1
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Gao T, Dai T, Fan N, Han Z, Gao X. Comprehensive review and comparison on pretreatment of spent lithium-ion battery. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 363:121314. [PMID: 38843731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pretreatment, the initial step in recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), efficiently separates cathode and anode materials to facilitate key element recovery. Despite brief introductions in existing research, a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of processing methods is lacking. This study reviews 346 references on LIBs recycling, analyzing pretreatment stages, treatment conditions, and method effects. Our analysis highlights insufficient attention to discharge voltage safety and environmental impact. Mechanical disassembly, while suitable for industrial production, overlooks electrolyte recovery and complicates LIBs separation. High temperature pyrolysis flotation offers efficient separation of mixed electrode materials, enhancing mineral recovery. We propose four primary pretreatment processes: discharge, electrolyte recovery, crushing and separation, and electrode material recovery, offering simplified, efficient, green, low-cost, and high-purity raw materials for subsequent recovery processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Gao
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Tao Dai
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China; Research Center for Strategy of Global Mineral Resources, Chinese Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Na Fan
- China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering Corp., Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhongkui Han
- MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Shanxi Aerospace Qinghua Equipment Co., Ltd, Changzhi, 046012, China.
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2
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Ahamed AM, Swoboda B, Arora Z, Lansot JY, Chagnes A. Low-carbon footprint diluents in solvent extraction for lithium-ion battery recycling. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23334-23345. [PMID: 37538517 PMCID: PMC10395664 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04679f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of the diluent on the extraction properties of three extractants towards cobalt(ii), nickel(ii), manganese(ii), copper(ii), and lithium(i), i.e. Cyanex® 272 (bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid), DEHPA (bis-(2-ethyl hexyl)phosphoric acid), and Acorga® M5640 (alkylsalicylaldehyde oxime). The diluents used in the formulation of the extraction solvents are (i) low-odour aliphatic kerosene produced from the petroleum industry (ELIXORE 180, ELIXORE 230, ELIXORE 205 and ISANE IP 175) and (ii) bio-sourced aliphatic diluents (DEV 2138, DEV 2139, DEV 1763, DEV 2160, DEV 2161 and DEV 2063). No influence of the diluent and no co-extraction of lithium(i), nickel(ii), cobalt(ii), manganese(ii) and aluminum were observed during copper(ii) extraction by Acorga M5640. The nature of the diluent influenced more significantly the extraction properties of manganese(ii) by DEHPA as well as cobalt(ii) and nickel(ii) by Cyanex® 272. Life cycle assessment of the diluents shows that the carbon footprints of the investigated diluents followed the following order: (ELIXORE 180, ELIXORE 230, ELIXORE 205) from petroleum industry > kerosene from petroleum industry > diluent produced from tall oil (DEV 2063) > diluents produced from recycled plastic (DEV 2160, DEV 2161) > diluents produced from used cooking oil (DEV 2138, DEV 2139). By taking into account the physicochemical properties of these diluents (viscosity, flashpoint, aromatic content), the extraction properties of Acorga® M5640, DEHPA, Cyanex® 272 in these diluents and the CO2 footprint of the diluents, this study showed DEV2063 and DEV2139 were the best diluents. A low-carbon footprint solvent extraction flowsheet using these diluents was proposed to extract selectively cobalt, nickel, manganese, lithium and copper from NMC black mass of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Swoboda
- TotalEnergy Fluids 2 Place Jean Miller, La Défense Cedex 92078 Paris France
| | - Zubin Arora
- TotalEnergy Fluids 2 Place Jean Miller, La Défense Cedex 92078 Paris France
| | - Jean Yves Lansot
- TotalEnergy Fluids 2 Place Jean Miller, La Défense Cedex 92078 Paris France
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3
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Fink K, Gasper P, Major J, Brow R, Schulze MC, Colclasure AM, Keyser MA. Optimized purification methods for metallic contaminant removal from directly recycled Li-ion battery cathodes. Front Chem 2023; 11:1094198. [PMID: 36846856 PMCID: PMC9946041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1094198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic contaminants pose a significant challenge to the viability of directly recycling Li-ion batteries. To date, few strategies exist to selectively remove metallic impurities from mixtures of shredded end-of-life material (black mass; BM) without concurrently damaging the structure and electrochemical performance of the target active material. We herein present tailored methods to selectively ionize two major contaminants-Al and Cu-while retaining a representative cathode (LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2; NMC-111) intact. This BM purification process is conducted at moderate temperatures in a KOH-based solution matrix. We rationally evaluate approaches to increase both the kinetic corrosion rate and the thermodynamic solubility of Al0 and Cu0, and evaluate the impact of these treatment conditions on the structure, chemistry, and electrochemical performance of NMC. Specifically, we explore the impacts of chloride-based salts, a strong chelating agent, elevated temperature, and sonication on the rate and extent of contaminant corrosion, while concurrently evaluating the effects on NMC. The reported BM purification process is then demonstrated on samples of "simulated BM" containing a practically relevant 1 wt% concentration of Al or Cu. Increasing the kinetic energy of the purifying solution matrix through elevated temperature and sonication accelerates the corrosion of metallic Al and Cu, such that ∼100% corrosion of 75 μm Al and Cu particles is achieved within 2.5 hr. Further, we determine that effective mass transport of ionized species critically impacts the efficacy of Cu corrosion, and that saturated Cl- hinders rather than accelerates Cu corrosion by increasing solution viscosity and introducing competitive pathways for Cu surface passivation. The purification conditions do not induce bulk structural damage to NMC, and electrochemical capacity is maintained in half-cell format. Testing in full cells suggests that a limited quantity of residual surface species are present after treatment, which initially disrupt electrochemical behavior at the graphite anode but are subsequently consumed. Process demonstration on simulated BM suggests that contaminated samples-which prior to treatment show catastrophic electrochemical performance-can be recovered to pristine electrochemical capacity. The reported BM purification method offers a compelling and commercially viable solution to address contamination, particularly in the "fine" fraction of BM where contaminant sizes are on the same order of magnitude as NMC and where traditional separation approaches are unfeasible. Thus, this optimized BM purification technique offers a pathway towards viable direct recycling of BM feedstocks that would otherwise be unusable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Gasper
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Joshua Major
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Brow
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Maxwell C. Schulze
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Andrew M. Colclasure
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Matthew A. Keyser
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, Golden, CO, United States
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4
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Zhou Y, Wei X, Huang L, Wang H. Worldwide research on extraction and recovery of cobalt through bibliometric analysis: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16930-16946. [PMID: 36607578 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt is a strategic and critical mineral whose demand is expected to grow rapidly. This study aims to provide a comprehensive summary of cobalt extraction and recovery research from 2012 to 2021 in the form of bibliometric analysis. The work was based on the Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) and carried out using the InCites of Clarivate for bibliometric data analysis and the software VOSviewer for science mapping. By analyzing a dataset of 4967 publications, the most influential journals, countries, authors, institutions, and publications were identified, and the keyword co-occurrence networks were mapped. The China mainland produced the most publications, while the USA had the highest average number of citations per publication and the UK was the most collaborative with other countries. The keyword analysis shows that the research hotspots gradually shifted over time from early means and methods for determination of cobalt in solution to recovery of cobalt from spent lithium batteries, smelting slag, copper-cobalt ore, etc. The research will be focused on further improvement and optimization of the separation, extraction, and recovery processes of cobalt from spent batteries in recent and future years, and three approaches were promoted to facilitate economization and industrialization of the processes in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Zhou
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiangsong Wei
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Leiming Huang
- Geology Institute of China Chemical Geology and Mine Bureau, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Wuhan Blue Fox Digital Intelligence Technology Co. LTD, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
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5
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Zhang N, Xu Z, Deng W, Wang X. Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Jing X, Sun Z, Zhao D, Tang X, Lv W, Shi Y. Co-extraction of Mn2+, Co2+, and a part of Ni2+ from sulfuric acid solution containing Li+ using the new ionic liquids. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Single-Stage Extraction and Separation of Co2+ from Ni2+ Using Ionic Liquid of [C4H9NH3][Cyanex 272]. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154806. [PMID: 35956755 PMCID: PMC9369997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions for separating Co2+ from Ni2+ using N-butylamine phosphinate ionic liquid of [C4H9NH3][Cyanex 272]. A Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology was used to analyze the effects of the initial pH, extraction time, and extraction temperature on the separation factor of Co2+ from sulfuric acid solution containing Ni2+. The concentrations of Co2+ and Ni2+ in an aqueous solution were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The optimized extraction conditions were as follows: an initial pH of 3.7, an extraction time of 55.8 min, and an extraction temperature of 330.4 K. The separation factor of Co2+ from Ni2+ under optimized extraction conditions was 66.1, which was very close to the predicted value of 67.2, and the error was 1.7%. The equation for single-stage extraction with high reliability can be used for optimizing the multi-stage extraction process of Co2+ from Ni2+. The stoichiometry of chemical reaction for ion-exchange extraction was also investigated using the slope method.
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8
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Ma Y, Svärd M, Xiao X, Ashoka Sahadevan S, Gardner J, Olsson RT, Forsberg K. Eutectic freeze crystallization for recovery of NiSO4 and CoSO4 hydrates from sulfate solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Abstract
The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.
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Chevalier A, Osypenko A, Lehn JM, Meyer D. Phase transfer of metal cations by induced dynamic carrier agents: biphasic extraction based on dynamic covalent chemistry. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11468-11477. [PMID: 34094390 PMCID: PMC8162513 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04098c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the classical method where a single molecule is designed to extract metal cations under specific conditions, dynamic covalent chemistry provides an approach based on the implementation of an adaptive dynamic covalent library for inducing the generation of the extractant species. This approach has been applied to the liquid-liquid extraction of copper(ii) nitrate based on a dynamic library of acylhydrazones constituents that self-build and distribute through the interface of a biphasic system. The addition of copper(ii) cations to this library triggers a modification of its composition and the up-regulation of the ligand molecules driven by coordination to the metal cations. Among these, one species has proven to be sufficiently lipophilic to play the role of carrier agent and its formation by component exchange enables the partial extraction of the copper(ii). The study of different pathways to generate the dynamic covalent library demonstrates the complete reversibility and the adaptability of the system. The detailed analytical investigation of the system provides a means to assess the mechanism of the dynamic extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Chevalier
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5257 Bâtiment 426 BP 17171 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze France .,Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), UMR 7006 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Artem Osypenko
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), UMR 7006 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), UMR 7006 8 Allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Daniel Meyer
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5257 Bâtiment 426 BP 17171 30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze France
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11
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An efficient extractant (2-ethylhexyl)(2,4,4′-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (USTB-1) for cobalt and nickel separation from sulfate solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Stefaniak J, Karwacka S, Janiszewska M, Dutta A, Rene ER, Regel-Rosocka M. Co(II) and Ni(II) transport from model and real sulfate solutions by extraction with bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126869. [PMID: 32957283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of Co(II) and Ni(II) extraction from model and real solutions using bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (i.e. Cyanex 272) that are in agreement with waste-to-resources approach, i.e. the recovery of valuable components from wastes. The results from this study shows that, extraction using Cyanex 272 is an efficient method to recover Co(II) selectively from sulfate electrolytes obtained from the leaching of steel scraps of aircraft engines. The highest selectivity value (∼160) of Co(II) extraction over Ni(II) was obtained at a pH of 4.8, the lowest selectivity value (∼30) was observed at a pH of 5.5, while above this value the selectivity only increased slightly with increasing pH. A pH of 5.2 was selected as a compromise between Co(II) selectivity and Ni(II) amount in the organic phase. The essence of the investigation is to propose important parameters to extract Co(II) from real leach solutions, and to further recover valuable Co(II) from the loaded organic phase by stripping with 1 M H2SO4, thus producing an electrolyte of Co(II) for electrowinning - a possible alternative route for resource recovery. Small volume of the stripping phase (w/o = 1:5) used in this study, lead to an enrichment of sulfate electrolyte in Co(II), resulting in ∼50 g/dm3 of Co(II) in the solution, which is a great advantage of the approach proposed. Such a solution is a valuable source for the electrowinning of metallic cobalt, which can be used for the production of steel alloys, Li-ion batteries or catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Stefaniak
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland; KU Leuven, Campus Groep T Leuven, Faculteit Industriële Ingenieurswetenschappen, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Karwacka
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janiszewska
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
| | - Abhishek Dutta
- KU Leuven, Campus Groep T Leuven, Faculteit Industriële Ingenieurswetenschappen, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eldon R Rene
- IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, P. O. Box 3015, 2601 DA, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Regel-Rosocka
- Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, ul. Berdychowo 4, 60-965, Poznan, Poland.
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Shih YJ, Chien SK, Jhang SR, Lin YC. Chemical leaching, precipitation and solvent extraction for sequential separation of valuable metals in cathode material of spent lithium ion batteries. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Separation of strontium and yttrium in nitric acid solutions using zirconium titanium phosphate and Dowex exchangers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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A more simple and efficient process for recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries with citric acid. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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Zhong X, Liu W, Han J, Jiao F, Qin W, Liu T, Zhao C. Pyrolysis and physical separation for the recovery of spent LiFePO 4 batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 89:83-93. [PMID: 31079762 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel process consisting of pyrolysis and physical separation was proposed to comprehensively recycle spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The discharge and pyrolysis behaviors of spent LIBs, the recovery of electrolyte from the spent LIBs by low-temperature volatilization, and the recovery of valuable materials from the pyrolytic residues through physical separation were studied in detail. The results indicated that approximately 99.91% of the organic electrolytes was recycled, and the lithium salt (LiPF6) in the batteries was disposed by pyrolysis process. The active materials could be effectively separated from current collectors after the pyrolysis under N2 at 550 °C for 2 h. The pyrolytic gas was mainly composed of light alkenes, and the pyrolytic tar was mainly composed of aromatic long chain alkenes and light alcohols. Pyrolytic residues were recycled by color sorting, high-pressure water cleaning and flotation processes, and about 99.34% of Al, 96.25% of Cu, and 49.67% of cathode active materials were recovered from the spent LIBs. Finally, electrochemical tests indicate that the cathode active materials obtained by the process can be used to produce new batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehu Zhong
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Junwei Han
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Fen Jiao
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenqing Qin
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhao
- School of Mineral Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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17
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Vasilyev F, Virolainen S, Sainio T. Numerical simulation of counter-current liquid–liquid extraction for recovering Co, Ni and Li from lithium-ion battery leachates of varying composition. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Cheng J, Lu T, Wu X, Zhang H, Zhang C, Peng CA, Huang S. Extraction of cobalt(ii) by methyltrioctylammonium chloride in nickel(ii)-containing chloride solution from spent lithium ion batteries. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22729-22739. [PMID: 35519475 PMCID: PMC9067107 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02719j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spent lithium batteries contain valuable metals such as cobalt, copper, nickel, lithium, etc. After pretreatment and recovery of copper, only cobalt, nickel and lithium were left in the acid solution. Since the chemical properties of cobalt and nickel are similar, separation of cobalt from a solution containing nickel is technically challenging. In this study, Co(ii) was separated from Ni(ii) by chelating Co(ii) with chlorine ions, Co(ii) was then extracted from the aforementioned chelating complexes by methyltrioctylammonium chloride (MTOAC). The effects of concentrations of chlorine ions in the aqueous phase ([Cl−]aq), MTOAC concentrations in organic phase ([MTOAC]org), ratios of organic phase to aqueous phase (O/A), and the initial aqueous pH on cobalt separation were studied. The results showed that [Cl−]aq had a significant impact on cobalt extraction efficiency with cobalt extraction efficiency increasing rapidly with the increase in [Cl−]aq. The effect of initial pH on cobalt extraction efficiency was not significant when it varied from 1 to 6. Under the condition of [Cl−]aq = 5.5 M, [MTOAC]org = 1.3 M, O/A = 1.5, and pH = 1.0, cobalt extraction efficiency reached the maximum of 98.23%, and nickel loss rate was only 0.86%. The stripping rate of cobalt from Co(ii)–MTOAC complexes using diluted hydrochloric acid was 99.95%. By XRD and XRF analysis, the recovered cobalt was in the form of cobalt chloride with the purity of cobalt produced reaching 97.7%. The mode of cobalt extraction was verified to be limited by chemical reaction and the kinetic equation for cobalt extraction was determined to be: R(Co) = 4.7 × 10−3[MTOAC](org)1.85[Co](aq)1.25. Interception of dearomatized tertiary boronic ester in a diastereoselective [4 + 2] cycloaddition or 1,3-borotopic shift in the presence or absence of “naked” Li+, understanding reactivities by activation/strain model, were evaluated by DFT calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Cheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou
- China 213001
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou
- China 213001
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA 83844
| | - Haojing Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou
- China 213001
| | - Chunyong Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou
- China 213001
| | - Ching-An Peng
- Department of Biological Engineering
- University of Idaho
- Moscow
- USA 83844
| | - Shouqiang Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou
- China 213001
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19
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Peng F, Mu D, Li R, Liu Y, Ji Y, Dai C, Ding F. Impurity removal with highly selective and efficient methods and the recycling of transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21922-21930. [PMID: 35518895 PMCID: PMC9066435 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02331c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A strategy for metal purification and recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries is demonstrated by taking advantage of precipitation, electrodeposition and solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Peng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Deying Mu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Ruhong Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanlong Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Yuanpeng Ji
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Changsong Dai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150001
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Ding
- Science and Technology on Power Sources Laboratory
- Tianjin Institute of Power Sources
- Tianjin 300384
- P. R. China
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20
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Jiang F, Chen Y, Ju S, Zhu Q, Zhang L, Peng J, Wang X, Miller JD. Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 48:88-95. [PMID: 30080590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) has been studied using ultrasound-assisted leaching. The primary purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of ultrasound on leaching efficiency of cobalt and lithium. The results were compared to conventional leaching. In this study sulfuric acid was used as leaching agent in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The cathode active materials from spent battery were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after leaching. Effects of leaching time, leaching temperature, H2SO4 concentration, H2O2 concentration, solid/liquid ratio, and ultrasonic power have been studied. Optimal leaching efficiency of 94.63% for cobalt, and 98.62% for lithium, respectively, was achieved by using 2 M H2SO4 with 5% (v/v) H2O2 at a solid/liquid ratio of 100 g/L, and an ultrasonic power of 360 W, and the leaching time being 30 min under 30 °C. Compared with conventional leaching, the ultrasound-assisted leaching gave a higher leaching rate and improved leaching efficiency under the same experimental conditionals. The kinetic analysis of ultrasound-assisted leaching showed that the activation energy of cobalt and lithium were 3.848 KJ/mol and 11.6348 KJ/mol, respectively, indicating that ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent LIBs was controlled by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Yuqian Chen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Shaohua Ju
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Qinyu Zhu
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China.
| | - Jinhui Peng
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China; Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA.
| | - Jan D Miller
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, College of Mines and Earth Sciences, University of Utah, 135 South 1460 East, Room 412, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0114, USA
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21
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Correa MMJ, Silvas FPC, Aliprandini P, Moraes VTD, Dreisinger D, Espinosa DCR. SEPARATION OF COPPER FROM A LEACHING SOLUTION OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS BY USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION WITH D2EHPA. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180353s20170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Recovery of Valuable Metals from Lithium-Ion Batteries NMC Cathode Waste Materials by Hydrometallurgical Methods. METALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/met8050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Torkaman R, Asadollahzadeh M, Torab-Mostaedi M, Ghanadi Maragheh M. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries by using acidic and basic extractants in solvent extraction process. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Ren J, Li R, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Mu D, Zheng R, Liu J, Dai C. The impact of aluminum impurity on the regenerated lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide cathode materials from spent LIBs. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective recycling process from spent LIBs has been developed, and the tolerability of aluminum was studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Ruhong Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Yuanlong Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Yarui Cheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Deying Mu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Rujuan Zheng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
| | - Changsong Dai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150000
- China
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26
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Wang F, Sun R, Xu J, Chen Z, Kang M. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries using sulphuric acid leaching followed by solid–liquid separation and solvent extraction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16801a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the method of hydrometallurgy is adopted to recycle the precious metal cobalt in spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Rong Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Jun Xu
- Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd
- Mianyang 621010
- China
| | - Ming Kang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest University of Science and Technology
- Mianyang 621010
- China
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