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Shi L, Li LJ, Sun XY, Chen YY, Luo D, He LP, Ji HJ, Gao WP, Shen HX. Er-Dong-Xiao-Ke decoction regulates lipid metabolism via PPARG-mediated UCP2/AMPK signaling to alleviate diabetic meibomian gland dysfunction. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118484. [PMID: 38925318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), complicated by type 2 diabetes, is associated with a high incidence of ocular surface disease, and no effective drug treatment exists. Diabetes mellitus (DM) MGD shows a notable disturbance in lipid metabolism. Er-Dong-Xiao-Ke decoction (EDXKD) has important functions in nourishing yin, clearing heat, and removing blood stasis, which are effective in the treatment of DM MGD. AIM OF THE STUDY To observe the therapeutic effect of EDXKD on DM MGD and its underlying molecular mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS After establishing a type 2 DM (T2DM)-induced MGD rat model, different doses of EDXKD and T0070907 were administered. The chemical constituents of EDXKD were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the molecular mechanism of EDXKD in treating DM MGD was predicted using network pharmacology. Lipid metabolism in DM meibomian glands (MGs) was analyzed using LC-MS/MS, and lipid biomarkers were screened and identified. Histological changes and lipid accumulation in MGs were detected by staining, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) expression in MG acinar cells was detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of lipid metabolism-related factors was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or western blotting. RESULTS EDXKD reduced lipid accumulation in the MGs and improved the ocular surface index in DM MGD rats. The main active components of EDXKD had advantages in lipid regulation. Additionally, the PPARG signaling pathway was the key pathway of EDXKD in the treatment of DM MGD. Twelve lipid metabolites were biomarkers of EDXKD in the treatment of DM MGD, and glycerophospholipid metabolism was the main pathway of lipid regulation. Moreover, EDXKD improved lipid deposition in the acini and upregulated the expression of PPARG. Further, EDXKD regulated the PPARG-mediated UCP2/AMPK signaling network, inhibited lipid production, and promoted lipid transport. CONCLUSION EDXKD is an effective treatment for MGD in patients with T2DM. EDXKD can regulate lipids by regulating the PPARG-mediated UCP2/AMPK signaling network, as it reduced lipid accumulation in the MGs of DM MGD rats, promoted lipid metabolism, and improved MG function and ocular surface indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liu-Jiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xin-Yi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Department of Acupuncture Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lu-Ping He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui-Jie Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei-Ping Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hu-Xing Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Bu J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Zhuang J, Zhao J, Sun L, Quantock AJ, Liu Z, Li W. Models for Meibomian gland dysfunction: In vivo and in vitro. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:154-165. [PMID: 38490475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the Meibomian glands (MGs) that is recognized as the leading cause of evaporative dry eye worldwide. Despite its prevalence, however, the pathophysiology of MGD remains elusive, and effective disease management continues to be a challenge. In the past 50 years, different models have been developed to illustrate the pathophysiological nature of MGD and the underlying disease mechanisms. An understanding of these models is crucial if researchers are to select an appropriate model to address specific questions related to MGD and to develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the various models of MGD, discuss their applications and limitations, and provide perspectives for future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen), Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingbin Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiankai Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Le Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Andrew J Quantock
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Fujian Engineering and Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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Xiao Y, McGhee CNJ, Zhang J. Adult stem cells in the eye: Identification, characterisation, and therapeutic application in ocular regeneration - A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:148-166. [PMID: 38214071 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Adult stem cells, present in various parts of the human body, are undifferentiated cells that can proliferate and differentiate to replace dying cells within tissues. Stem cells have specifically been identified in the cornea, trabecular meshwork, crystalline lens, iris, ciliary body, retina, choroid, sclera, conjunctiva, eyelid, lacrimal gland, and orbital fat. The identification of ocular stem cells broadens the potential therapeutic strategies for untreatable eye diseases. Currently, stem cell transplantation for corneal and conjunctival diseases remains the most common stem cell-based therapy in ocular clinical management. Lens epithelial stem cells have been applied in the treatment of paediatric cataracts. Several early-phase clinical trials for corneal and retinal regeneration using ocular stem cells are also underway. Extensive preclinical studies using ocular stem cells have been conducted, showing encouraging outcomes. Ocular stem cells currently demonstrate great promise in potential treatments of eye diseases. In this review, we focus on the identification, characterisation, and therapeutic application of adult stem cells in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles N J McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Peng X, Du YL, Liu ST, Chen H, Wang JS, Wang C, Xie HT, Zhang MC. Isolation and Culture of Human Meibomian Gland Ductal Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:29. [PMID: 38133507 PMCID: PMC10746932 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hyperkeratinization of meibomian gland (MG) ducts is currently recognized as the primary pathologic mechanism of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). This research figured out a method to isolate the MG ducts and established a novel system to culture the human meibomian gland ductal cells (HMGDCs) for investigating the process of MGD. Methods The MG ducts were obtained from the eyelids of recently deceased donors and subjected to enzymatic digestion. The acini were then removed to isolate independent ducts. These MG ducts were subsequently cultivated on Matrigel-coated wells and covered with a glass plate to obtain HMGDCs. The HMGDCs were further cultivated until passage 2, and when they reached 60% confluence, they were treated with IL-1β and rosiglitazone for a duration of 48 hours. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot techniques were employed to identify ductal cells and analyze the effects of IL-1β on HMGDCs in an in vitro setting. Results Ophthalmic micro-forceps and insulin needles can be employed for the purpose of isolating ducts. Within this particular culture system, the rapid expansion of HMGDCs occurred in close proximity to the duct tissue. MG ducts specifically expressed keratin 6 (Krt6) and hardly synthesized lipids. Furthermore, the expression of Krt6 was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in HMGDCs compared to human meibomian gland cells. Upon treatment with IL-1β, HMGDCs exhibited an overexpression of keratin 1, which was effectively blocked by the administration of rosiglitazone. Conclusions The present study successfully isolated human MG ducts and cultured HMGDCs, providing a valuable in vitro model for investigating the mechanism of MGD. Additionally, the potential therapeutic efficacy of rosiglitazone in treating hyperkeratinization of ducts in patients with MGD was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Li Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Duong HT, Phan MAT, Madigan MC, Stapleton F, Wilcsek G, Willcox M, Golebiowski B. Culture of primary human meibomian gland cells from surgically excised eyelid tissue. Exp Eye Res 2023; 235:109636. [PMID: 37657529 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction is one of the most common ocular diseases, with therapeutic treatment being primarily palliative due to our incomplete understanding of meibomian gland (MG) pathophysiology. To progress in vitro studies of human MG, this study describes a comprehensive protocol, with detailed troubleshooting, for the successful isolation, cultivation and cryopreservation of primary MG cells using biopsy-size segments of human eyelid tissue that would otherwise be discarded during surgery. MG acini were isolated and used to establish and propagate lipid-producing primary human MG cells. The primary cell viability during culture procedure was maintained through the application of Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase inhibitor (Y-27632, 10 μM) and collagen I from rat tails. Transcriptomic analysis of differentiated primary human MG cells confirmed cell origin and revealed high-level expression of many lipogenesis-related genes such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), ELOVL Fatty Acid Elongase 1 (ELOVL1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). Primary tarsal plate fibroblasts were also successfully isolated, cultured and cryopreserved. Established primary human MG cells and tarsal plate fibroblasts presented in this study have potential for applications in 3D models and bioengineered tissue that facilitate research in understanding of MG biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha T Duong
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Michele C Madigan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey Wilcsek
- Ocular Plastic Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Macquarie University Hospital, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Portal C, Lin Y, Rastogi V, Peterson C, Yiu SCH, Foster JW, Wilkerson A, Butovich IA, Iomini C. Primary cilia control cellular patterning of Meibomian glands during morphogenesis but not lipid composition. Commun Biol 2023; 6:282. [PMID: 36932132 PMCID: PMC10023665 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Meibomian glands (MGs) are modified sebaceous glands producing the tear film's lipids. Despite their critical role in maintaining clear vision, the mechanisms underlying MG morphogenesis in development and disease remain obscure. Cilia-mediate signals are critical for the development of skin adnexa, including sebaceous glands. Thus, we investigated the role of cilia in MG morphogenesis during development. Most cells were ciliated during early MG development, followed by cilia disassembly during differentiation. In mature glands, ciliated cells were primarily restricted to the basal layer of the proximal gland central duct. Cilia ablation in keratine14-expressing tissue disrupted the accumulation of proliferative cells at the distal tip but did not affect the overall rate of proliferation or apoptosis. Moreover, impaired cellular patterning during elongation resulted in hypertrophy of mature MGs with increased meibum volume without altering its lipid composition. Thus, cilia signaling networks provide a new platform to design therapeutic treatments for MG dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Portal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Yvonne Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Varuni Rastogi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Cornelia Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Samuel Chi-Hung Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - James W Foster
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Amber Wilkerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Igor A Butovich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Carlo Iomini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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Du YL, Peng X, Liu Y, Wang JS, Ye YF, Xu KK, Qu JY, Chen H, Xie HT, Zhang MC. Ductal Hyperkeratinization and Acinar Renewal Abnormality: New Concepts on Pathogenesis of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1889-1901. [PMID: 36975492 PMCID: PMC10047716 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a functional and morphological disorder of the meibomian glands which results in qualitative or quantitative alteration in meibum secretion and is the major cause of evaporative dry eye (EDE). EDE is often characterized by tear film instability, increased evaporation, hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and ocular surface disorder. The precise pathogenesis of MGD remains elusive. It has been widely considered that MGD develops as a result of ductal epithelial hyperkeratinization, which obstructs the meibomian orifice, halts meibum secretion, and causes secondary acinar atrophy and gland dropout. Abnormal self-renewal and differentiation of the acinar cells also play a significant role in MGD. This review summarizes the latest research findings regarding the possible pathogenesis of MGD and provides further treatment strategies for MGD-EDE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jia-Song Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - You-Fan Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing-Yu Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hua-Tao Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ming-Chang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Nuwormegbe S, Park NY, Park HJ, Jin Y, Kim SW, Jester JV. Induction of meibocyte differentiation by three-dimensional, matrigel culture of immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells to form acinar organoids. Ocul Surf 2022; 26:271-282. [PMID: 36341959 PMCID: PMC10364613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that two-dimensional (2D) culture of primary rabbit and immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells (iHMGEC) do not recapitulate normal meibocyte differentiation and fail to express critical enzymes necessary for synthesis of meibum lipids. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 3D-spheroid culture of iHMGEC can facilitate meibocyte differentiation and induce the expression of acyl-CoA wax-alcohol acyltransferase 2 (AWAT2), shown to be required for synthesis of meibum wax esters. METHODS iHMGEC were suspended in matrigel/basement membrane matrix and grown in proliferation media to form distinct cell clusters or spheroids. Cells were then treated with serum-free, differentiation media (advanced DMEM/F12) with and without FGF10 and synthetic agonists for the nuclear lipid receptor, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPARγ). Cells were then evaluated for differentiation markers using western blotting, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and real-time PCR. Control cells were grown in standard 2D culture systems. RESULTS Under proliferative conditions, 3D culture induced the formation of KRT5+ spheroids that contained a Ki67+/P63+ undifferentiated, basal cell population. When spheroids were switched to differentiation media containing PPARγ agonists, two different organoid populations were detected, a KRT6low population that was AWAT2+/PPARγ+ and a KRT6high population that was AWAT2-/PPARγ-, suggesting that iHMGEC exhibit a dual differentiation potential toward either a ductal or meibocyte organoid phenotype. CONCLUSION The 3D culturing of iHMGEC can induce the formation of both meibocyte and ductal organoids and may thus serve as a better in vitro model system for studying the regulatory mechanisms controlling meibomian gland function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selikem Nuwormegbe
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Ilsan-ro, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Park
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Ilsan-ro, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Joo Park
- Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Ilsan-ro, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonwoo Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Ilsan-ro, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Ilsan-ro, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Metabolism and Inflammation, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Ilsan-ro, Gangwon-do, 26426, Republic of Korea.
| | - James V Jester
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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