 815 yeast genes were altered through co-cultivation. These included genes responsible for ammonium transport and CO2 enrichment mechanism in green algae and the genes responsible for glycolysis and stress responses in yeast. CONCLUSION We successfully increased C. reinhardtii growth potential by co-culturing it with S. cerevisiae. The main reasons for this are likely to be an increase in inorganic nitrogen available to green algae via yeast metabolism and an increase in energy available for green algae growth instead of CO2 enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Karitani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ogino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Darvishi F, Rafatiyan S, Abbaspour Motlagh Moghaddam MH, Atkinson E, Ledesma-Amaro R. Applications of synthetic yeast consortia for the production of native and non-native chemicals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:15-30. [PMID: 36130800 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2118569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The application of microbial consortia is a new approach in synthetic biology. Synthetic yeast consortia, simple or complex synthetic mixed cultures, have been used for the production of various metabolites. Cooperation between the members of a consortium and cross-feeding can be applied to create stable microbial communication. These consortia can: consume a variety of substrates, perform more complex functions, produce metabolites in high titer, rate, and yield (TRY), and show higher stability during industrial fermentations. Due to the new research context of synthetic consortia, few yeasts were used to build these consortia, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Here, application of the yeasts for design of synthetic microbial consortia and their advantages and bottlenecks for effective and robust production of valuable metabolites from bioresource, including: cellulose, xylose, glycerol and so on, have been reviewed. Key trends and challenges are also discussed for the future development of synthetic yeast consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Darvishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology (CAMB), Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Rafatiyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Eliza Atkinson
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Karitani Y, Yamada R, Matsumoto T, Ogino H. UV mutagenesis improves growth potential of green algae in a green algae-yeast co-culture system. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:61. [PMID: 38216809 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
It is known that co-cultivation of green algae with heterotrophic microorganisms, such as yeast, improves green algae's growth potential and carbon dioxide fixation, even under low CO2 concentration conditions such as the atmosphere. Introducing mutations into green algae is also expected to enhance their growth potential. In this study, we sought to improve the growth potential of a co-culture system of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing mutations into the green algae. Additionally, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the co-culture of the green algae mutant strain with yeast, discussing the interaction between the green algae mutant strain and the yeast. When the green algae mutant strain was co-cultured with yeast, the number of green algae cells reached 152 × 105 cells/mL after 7 days of culture. This count was 2.6 times higher than when the wild-type green algae strain was cultured alone and 1.6 times higher than when the wild-type green algae strain and yeast were co-cultured. The transcriptome analysis also indicated that the primary reason for the increased growth potential of the green algae mutant strain was its enhanced photosynthetic activity and nitrogen utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Karitani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ogino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-Cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Naseema Rasheed R, Pourbakhtiar A, Mehdizadeh Allaf M, Baharlooeian M, Rafiei N, Alishah Aratboni H, Morones-Ramirez JR, Winck FV. Microalgal co-cultivation -recent methods, trends in omic-studies, applications, and future challenges. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1193424. [PMID: 37799812 PMCID: PMC10548143 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1193424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The burgeoning human population has resulted in an augmented demand for raw materials and energy sources, which in turn has led to a deleterious environmental impact marked by elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, acidification of water bodies, and escalating global temperatures. Therefore, it is imperative that modern society develop sustainable technologies to avert future environmental degradation and generate alternative bioproduct-producing technologies. A promising approach to tackling this challenge involves utilizing natural microbial consortia or designing synthetic communities of microorganisms as a foundation to develop diverse and sustainable applications for bioproduct production, wastewater treatment, GHG emission reduction, energy crisis alleviation, and soil fertility enhancement. Microalgae, which are photosynthetic microorganisms that inhabit aquatic environments and exhibit a high capacity for CO2 fixation, are particularly appealing in this context. They can convert light energy and atmospheric CO2 or industrial flue gases into valuable biomass and organic chemicals, thereby contributing to GHG emission reduction. To date, most microalgae cultivation studies have focused on monoculture systems. However, maintaining a microalgae monoculture system can be challenging due to contamination by other microorganisms (e.g., yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and other microalgae species), which can lead to low productivity, culture collapse, and low-quality biomass. Co-culture systems, which produce robust microorganism consortia or communities, present a compelling strategy for addressing contamination problems. In recent years, research and development of innovative co-cultivation techniques have substantially increased. Nevertheless, many microalgae co-culturing technologies remain in the developmental phase and have yet to be scaled and commercialized. Accordingly, this review presents a thorough literature review of research conducted in the last few decades, exploring the advantages and disadvantages of microalgae co-cultivation systems that involve microalgae-bacteria, microalgae-fungi, and microalgae-microalgae/algae systems. The manuscript also addresses diverse uses of co-culture systems, and growing methods, and includes one of the most exciting research areas in co-culturing systems, which are omic studies that elucidate different interaction mechanisms among microbial communities. Finally, the manuscript discusses the economic viability, future challenges, and prospects of microalgal co-cultivation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Pourbakhtiar
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maedeh Baharlooeian
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Oceanography, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Nahid Rafiei
- Regulatory Systems Biology Lab, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Hossein Alishah Aratboni
- Regulatory Systems Biology Lab, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Jose Ruben Morones-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (UANL), Av Universidad s/n, CD. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Flavia Vischi Winck
- Regulatory Systems Biology Lab, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Ghaffar I, Deepanraj B, Sundar LS, Vo DVN, Saikumar A, Hussain A. A review on the sustainable procurement of microalgal biomass from wastewaters for the production of biofuels. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137094. [PMID: 36334745 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of microalgal biomass as one of the most promising and renewable sources for the production of biofuels is being studied extensively. Microalgal biomass can be cultivated under photoautotrophic, heterotrophic, photoheterotrophic, and mixotrophic cultivation conditions. Photoautotrophic cultivation is the most common way of microalgal biomass production. Under mixotrophic cultivation, microalgae can utilize both organic carbon and CO2 simultaneously. Mixotrophic cultivation depicts higher biomass productivity as compared to photoautotrophic cultivation. It is evident from the literature that mixotrophic cultivation yields higher quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids as compared to that photoautotrophic cultivation. In this context, for economical biomass production, the organic carbon of industrial wastewaters can be valorized for the mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae. Following the way, contaminants' load of wastewaters can be reduced while concomitantly producing highly productive microalgal biomass. This review focuses on different aspects covering the sustainable cultivation of different microalgal species in different types of wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imania Ghaffar
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Balakrishnan Deepanraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Lingala Syam Sundar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Algam Saikumar
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ali Hussain
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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6
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Ray A, Nayak M, Ghosh A. A review on co-culturing of microalgae: A greener strategy towards sustainable biofuels production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149765. [PMID: 34454141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing global recognition that microalgae-based biofuel are environment-friendly and economically feasible options because they incur several advantages over traditional fossil fuels. Also, the microalgae can be manipulated for extraction of value-added compounds such as lipids (triacylglycerols), carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, pigments, antioxidants, various antimicrobial compounds, etc. Recently, there is an increasing focus on the co-cultivation practices of microalgae with other microorganisms to enhance biomass and lipid productivity. In a co-cultivation strategy, microalgae grow symbiotically with other heterotrophic microbes such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, and other algae/microalgae. They exchange nutrients and metabolites; this helps to increase the productivity, therefore facilitating the commercialization of microalgal-based fuel. Co-cultivation also facilitates biomass harvesting and waste valorization, thereby help to build an algal biorefinery platform for bioenergy production along with multivariate high value bioproducts and simultaneous waste bioremediation. This article comprehensively reviews various microalgae cultivation practices utilizing co-culture approaches with other algae, fungi, bacteria, and yeast. The review mainly focuses on the impact of several binary culture strategies on biomass and lipid yield. The advantages and challenges associated with the procedure along with their respective cultivation modes have also been presented and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayusmita Ray
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Manoranjan Nayak
- Biorefinery and Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Centre for Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
| | - Amit Ghosh
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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7
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Kapoore RV, Padmaperuma G, Maneein S, Vaidyanathan S. Co-culturing microbial consortia: approaches for applications in biomanufacturing and bioprocessing. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:46-72. [PMID: 33980092 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1921691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of microbial co-cultures is now recognized in the fields of biotechnology, ecology, and medicine. Understanding the biological interactions that govern the association of microorganisms would shape the way in which artificial/synthetic co-cultures or consortia are developed. The ability to accurately predict and control cell-to-cell interactions fully would be a significant enabler in synthetic biology. Co-culturing method development holds the key to strategically engineer environments in which the co-cultured microorganism can be monitored. Various approaches have been employed which aim to emulate the natural environment and gain access to the untapped natural resources emerging from cross-talk between partners. Amongst these methods are the use of a communal liquid medium for growth, use of a solid-liquid interface, membrane separation, spatial separation, and use of microfluidics systems. Maximizing the information content of interactions monitored is one of the major challenges that needs to be addressed by these designs. This review critically evaluates the significance and drawbacks of the co-culturing approaches used to this day in biotechnological applications, relevant to biomanufacturing. It is recommended that experimental results for a co-cultured species should be validated with different co-culture approaches due to variations in interactions that could exist as a result of the culturing method selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Gloria Padmaperuma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Supattra Maneein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical & Environmental Sciences, The University of Greenwich, Kent, UK
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Liu H, Cao Y, Guo J, Xu X, Long Q, Song L, Xian M. Study on the isoprene-producing co-culture system of Synechococcus elongates-Escherichia coli through omics analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:6. [PMID: 33413404 PMCID: PMC7791884 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of microbial fermentations are currently performed in the batch or fed-batch manner with the high process complexity and huge water consumption. The continuous microbial production can contribute to the green sustainable development of the fermentation industry. The co-culture systems of photo-autotrophic and heterotrophic species can play important roles in establishing the continuous fermentation mode for the bio-based chemicals production. RESULTS In the present paper, the co-culture system of Synechococcus elongates-Escherichia coli was established and put into operation stably for isoprene production. Compared with the axenic culture, the fermentation period of time was extended from 100 to 400 h in the co-culture and the isoprene production was increased to eightfold. For in depth understanding this novel system, the differential omics profiles were analyzed. The responses of BL21(DE3) to S. elongatus PCC 7942 were triggered by the oxidative pressure through the Fenton reaction and all these changes were linked with one another at different spatial and temporal scales. The oxidative stress mitigation pathways might contribute to the long-lasting fermentation process. The performance of this co-culture system can be further improved according to the fundamental rules discovered by the omics analysis. CONCLUSIONS The isoprene-producing co-culture system of S. elongates-E. coli was established and then analyzed by the omics methods. This study on the co-culture system of the model S. elongates-E. coli is of significance to reveal the common interactions between photo-autotrophic and heterotrophic species without natural symbiotic relation, which could provide the scientific basis for rational design of microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yujin Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jing Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Qi Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lili Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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Ashtiani FR, Jalili H, Rahaie M, Sedighi M, Amrane A. Effect of mixed culture of yeast and microalgae on acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase expression. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 131:364-372. [PMID: 33341347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, some studies have reported that co-culturing green algae and yeast improve lipid and biomass concentration. In this study, a co-culture of the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris was consequently conducted with inoculation of microalga and yeast in growth and stationary phases, respectively. For the first time, the expression of two pivotal enzymes in fatty acids synthetic pathway, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, was evaluated. To evaluate the synergistic impacts of the mixed culture on the enzymes expression, several co-culture models were designed, including the use of different ratio of microalgae to yeast or the use of residual cell-free medium of yeast; a positive impact on enzymes overexpression was shown in the case of the co-culture of the two microorganisms, and when the remaining cell-free medium of yeast was added to the microalgal culture. The results of in vitro co-culture demonstrated increased 6- and 5-fold of nervonic acid (C24:1) and behenic acid (C22:0) concentrations, respectively, in 2:1 microalgae to yeast co-culture as compared to the monoculture batches. Addition of yeast residual cell-free medium in the 2:1 ratio to the microalgal culture enhanced 9 and 6 times nervonic acid (C24:1) and behenic acid (C22:0) amounts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh-Rezaee Ashtiani
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-1561, Iran
| | - Hasan Jalili
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-1561, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Rahaie
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-1561, Iran
| | - Mahsa Sedighi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Department of Nanomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Abdeltif Amrane
- Université de Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Asadi P, Rad HA, Qaderi F. Lipid and biodiesel production by cultivation isolated strain Chlorella sorokiniana pa.91 and Chlorella vulgaris in dairy wastewater treatment plant effluents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:573-585. [PMID: 33312584 PMCID: PMC7721930 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study provided a comparison of two species of microalgae growth in dairy wastewater treatment plant effluents. In optimum conditions their operation to biomass production, lipid accumulation and fatty acids methyl ester composition so as to biodiesel production is studied. For the first time, the not sterilized effluents of dairy wastewater treatment plant was used as the culture mediums of native microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana strain pa.91, and another one Chlorella vulgaris. They were cultured under 5 light intensity levels so as to find optimum conditions to observed high biomass and lipid production. At the optimum light intensity the composition of fatty acids methyl ester in their lipids was analyzed by GC-MS. The light intensity of 7500 Lux was obtained as the optimum for both microalgae to produce high biomass. The biomass productivity of C. sorokiniana pa.91 and C. vulgaris in preliminary treated effluent at this light intensity was obtained 0.233 and 0.214 g L-1 day-1, respectively. This parameter in secondary treated effluent was achieved 0.185 and 0.166 g L-1 day-1, respectively. Moreover, the highest lipid content of their biomass was observed at the light intensity of 2500 Lux. At this light intensity and at the preliminary effluent the maximum lipid content of C. sorokiniana pa.91 and C. vulgaris was observed 31% and 34%, respectively and at the secondary one it was obtained 35% and 36.67%, respectively. Based on the results, the fatty acids composition in the lipids of microalgae C. sorokiniana pa.91 and C. vulgaris cultured in both effluents had the high amount of cetane number which is really useful for high quality biodiesel production. Also, the other valuable properties which produce the high quality biodiesel were the obtained amounts of CFPP and CP which shown a high performance potential biodiesel even at low temperatures. This feature was obtained, on the grounds that the unsaturated fatty acid was obtained more than saturated fatty acid. The nutrients-rich media of dairy wastewater effluents were applicable to growth both microalgae and useful biomass production, lipid accumulation and fatty acids profiling. Furthermore, the compounds of fatty acids had the best conditions to biodiesel production especially in cold weather areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Asadi
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Hassan Amini Rad
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Farhad Qaderi
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
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11
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Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Substrate for Oleaginous Microorganisms: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms capable of accumulating lipids in high percentages, known as oleaginous microorganisms, have been widely studied as an alternative for producing oleochemicals and biofuels. Microbial lipid, so-called Single Cell Oil (SCO), production depends on several growth parameters, including the nature of the carbon substrate, which must be efficiently taken up and converted into storage lipid. On the other hand, substrates considered for large scale applications must be abundant and of low acquisition cost. Among others, lignocellulosic biomass is a promising renewable substrate containing high percentages of assimilable sugars (hexoses and pentoses). However, it is also highly recalcitrant, and therefore it requires specific pretreatments in order to release its assimilable components. The main drawback of lignocellulose pretreatment is the generation of several by-products that can inhibit the microbial metabolism. In this review, we discuss the main aspects related to the cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms using lignocellulosic biomass as substrate, hoping to contribute to the development of a sustainable process for SCO production in the near future.
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Arora N, Patel A, Mehtani J, Pruthi PA, Pruthi V, Poluri KM. Co-culturing of oleaginous microalgae and yeast: paradigm shift towards enhanced lipid productivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16952-16973. [PMID: 31030399 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous microalgae and yeast are the two major propitious factories which are sustainable sources for biodiesel production, as they can accumulate high quantities of lipids inside their bodies. To date, various microalgal and yeast species have been exploited singly for biodiesel production. However, despite the ongoing efforts, their low lipid productivity and the high cost of cultivation are still the major bottlenecks hindering their large-scale deployment. Co-culturing of microalgae and yeast has the potential to increase the overall lipid productivity by minimizing its production cost as both these organisms can utilize each other's by-products. Microalgae act as an O2 generator for yeast while consuming the CO2 and organic acids released by the yeast cells. Further, yeast can break complex sugars in the medium, which can then be utilized by microalgae thereby opening new options for copious and low-cost feedstocks such as agricultural residues. The current review provides a historical and technical overview of the existing studies on co-culturing of yeast and microalgae and elucidates the crucial factors that affect the symbiotic relationship between these two organisms. Furthermore, the review also highlighted the advantages and the future perspectives for paving a path towards a sustainable biodiesel product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Alok Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Juhi Mehtani
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Parul A Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vikas Pruthi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
- Centre for Transportation Systems (CTRANS), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
- Centre for Transportation Systems (CTRANS), Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Luo LZ, Lin XA, Zeng FJ, Wang M, Luo S, Peng L, Tian GM. Using co-occurrence network to explore the effects of bio-augmentation on the microalgae-based wastewater treatment process. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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La A, Perré P, Taidi B. Process for symbiotic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Chlorella vulgaris for in situ CO2 mitigation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:731-745. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Effects of water culture medium, cultivation systems and growth modes for microalgae cultivation: A review. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Cho HU, Park JM. Biodiesel production by various oleaginous microorganisms from organic wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 256:502-508. [PMID: 29478783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a biodegradable and renewable fuel. A large amount of research has considered microbial oil production using oleaginous microorganisms, but the commercialization of microbial lipids produced in this way remains uncertain due to the high cost of feedstock or low lipid yield. Microbial lipids can be typically produced by microalgae, yeasts, and bacteria; the lipid yields of these microorganisms can be improved by using sufficient concentrations of organic carbon sources. Therefore, combining low-cost organic compounds contained in organic wastes with cultivation of oleaginous microorganisms can be a promising approach to obtain commercial viability. However, to achieve effective bioconversion of low-cost substrates to microbial lipids, the characteristics of each microorganism and each substrate should be considered simultaneously. This article discusses recent approaches to developing cost-effective microbial lipid production processes that use various oleaginous microorganisms and organic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Cho
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Moon Park
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Bioenergy Research Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Padmaperuma G, Kapoore RV, Gilmour DJ, Vaidyanathan S. Microbial consortia: a critical look at microalgae co-cultures for enhanced biomanufacturing. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:690-703. [PMID: 29233009 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1390728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monocultures have been the preferred production route in the bio-industry, where contamination has been a major bottleneck. In nature, microorganisms usually exist as part of organized communities and consortia, gaining benefits from co-habitation, keeping invaders at bay. There is increasing interest in the use of co-cultures to tackle contamination issues, and simultaneously increase productivity and product diversity. The feasibility of extending the natural phenomenon of co-habitation to the biomanufacturing industry in the form of co-cultures requires careful and systematic consideration of several aspects. This article will critically examine and review current work on microbial co-cultures, with the intent of examining the concept and proposing a design pipeline that can be developed in a biomanufacturing context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Padmaperuma
- a ChELSI Institute, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- a ChELSI Institute, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Daniel James Gilmour
- b Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- a ChELSI Institute, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Sheffield , Sheffield , UK
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Qin L, Liu L, Zeng AP, Wei D. From low-cost substrates to Single Cell Oils synthesized by oleaginous yeasts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1507-1519. [PMID: 28642053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As new feedstock for biofuels, microbial oils have received worldwide attentions due to their environmentally-friendly characters. Microbial oil production based on low-cost raw materials is significantly attractive to the current biodiesel refinery industry. In terms of SCOs production, oleaginous yeast has numerous advantages over bacteria, molds and microalgae based on their high growth rate and lipid yield. Numerous efforts have been made on the competitive lipid production combining the use of cheap raw materials as substrates by yeasts. In this paper, we provided an overview of lipid metabolism in yeast cells. New advances using oleaginous yeast as a cell factory for high-value lipid production from various low-cost substrates are also reviewed, and the enhanced strategies based on synergistic effects of oleaginous yeast and microalgae in co-culture are discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd. 381, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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Wang S, Wu Y, Wang X. Heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa using sucrose as the sole carbon source by co-culture with Rhodotorula glutinis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:615-620. [PMID: 27619713 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic cultivation of microalgae is a feasible alternative strategy to avoid the light limitation of photoautotrophic culture, but the heterotrophic utilization of disaccharides is difficult for microalgae. Aimed at this problem, a co-culture system was developed by mix culture of C. pyrenoidosa and R. glutinis using sucrose as the sole carbon source. In this system, C. pyrenoidosa could utilize glucose and fructose which were hydrolyzed from sucrose by R. glutinis. The highest specific growth rate and final cell number proportion of algae was 1.02day(-1) and 45%, respectively, when cultured at the initial algal cell number proportion of 95.24% and the final algal cell density was 111.48×10(6)cells/mL. In addition, the lipid content was also promoted due to the synergistic effects in mix culture. This study provides a novel approach using sucrose-riched wastes for the heterotrophic culture of microalgae and may effectively decrease the cost of carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Yong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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20
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Shu CH, Tsai CC. Enhancing oil accumulation of a mixed culture of Chlorella sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using fish waste hydrolysate. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Yee W. Microalgae from the Selenastraceae as emerging candidates for biodiesel production: a mini review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:64. [PMID: 26931604 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, microalgae have been identified to be a potential source of commercially important products such as pigments, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids and in particular, biofuels. Current demands for sustainable fuel sources and bioproducts has led to an extensive search for promising strains of microalgae for large scale cultivation. Prospective strains identified for these purposes were among others, mainly from the genera Hematococcus, Dunaliella, Botryococcus, Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Nannochloropsis. Recently, microalgae from the Selenastraceae emerged as potential candidates for biodiesel production. Strains from the Selenastraceae such as Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10, M. contortum SAG 47.80, Ankistrodesmus sp. SP2-15 and M. minutum were high biomass and lipid producers when cultivated under optimal conditions. A number of Selenastraceae strains were also reported to be suitable for cultivation in wastewater. This review highlights recent reports on potential strains from the Selenastraceae for biodiesel production and contrasts their biomass productivity, lipid productivity as well as fatty acid profile. Cultivation strategies employed to enhance their biomass and lipid productivity as well as to reduce feedstock cost are also discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Yee
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nilai University, No. 1, Persiaran Universiti, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
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Moed NM, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Struvite as alternative nutrient source for cultivation of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Bioprospecting of microalgae for integrated biomass production and phytoremediation of unsterilized wastewater and anaerobic digestion centrate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6139-54. [PMID: 25947241 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen microalgae, including two local isolates, were evaluated for their ability to grow and remove nutrients from unsterilized primary or secondary wastewater effluents as well as wastewater supplemented with nutrient-rich anaerobic digester centrate (ADC). Most of the tested species except several phylogenetically clustered Chlorella sorokiniana including local isolates and Scenedesmus strains were unable to grow efficiently. This may reflect the presence of certain genetic traits important for robust growth in the unsterilized wastewater. The maximum algal-specific growth rates and biomass density obtained in these bacterial-contaminated cultures were in the range of 0.8-1 day(-1) and 250-350 mg L(-1), respectively. ADC supplementation was especially helpful to biologically treated secondary effluent with its lower initial macronutrient and micronutrient content. As a result of algal growth, total nitrogen and orthophosphate levels were reduced by as much as 90 and 70 %, respectively. Biological assimilation was estimated to be the main mechanism of nitrogen removal in primary and secondary effluents with ammonia volatilization and bacterial nitrification-denitrification contributing for cultures supplemented with ADC. Assimilation by algae served as the principal mechanism of orthophosphate remediation in secondary wastewater cultures, while chemical precipitation appeared also to be important for orthophosphate removal in primary wastewater. Overall, cultivation of microalgae in primary and primary + 5 % ADC may be more favorable from an economical and sustainability perspective due to elimination of the costly and energy-intensive biological treatment step. These findings demonstrate that unsterilized wastewater and ADC can serve as critical nutrient sources for biomass generation and that robust microalgae can be potent players in wastewater phytoremediation.
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Zhao P, Yu X, Li J, Tang X, Huang Z. Enhancing lipid productivity by co-cultivation of Chlorella sp. U4341 and Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Zhang Z, Ji H, Gong G, Zhang X, Tan T. Synergistic effects of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and microalga Chlorella vulgaris for enhancement of biomass and lipid yields. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 164:93-99. [PMID: 24841576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The optimal mixed culture model of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and microalga Chlorella vulgaris was confirmed to enhance lipid production. A double system bubble column photo-bioreactor was designed and used for demonstrating the relationship of yeast and alga in mixed culture. The results showed that using the log-phase cultures of yeast and alga as seeds for mixed culture, the improvements of biomass and lipid yields reached 17.3% and 70.9%, respectively, compared with those of monocultures. Growth curves of two species were confirmed in the double system bubble column photo-bioreactor, and the second growth of yeast was observed during 36-48 h of mixed culture. Synergistic effects of two species for cell growth and lipid accumulation were demonstrated on O2/CO2 balance, substance exchange, dissolved oxygen and pH adjustment in mixed culture. This study provided a theoretical basis and culture model for producing lipids by mixed culture in place of monoculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hairui Ji
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Guiping Gong
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Tianwei Tan
- National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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