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Rantissi T, Gitis V, Zong Z, Hankins N. Transforming the Water-Energy Nexus in Gaza: A Systems Approach. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300304. [PMID: 38745562 PMCID: PMC11090213 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The acute water and electricity shortages in Gaza necessitate comprehensive solutions that recognize the interconnected nature of these vital resources. This article presents pragmatic solutions to align supply with fundamental needs in both domains, offering viable pathways for achieving strategic water-energy security in Gaza. Baseline data reveals a deficit in the current water supply, falling below the international minimum of 100 L per capita per day, while the reported 137-189 MW per day electricity supply significantly lags behind the estimated 390 MW per day peak demand. To meet projected 2024 residential, commercial, and industrial demands, this study proposes actionable measures including expanding wastewater treatment to enable over 150 MCM per year tertiary effluents for agricultural reuse and adopting energy-efficient forward osmosis-reverse osmosis and osmotically assisted reverse osmosis desalination methods to increase potable water supply to 150 MCM per year. Electricity supply strategies include scaling renewable capacity towards 110 MW per day, exploring regional cooperation to unlock over 360 MW of power per day, and potentially recovering up to 60 MW per day through system efficiencies. These recommendations aim to prevent exacerbated scarcity and alleviate hardships in Gaza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Rantissi
- Faculty of Engineering SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevPO Box 653Beer‐Sheva8410501Israel
| | - Vitaly Gitis
- Faculty of Engineering SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevPO Box 653Beer‐Sheva8410501Israel
| | - Zhiyuan Zong
- Laboratory of Sustainable Water EngineeringDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX3 1PJUK
| | - Nick Hankins
- Laboratory of Sustainable Water EngineeringDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordParks RoadOxfordOX3 1PJUK
- Lady Margaret HallUniversity of OxfordNorham GardensOxfordOX2 6QAUK
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2
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Zhang H, Xian H. Review of Hybrid Membrane Distillation Systems. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:25. [PMID: 38248715 PMCID: PMC10820896 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is an attractive separation process that can work with heat sources with low temperature differences and is less sensitive to concentration polarization and membrane fouling than other pressure-driven membrane separation processes, thus allowing it to use low-grade thermal energy, which is helpful to decrease the consumption of energy, treat concentrated solutions, and improve water recovery rate. This paper provides a review of the integration of MD with waste heat and renewable energy, such as solar radiation, salt-gradient solar ponds, and geothermal energy, for desalination. In addition, MD hybrids with pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), multi-effect distillation (MED), reverse osmosis (RO), crystallization, forward osmosis (FO), and bioreactors to dispose of concentrated solutions are also comprehensively summarized. A critical analysis of the hybrid MD systems will be helpful for the research and development of MD technology and will promote its application. Eventually, a possible research direction for MD is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- School of Power, Energy and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Haizhen Xian
- School of Power, Energy and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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3
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Wang C, Zhang H, Kang Z, Fan J. 3D Cellular Solar Crystallizer for Stable and Ultra-Efficient High-Salinity Wastewater Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305313. [PMID: 38037848 PMCID: PMC10787074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent developed interfacial solar brine crystallizers, which employ solar-driven water evaporation for salts crystallization from the near-saturation brine to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) brine treatment, are promising due to their excellent energy efficiency and sustainability. However, most existing interfacial solar crystallizers are only tested using NaCl solution and failed to maintain high evaporation capability when treating real seawater due to the scaling problem caused by the crystallization of high-valent cations. Herein, an artificial tree solar crystallizer (ATSC) with a multi-branched and interconnected open-cell cellular structure that significantly increased evaporation surface is rationally designed, achieving an ultra-high evaporation rate (2.30 kg m-2 h-1 during 2 h exposure) and high energy efficiency (128%) in concentrated real seawater. The unit cell design of ATSC promoted salt crystallization on the outer frame rather than the inner voids, ensuring that salt crystallization does not affect the continuous transport of brine through the pores inside the unit cell, thus ATSC can maintain a stable evaporation rate of 1.94 kg m-2 h-1 on average in concentrated seawater for 80 h continuous exposure. The design concept of ATSC represents a major step forward toward ZLD treatment of high-salinity brine in many industrial processes is believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- Research Centre of Textiles for Future Fashion, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Hanchao Zhang
- Research Centre of Textiles for Future Fashion, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhanxiao Kang
- Research Centre of Textiles for Future Fashion, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jintu Fan
- Research Centre of Textiles for Future Fashion, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Gonzales RR, Nakagawa K, Kumagai K, Hasegawa S, Matsuoka A, Li Z, Mai Z, Yoshioka T, Hori T, Matsuyama H. Hybrid osmotically assisted reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis (OARO-RO) process for minimal liquid discharge of high strength nitrogenous wastewater and enrichment of ammoniacal nitrogen. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120716. [PMID: 37837900 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4N) is a ubiquitous nitrogen pollutant found in wastewater, which could cause eutrophication and severe environmental stress. It is therefore necessary to manage NH4N by enrichment and recovery for potential reuse, as well as to regulate the amount of environmental discharge. Hybridization of membrane-based processes is an attractive option for further enhancing water and nutrient reclamation from waste streams; thus, in this present work, a hybrid osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO) and reverse osmosis (RO) process was demonstrated for subsequent ammoniacal nitrogen enrichment and wastewater discharge management. Using a commercially-available cellulose triacetate membrane module, model and real wastewater containing approximately 4,000ppm NH4N were effectively dewatered and enriched to a final NH4N content of 40,300ppm. This corresponds to enrichment of around 10 times and approximately 90% pure water recovery. The effective combination of both processes resulted in high efficiency, as well as economical and energy-saving benefits, as shown by the process performance and our preliminary techno-economic analysis. The specific energy consumption of the hybrid process projected to operate at a capacity of 2,000 m3h-1 was determined to be 8.8kWh m-3, or 0.56kWh kg-1 NH4Cl removed/recovered for an initial feed solution containing around 15,300ppm NH4Cl. Hybrid OARO and RO operation was able to achieve satisfactory enrichment by the OARO process and obtaining clean water by the RO process. The hybrid OARO-RO process has shown great potential as a suitable end-stage membrane-based process for wastewater dewatering and NH4N enrichment and recovery toward a circular economy and environmental management, as well as clean water recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keizo Nakagawa
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kumagai
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Susumu Hasegawa
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Matsuoka
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Zhan Li
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Zhaohuan Mai
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoshioka
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hori
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Zheng L, Li C, Zhang C, Kang S, Gao R, Wang J, Wei Y. Mixed scaling deconstruction in vacuum membrane distillation for desulfurization wastewater treatment by a cascade strategy. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 238:120032. [PMID: 37146399 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineral scaling is one key obstacle to membrane distillation in hypersaline wastewater desalination, but the scaling or fouling mechanism is poorly understood. Addressing this challenge required revealing the foulants layer formation process. In this work, the scaling process was deconstructed with a cascade strategy by stepwise changing the composition of the synthetic desulfurization wastewater. The flux decline curves presented a 3-stage mode in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD). Heterogeneous nucleation of CaMg(CO3)2, CaF2, and CaCO3 was the main incipient scaling mechanism. Mg-Si complex was the leading foulant in 2nd-stage, during which the scaling mechanism shifted from surface to bulk crystallization. The flux decreased sharply for the formation of a thick and compacted scaling layer by the bricklaying of CaSO4 and Mg-Si-BSA complexes in the 3rd-stage. Bulk crystallization was identified as the key scaling mechanism in VMD for the high salinity and concentration multiple. The organic matter had an anti-scaling effect by changing the bulk crystallization. Humic acids (HA) and colloidal silica also contributed to incipient scaling for the high affinity to membrane, bovine serum albumin (BSA) acting as the cement of Mg-Si complexes. Mg altered the Si scaling from polymerization to Mg-Si complex formation, which significantly influence the mixed scaling mechanism. This work deconstructed the mixed scaling process and illuminated the role of main foulants, filling in the knowledge gap on the mixed scaling mechanism in VMD for hypersaline wastewater treatment and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie II and Center for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chenlu Li
- Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sai Kang
- Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuansong Wei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Water Pollution Control Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Silanization enabled superhydrophobic PTFE membrane with antiwetting and antifouling properties for robust membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Loza S, Loza N, Kovalchuk N, Romanyuk N, Loza J. Comparative Study of Different Ion-Exchange Membrane Types in Diffusion Dialysis for the Separation of Sulfuric Acid and Nickel Sulfate. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:396. [PMID: 37103823 PMCID: PMC10145838 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of using various types of ion-exchange membranes in diffusion dialysis for the separation of sulfuric acid and nickel sulfate has been evaluated. The process of the dialysis separation of a real waste solution from an electroplating facility containing 252.3 g/L of sulfuric acid, 20.9 g/L of nickel ions and small amounts of zinc, iron, copper ions, etc. has been studied. Heterogeneous cation-exchange membrane containing sulfonic groups and heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes with different thicknesses (from 145 μm to 550 μm) and types of fixed groups (four samples with quaternary ammonium base and one sample with secondary and tertiary amines) have been used. The diffusion fluxes of sulfuric acid, nickel sulfate, and the total and osmotic fluxes of the solvent have been determined. The use of a cation-exchange membrane does not allow the separation of the components, since the fluxes of both components are low and comparable in magnitude. The use of anion-exchange membranes makes it possible to efficiently separate sulfuric acid and nickel sulfate. Anion-exchange membranes with quaternary ammonium groups are more effective in the diffusion dialysis process, while the thin membrane turns out to be the most effective.
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Yin Q, Kong F, Wang S, Du J, Pan L, Tao Y, Li P. 3D Printing of Solar Crystallizer with Polylactic Acid/Carbon Composites for Zero Liquid Discharge of High-Salinity Brine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071656. [PMID: 37050270 PMCID: PMC10096562 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a technique for treating high-salinity brine to obtain freshwater and/or salt using a solar interface evaporator. However, salt accumulation on the surface of the evaporator is a big challenge to maintaining stable water evaporation. In this study, a simple and easy-to-manufacture evaporator, also called a crystallizer, was designed and fabricated by 3D printing. The photothermal layer printed with polylactic acid/carbon composites had acceptable light absorption (93%) within the wavelength zone of 250 nm–2500 nm. The micron-sized voids formed during 3D printing provided abundant water transportation channels inside the crystallizer. After surface hydrophilic modification, the crystallizer had an ultra-hydrophilic channel structure and gravity-assisted salt recovery function. The results revealed that the angles between the photothermal layers affected the efficacy of solar evaporation and the yield of solid salt. The crystallizer with the angle of 90° between two photothermal layers could collect more solid salt than the three other designs with angles of 30°, 60°, and 120°, respectively. The crystallizer has high evaporation and salt crystallization efficiency in a high-salinity brine environment, which is expected to have application potentials in the zero liquid discharge of wastewater and valuable salt recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Shoujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Jinbao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
| | - Ling Pan
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Yubo Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.L.)
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (Q.Y.); (F.K.); (S.W.); (J.D.)
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.L.)
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9
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Kim Y, Cho H, Choi Y, Koo J, Lee S. Optimization and Evaluation for the Capacitive Deionization Process of Wastewater Reuse in Combined Cycle Power Plants. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 36984703 PMCID: PMC10051048 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Combined cycle power plants (CCPPs) use large amounts of water withdrawn from nearby rivers and generate wastewater containing ions and pollutants. Despite the need for wastewater reclamation, few technologies can successfully convert the wastewater into make-up water for CCPPs. Therefore, this study aimed to apply capacitive deionization (CDI) for wastewater reclamation in CCPPs. Using a bench-scale experimental unit, which included ion exchange membranes and carbon electrodes, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operating conditions of the CDI process to increase the total dissolved solids (TDS) removal and product water ratio. The optimal conditions were found to be a voltage of 1.5 V, a flow rate of 15 mL/min, and an adsorption/desorption ratio of 1:0.8. The changes in CDI performance with time were also studied, and the foulants on the membranes, spacers, and electrodes were examined to understand the fouling mechanism. The TDS removal decreased from 93.65% to 55.70% after 10 days of operation due to the deposition of scale and organic matter. After chemical cleaning, the TDS removal rate recovered to 93.02%, which is close to the initial condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongrak Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewuk Koo
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyang-daero, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI), Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), P.O. Box WQ36+XJP, Al Jubayl 35417, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Ng YS, Ragupathy S, Shau Hwai AT, Khoo KS, Chieh Chan DJ. Evaluation of membrane fouling at elevated temperature impacted by algal organic matter. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136790. [PMID: 36220430 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven technology applied in desalination and water reuse with utilisation of sustainable energy. However, algal organic matter (AOM) could foul membrane critically and plague MD's long-term operational stability. In this study, the soluble extracellular polymeric substance (sEPS) and intracellular organic matter with bound extracellular polymeric substance (IOM + bEPS) of two algal species (Amphora coffeaeformis and Navicula incerta) were exposed to 60 °C, 70 °C and 80 °C for 8 h with polypropylene hydrophobic membrane, simulating heated AOMs contacted with membrane inside MD unit, to study the temperature effect on membrane fouling. The dissolved carbohydrate and protein in the sEPS and IOM + bEPS samples generally increased after being heated. Heating caused cell lysis and the release and dissolution of carbohydrate and protein from sEPS, IOM and bEPS into water. As heating temperature increased, the carbohydrate release from the AOM usually increased. The contact angle of membrane contacted with sEPS and IOM + bEPS reduced significantly after heat treatment. The reduction in IOM + bEPS was larger than sEPS, in line with SEM analysis, indicating membrane surfaces and pores with IOM + bEPS fouled more severely than sEPS. It is due to higher hydrophobicity in IOM + bEPS causing adherence to membrane and presence of amphiphiles. High protein, lipid, and saturated fats proportions also cause severe fouling. SEM-EDX analysis indicated presence of O, Na, Cl and Mg elements, pointing to carbohydrate and lipids, and salt trapped in foulants. AOM heating and composition had direct effect to the membrane integrity, dictating severity of fouling in MD operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Sim Ng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sukdarsanan Ragupathy
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Aileen Tan Shau Hwai
- Centre for Marine & Coastal Studies (CEMACS), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Derek Juinn Chieh Chan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
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11
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An W, Zhao J, Lu J, Han Y, Li D. Zero-liquid discharge technologies for desulfurization wastewater: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115953. [PMID: 35987059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zero-Liquid Discharge (ZLD) has received a lot of attention due to water scarcity and pollution. This article reviews the treatment of desulfurization wastewater in pretreatment, concentration and solidification with the trend of zero-liquid discharge in China. We summarize the advantages, disadvantages, performance, benefits and other characteristics of different ZLD technologies. Membrane-based technology is an effective means of recycling wastewater in ZLD systems. Therefore, we focus on the application of bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) in desulfurization wastewater and high-salt wastewater treatment, discussing its limitations and solutions. In addition, several Chinese ZLD cases and economic analysis are introduced. It is believed that ZLD will become a new trend in desulfurization wastewater treatment in the future. Therefore, exploring new materials and technologies with low cost and high efficiency is the focus of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao An
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- CHN Energy Lucency Enviro-Tech CO., LTD. NanJing Branch, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangang Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yi Han
- CHN Energy Lucency Enviro-Tech CO., LTD. NanJing Branch, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
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12
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Techno-Economic Analysis of Brine Treatment by Multi-Crystallization Separation Process for Zero Liquid Discharge. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyses the concept of a novel multi-crystallization system to achieve zero liquid discharge (ZLD) for desalination plants using an innovative heat recovery system consisting of a heat transfer fluid and a compressor to reduce energy consumption. The main focus is to recover water and separately extract salts from seawater brines with high purity, including calcite, anhydrite, sodium chloride, and epsomite, which can be sold to the cement industry. The system is compared with a conventional brine treatment system. The energy demand and economic feasibility of both systems are assessed to evaluate profitability at a scale of 1000 kg/h. The results estimate that the utilization of a heat recovery fluid reduces energy consumption from 690 kWhth/ton of feed brine to 125.90 kWhth/ton equaling a total electric consumption of 60.72 kWhe/ton. The system can recover 99.2% of water and reduce brine discharge mass by 98.9%. The system can recover 53.8% of calcite at near 100% purity, 96.4% of anhydrite at 97.7% purity, 91.6% of NaCl at near 100% purity, and 71.1% of epsomite at 40.7% purity. Resource recovery accounts for additional revenues, with halite and water accounting respectively for 69.85% and 29.52% of the income. The contribution of calcite and anhydrite to revenue is very low due to their low production. The levelized cost of water (LCOW) of the multi-crystallization system is 13.79 USD/m3 as opposed to 7.85 USD/m3 for the conventional ZLD system. The economic analyses estimate that the conventional ZLD system can achieve payback after 7.69 years. The high electricity cost, which accounts for 68.7% of the annual expenses, can be produced from renewable sources.
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13
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Ion and Molecular Transport in Solid Electrolytes Studied by NMR. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095011. [PMID: 35563404 PMCID: PMC9103273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NMR is the method of choice for molecular and ionic structures and dynamics investigations. The present review is devoted to solvation and mobilities in solid electrolytes, such as ion-exchange membranes and composite materials, based on cesium acid sulfates and phosphates. The applications of high-resolution NMR, solid-state NMR, NMR relaxation, and pulsed field gradient 1H, 7Li, 13C, 19F, 23Na, 31P, and 133Cs NMR techniques are discussed. The main attention is paid to the transport channel morphology, ionic hydration, charge group and mobile ion interaction, and translation ions and solvent mobilities in different spatial scales. Self-diffusion coefficients of protons and Li+, Na+, and Cs+ cations are compared with the ionic conductivity data. The microscopic ionic transfer mechanism is discussed.
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Ye X, Zhao X, Ming Q, Zhu J, Guo J, Sun D, Zhang S, Xu J, Zhou Z. Process optimization to enhance utilization efficiency of precipitants for chloride removal from flue gas desulfurization wastewater via Friedel's salt precipitation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113682. [PMID: 34526277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment cost for Cl- removal by Friedel's salt precipitation depended significantly on utilization rate of the precipitant aluminate. In this study, effects of Ca/Al molar ratio, reaction time, temperature and Al/Cl molar ratio were investigated to maximize Al utilization rate for Cl- removal from flue gas desulfurization wastewater. Batch results showed that the maximum Al utilization rate of 55.8-60.3% was obtained at Ca/Al ratio of 3.00, reaction time of 90 min, temperature of 35 °C and Al/Cl ratio of 0.50 regardless of the initial Cl- concentration. The precipitate obtained at the highest Al utilization rate had the highest interlayer spacing, the best crystal integrity, and the strongest binding energy of the Al-OH bond. The optimized condition made ion exchange between Cl- and OH- easier, and obtained more stable Friedel's salt structure to adsorb Cl-. Pilot-scale results showed that maximizing Al utilization rate with low dosages of precipitants had insignificant effects on the removal of Mg2+, Ca2+ and sulfate compared to the strategy to maximize Cl-, but enhanced Al utilization rate from 38.2% to 56.4%. Economic analysis showed that enhancing Al utilization rate greatly reduced treatment cost of the Friedel's salt precipitation method by 30.5%, and made the two-stage desalination process more feasible and worth popularizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Ye
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Qiang Ming
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Plant, Shanghai, 200173, China
| | - Jiaming Guo
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Dongqi Sun
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Plant, Shanghai, 200173, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Shanghai Waigaoqiao No. 3 Power Plant, Shanghai, 200173, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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15
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Kleffner C, Braun G, Antonyuk S. High‐Pressure Reverse Osmosis for Industrial Water Recycling: Permeate‐Sided Pressure Drop as Performance‐Limiting Factor. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerd Braun
- TH Köln Betzdorfer Straße 2 50679 Cologne Germany
| | - Sergiy Antonyuk
- TU Kaiserslautern Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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16
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Economics and Energy Consumption of Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Innovations and Impacts of Feedwater Quality. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080616. [PMID: 34436379 PMCID: PMC8399043 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brackish water desalination, using the reverse osmosis (BWRO) process, has become common in global regions, where vast reserves of brackish groundwater are found (e.g., the United States, North Africa). A literature survey and detailed analyses of several BWRO facilities in Florida have revealed some interesting and valuable information on the costs and energy use. Depending on the capacity, water quality, and additional scope items, the capital cost (CAPEX) ranges from USD 500 to USD 2947/m3 of the capacity (USD 690-USD 4067/m3 corrected for inflation to 2020). The highest number was associated with the City of Cape Coral North Plant, Florida, which had an expanded project scope. The general range of the operating cost (OPEX) is USD 0.39 to USD 0.66/m3 (cannot be corrected for inflation), for a range of capacities from 10,000 to 70,000 m3/d. The feed-water quality, in the range of 2000 to 6000 mg/L of the total dissolved solids, does not significantly impact the OPEX. There is a significant scaling trend, with OPEX cost reducing as plant capacity increases, but there is considerable scatter based on the pre- and post-treatment complexity. Many BWRO facilities operate with long-term increases in the salinity of the feedwater (groundwater), caused by pumping-induced vertical and horizontal migration of the higher salinity water. Any cost and energy increase that is caused by the higher feed water salinity, can be significantly mitigated by using energy recovery, which is not commonly used in BWRO operations. OPEX in BWRO systems is likely to remain relatively constant, based on the limitation on the plant capacity, caused by the brackish water availability at a given site. Seawater reverse osmosis facilities, with a very large capacity, have a lower OPEX compared to the upper range of BWRO, because of capacity scaling, special electrical energy deals, and process design certainty.
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17
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Exploring Avoided Environmental Impacts as Well as Energy and Resource Recovery from Microbial Desalination Cell Treatment of Brine. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14154453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seawater represents a potential resource to ensure sustainable availability of water for population and irrigation purposes, especially in some areas of the world. Desalination processes allow the production of fresh water, but they generate also brine as waste product. Sustainable brine management should be identified to ensure proper disposal and potentially resource recovery. This experimental study showed that emerging technologies such as Microbial Desalination Cells (MDCs) may provide a valuable contribution to the sustainability of the seawater desalination sector. In this paper, we report results on lab-scale desalination brine treatments applying MDCs, which allow energy savings, resource recovery, environmental impact minimization, and reduction of the organic load in municipal wastewater. Our results showed that MDCs’ treatment allows the removal of approximately 33 g of salts (62% of the total)—including chlorides, bromides, and sulphates—from 20 mL of brine within 96 h. The MDCs, according to the source of energy and the presence of mature biofilm at the anode, spent 7.2 J, 7.9 J, and 9.6 J in the desalination process, with the higher amount of energy required by the abiotic system and the lesser by the MDCs fed with just wastewater. Our approach also showed environmental and energy reductions because of potential metal recovery instead of returning them into marine environment. We quantified the avoided life cycle of human and marine eco-toxicity impacts as well as the reduction of cumulative energy demand of recovered metals. The main benefit in terms of avoided toxicity would arise from the mercury and copper recovery, while potential economic advantages would derive from the recovered cobalt that represents a strategic resource for many products such as battery storage systems.
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18
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Lalia BS, Khalil A, Hashaikeh R. Selective electrochemical separation and recovery of calcium and magnesium from brine. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Askari M, Liang CZ, Choong LT(S, Chung TS. Optimization of TFC-PES hollow fiber membranes for reverse osmosis (RO) and osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO) applications. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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21
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Stenina IA, Yaroslavtsev AB. Ionic Mobility in Ion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:198. [PMID: 33799886 PMCID: PMC7998860 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane technologies are widely demanded in a number of modern industries. Ion-exchange membranes are one of the most widespread and demanded types of membranes. Their main task is the selective transfer of certain ions and prevention of transfer of other ions or molecules, and the most important characteristics are ionic conductivity and selectivity of transfer processes. Both parameters are determined by ionic and molecular mobility in membranes. To study this mobility, the main techniques used are nuclear magnetic resonance and impedance spectroscopy. In this comprehensive review, mechanisms of transfer processes in various ion-exchange membranes, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, and hybrid ones, are discussed. Correlations of structures of ion-exchange membranes and their hydration with ion transport mechanisms are also reviewed. The features of proton transfer, which plays a decisive role in the membrane used in fuel cells and electrolyzers, are highlighted. These devices largely determine development of hydrogen energy in the modern world. The features of ion transfer in heterogeneous and hybrid membranes with inorganic nanoparticles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey B. Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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22
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Lin GS, Huang TC, Tung KL. Membrane-assisted green & innovative chemical (MAGIC) processes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Zhang Y, Li K, Liu L, Wang K, Xiang J, Hou D, Wang J. Titanium nitride nanoparticle embedded membrane for photothermal membrane distillation. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127053. [PMID: 32454351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To meet the increasing worldwide need for freshwater, it has become critical to exploit non-potable saline water. Solar membrane distillation (MD) is a promising desalination technique, which does not require conventional energy and can reduce the cost of water production. We developed a cost-effective and high-efficiency photothermal membrane that employs TiN nanoparticles as an absorber of sunlight and energy converter. Due to a strong photothermal effect, the solar energy efficiency significantly improved. With optimal membrane and MD operating conditions, we obtained an MD flux of 0.940 kg/m2∙h and a solar efficiency of 64.1% under 1.0 kW/m2 solar irradiation. Compared with a bare poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membrane, 65.8% more pure water was produced. Furthermore, the temperature polarization encountered in the conventional MD process was relieved on account of the unique interfacial heating of the photothermal coating, which also contributed to the high solar efficiency. In addition, the membrane was quite stable and the permeate water was of a high, potable quality. The as-prepared photothermal membrane demonstrated a good performance and application prospects for solar MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Kuiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lie Liu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kunpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Deyin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100085, China.
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24
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Liu E, Lee LY, Ong SL, Ng HY. Treatment of industrial brine using capacitive deionization (CDI) towards zero liquid discharge - challenges and optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116059. [PMID: 32721705 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal-based Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) process has been used for managing industrial brine. However, conventional thermal ZLD process is very energy intensive. In view of this, pre-concentration techniques have been applied prior to thermal process to reduce energy consumption of ZLD systems. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is an emerging desalination technique and has yet to be extensively explored for the treatment of industrial brine especially for ZLD applications. High concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) and high fouling potential of industrial brine are two major challenges in CDI process. This paper reviews the possible factors for optimizing CDI process in industrial brine treatment, namely, cell architectures, strategies in operation and fouling control. Cell architectures of membrane CDI (MCDI) and flow-electrode CDI (CDI) are preferred options for treating industrial brine compared with classic CDI in terms of energy consumption and fouling propensity. There are other operational strategies that could enhance the feasibility of using CDI process for ZLD application. These include reversed voltage desorption, multi-stage operation, brine recirculation and fouling control. Fouling control methods comprise pretreatment, antifouling modification, antiscalant and chemical cleaning. These methods could be integrated to optimize fouling mitigation. In addition to providing insights on feasibility of using CDI to concentrate industrial brines, this review also proposed guidelines for optimizing CDI process applied to treat industrial brines for ZLD applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Liu
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, S 117576, Singapore.
| | - Lai Yoke Lee
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, S 117411, Singapore.
| | - Say Leong Ong
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, S 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, S 117411, Singapore.
| | - How Yong Ng
- Centre for Water Research, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, S 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, S 117411, Singapore.
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25
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Kim HW, Yun T, Hong S, Lee S, Jeong S. Retardation of wetting for membrane distillation by adjusting major components of seawater. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 175:115677. [PMID: 32179271 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wetting by fouling is phenomenon specific to membrane distillation (MD) and are regarded as challenges to the seawater membrane distillation (SWMD) process. To understand fouling and wetting, the influence of Mg and Sr crystals, which can potentially cause scaling, as well as Ca crystals deposited on the membrane surface were investigated. Mg(OH)2 and CaSO4 had significant impact on fouling and wetting. Even if CaCO3 and SrSO4 had no effects on fouling and wetting as single salts, CaCO3 and CaSO4 were dominant in synthetic seawater without Mg(OH)2. However, the occurrence of Mg(OH)2 scales became a cause for concern if Ca ion was removed from seawater for the prevention of fouling and wetting. Therefore, Mg as well as Ca should be removed for proper fouling and wetting control. NaOH/Na2CO3 softening was used for the removal of Ca and Mg ions. In addition, based on the inhibition effects of Mg ions on Ca scales, a new pretreatment method involving the injection of MgCl2 to increase the Mg /Ca ratio was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Kim
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Advanced Environmental Science, Energy Environment Policy & Technology, KU-KIST GreenSchool, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekgeun Yun
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Advanced Environmental Science, Energy Environment Policy & Technology, KU-KIST GreenSchool, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkwan Hong
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seockheon Lee
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Advanced Environmental Science, Energy Environment Policy & Technology, KU-KIST GreenSchool, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongpil Jeong
- Water Cycle Research Center, National Agenda Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST school, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Pagliero M, Bottino A, Comite A, Costa C. Silanization of tubular ceramic membranes for application in membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Pagliero M, Bottino A, Comite A, Costa C. Novel hydrophobic PVDF membranes prepared by nonsolvent induced phase separation for membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Scalable fabrication of robust superhydrophobic membranes by one-step spray-coating for gravitational water-in-oil emulsion separation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Li X, Mo Y, Qing W, Shao S, Tang CY, Li J. Membrane-based technologies for lithium recovery from water lithium resources: A review. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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30
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Damtie MM, Hailemariam RH, Woo YC, Park KD, Choi JS. Membrane-based technologies for zero liquid discharge and fluoride removal from industrial wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124288. [PMID: 31310982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several defluoridation techniques for reducing high initial fluoride concentration (IFC) in wastewater have been tested, but only a few of them have achieved the permissible standards. This study examined the hybrid crystallization-reverse osmosis technique (HRO) in light of flux, fluoride removal efficiency, fouling tendency, mineral recovery, complying zero liquid discharge (ZLD), and effluent discharge standard (EDS). Simulated wastewater with an IFC of 6600 mg/L was utilized and the final HRO performance was compared with those of the low-pressure (30 bar) standalone reverse osmosis (SRO), nanofiltration (SNF), and membrane distillation (SMD) processes. Accordingly, the study on SRO and SNF revealed that pressure, feed pH, membrane type, and IFC were the major factors affecting performance, and SRO was unable to sufficiently defluoridate wastewater with IFC >614 mg/L, needing pretreatment. Subsequently, the HRO process was selected and it was seen that the optimum calcium dose and respective final effluent pH for attaining EDS and ZLD were 16.5 g/L & 7.1 and 19.8 g/L & 5.7 respectively. The best operating pH for all conditions in HRO was approximately 9. Additionally, HRO showed good mineral recovery tendency and less organic fouling. The overall comparisons of flux and residual fluoride for HRO, SRO, SNF, and SMD were 49.3 LMH & 1.21 mg/L; 34.9 LMH & 62 mg/L, 44.05 LMH & 301 mg/L, and 38 LMH & 0.9 mg/L respectively. Therefore, low-pressure HRO can be applied to treat wastewater with high IFC; good tendency of mineral recovery, as good as that of SMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekdimu Mezemir Damtie
- Department of Construction Environment Engineering, KICT School, University of Science & Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruth Habte Hailemariam
- Department of Construction Environment Engineering, KICT School, University of Science & Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Chul Woo
- Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283, Goyang-Daero, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Duck Park
- Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283, Goyang-Daero, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Seok Choi
- Department of Construction Environment Engineering, KICT School, University of Science & Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Land, Water and Environment Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283, Goyang-Daero, Ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 10223, Republic of Korea.
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Falina IV, Demina OA, Zabolotsky VI. The Influence of the Counterion Nature on the Electroosmotic Transport of Free Solvent through an MK-40 Ion-Exchange Membrane. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751619020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Havelka J, Fárová H, Jiříček T, Kotala T, Kroupa J. Electrodialysis-based zero liquid discharge in industrial wastewater treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:1580-1586. [PMID: 31169516 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, reverse osmosis (RO) has been the dominant technology employed in zero liquid discharge (ZLD) systems for industrial wastewater treatment (WWT). However, RO is limited to a maximum operating salinity of about 75 g kg-1. Electrodialysis (ED) is a potentially attractive option as it can achieve much higher concentrations, thereby reducing the capacity and energy demand of the subsequent evaporation step. Feed-and-bleed experiments were undertaken on a laboratory-scale ED stack using a series of model solutions based on the most common inorganic salts with the aim of determining maximum achievable concentrations. The maximum salt concentration achievable via ED ranged between 104.2 and 267.6 g kg-1, with levels predominantly limited by water transport. In addition, a straightforward review of how ED incorporation can affect ZLD process economics is presented. The operational cost of an ED-based ZLD system for processing RO retentate was almost 20% lower than comparable processes employing high-efficiency RO and disc tubular RO. As the ED-based ZLD system appears economically preferable, and as maximum achievable concentrations greatly exceeded RO operating limits, it would appear to be a promising approach for bridging the gap between RO and evaporation, and may even eliminate the evaporation step altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Havelka
- MemBrain s.r.o, Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Hana Fárová
- MemBrain s.r.o, Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Tomáš Jiříček
- MemBrain s.r.o, Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Tomáš Kotala
- MemBrain s.r.o, Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Jan Kroupa
- MEGA a.s., Pod Vinicí 87, 471 27 Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic
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33
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Chen GJ, Lee DJ. Synthesis of asymmetrical cellulose acetate/cellulose triacetate forward osmosis membrane: Optimization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kleffner C, Braun G, Antonyuk S. Influence of Membrane Intrusion on Permeate‐Sided Pressure Drop During High‐Pressure Reverse Osmosis. CHEM-ING-TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kleffner
- Technische Hochschule KölnInstitut für Anlagen- und Verfahrenstechnik Betzdorfer Straße 2 50679 Köln Germany
| | - Gerd Braun
- Technische Hochschule KölnInstitut für Anlagen- und Verfahrenstechnik Betzdorfer Straße 2 50679 Köln Germany
| | - Sergiy Antonyuk
- Technische Universität KaiserslauternMechanische Verfahrenstechnik Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße 44 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
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35
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Magnetically responsive nano filtration membranes for treatment of coal bed methane produced water. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu M, Yu C, Wu Y, Lü Z, Yu S, Gao C. In situ modification of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane module for improved fouling resistance. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quist-Jensen CA, Ali A, Drioli E, Macedonio F. Perspectives on mining from sea and other alternative strategies for minerals and water recovery – The development of novel membrane operations. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Novel technological solutions for eco-protective water supply by economical and sustainable seawater desalination. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen X, Yip NY. Unlocking High-Salinity Desalination with Cascading Osmotically Mediated Reverse Osmosis: Energy and Operating Pressure Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2242-2250. [PMID: 29357240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current practice of using thermally driven methods to treat hypersaline brines is highly energy-intensive and costly. While conventional reverse osmosis (RO) is the most efficient desalination technique, it is confined to purifying seawater and lower salinity sources. Hydraulic pressure restrictions and elevated energy demand render RO unsuitable for high-salinity streams. Here, we propose an innovative cascading osmotically mediated reverse osmosis (COMRO) technology to overcome the limitations of conventional RO. The innovation utilizes the novel design of bilateral countercurrent reverse osmosis stages to depress the hydraulic pressure needed by lessening the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane, and simultaneously achieve energy savings. Instead of the 137 bar required by conventional RO to desalinate 70 000 ppm TDS hypersaline feed, the highest operating pressure in COMRO is only 68.3 bar (-50%). Furthermore, up to ≈17% energy saving is attained by COMRO (3.16 kWh/m3, compared to 3.79 kWh/m3 with conventional RO). When COMRO is employed to boost the recovery of seawater desalination to 70% from the typical 35-50%, energy savings of up to ≈33% is achieved (2.11 kWh/m3, compared to 3.16 kWh/m3 with conventional RO). Again, COMRO can operate at a moderate hydraulic pressure of 80 bar (25% lower than 113 bar of conventional RO). This study highlights the encouraging potential of energy-efficient COMRO to access unprecedented high recovery rates and treat hypersaline brines at moderate hydraulic pressures, thus extending the capabilities of membrane-based technologies for high-salinity desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
| | - Ngai Yin Yip
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
- Columbia Water Center, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027-6623, United States
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