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Parisi F, Aurisicchio L, Pecorari A, Poli A, Millanta F. A Preliminary Evaluation of the Prognostic Role of HER-2 and HER-3 Immunohistochemical Expression in Canine Melanomas. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1400. [PMID: 38791617 PMCID: PMC11117344 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine melanoma is a malignant and aggressive neoplasm showing clinical, histological, and molecular features similar to the human counterpart. In human medicine, epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) have already been suggested as prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in cutaneous melanoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of HER-2 and HER-3 in canine melanomas by immunohistochemistry and correlate their expression to the clinicopathological parameters of the examined tumors. Thirty-seven canine melanoma samples were recruited. Data regarding signalment and clinical parameters were also collected. The population was composed of 18 cutaneous, 16 oral/mucosal, and three digital/foot pad melanomas. Histopathological investigations were carried out to analyze histological type, ulceration, and mitotic count. On each sample, immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti-Melan-A or anti-Melanoma antigen, i.e., anti-HER-2 and anti-HER-3 antibodies. HER-2 and HER-3 positivity were classified using already established scoring criteria and a statistical analysis was carried out. The results highlighted that HER-2 expression was observed in 48.6% of the samples and HER-3 expression in 18.9%. The highest HER 2 score (3+) was recorded in 16.2% of the samples, while the coexpression of the two receptors was detected in 13.5% of the samples. A statistically significant association (p < 0.05) was observed between the expression of HER-2 and HER-3 and the presence of ulceration in oromucosal tumors. This work confirms the expression of HER-2 and HER-3 in canine melanomas and suggests a putative association with negative prognostic parameters. Further studies are necessary to strengthen these data by increasing the samples size and combining pathological examinations with molecular biology in the investigation of EGFR family receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | | | - Arianna Pecorari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Francesca Millanta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (A.P.); (A.P.); (F.M.)
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2
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Goulielmaki M, Stokidis S, Anagnostou T, Voutsas IF, Gritzapis AD, Baxevanis CN, Fortis SP. Frequencies of an Immunogenic HER-2/ neu Epitope of CD8+ T Lymphocytes Predict Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065954. [PMID: 36983028 PMCID: PMC10058793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
HER-2/neu is the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, which is associated with the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). HER-2/neu-specific T cell immunity has been shown to predict immunologic and clinical responses in PCa patients treated with HER-2/neu peptide vaccines. However, its prognostic role in PCa patients receiving conventional treatment is unknown, and this was addressed in this study. The densities of CD8+ T cells specific for the HER-2/neu(780-788) peptide in the peripheral blood of PCa patients under standard treatments were correlated with TGF-β/IL-8 levels and clinical outcomes. We demonstrated that PCa patients with high frequencies of HER-2/neu(780-788)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes had better progression-free survival (PFS) as compared with PCa patients with low frequencies. Increased frequencies of HER-2/neu(780-788)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes were also associated with lower levels of TGF-β and IL-8. Our data provide the first evidence of the predictive role of HER-2/neu-specific T cell immunity in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goulielmaki
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Savvas Stokidis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis F Voutsas
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos D Gritzapis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios P Fortis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
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3
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Alrhmoun S, Sennikov S. The Role of Tumor-Associated Antigen HER2/neu in Tumor Development and the Different Approaches for Using It in Treatment: Many Choices and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246173. [PMID: 36551661 PMCID: PMC9776683 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of HER2-positive cancers has changed significantly over the past ten years thanks to a significant number of promising new approaches that have been added to our arsenal in the fight against cancer, including monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, antibody-drug conjugates, vaccination, and particularly, adoptive-T-cell therapy after its great success in hematological malignancies. Equally important is the new methodology for determining patients eligible for targeted HER2 therapy, which has doubled the number of patients who can benefit from these treatments. However, despite the initial enthusiasm, there are still several problems in this field represented by drug resistance and tumor recurrence that require the further development of new more efficient drugs. In this review, we discuss various approaches for targeting the HER2 molecule in cancer treatment, highlighting their benefits and drawbacks, along with the different mechanisms responsible for resistance to HER2-targeted therapies and how to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alrhmoun
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Sennikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Immunology, V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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4
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HER2-targeted advanced metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: treatment landscape and future perspectives. Biomark Res 2022; 10:71. [PMID: 36175985 PMCID: PMC9524015 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the global incidence of gastric/gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) cancer has remained high. China is also a large country with a high gastric cancer (GC) incidence rate, where the cases of GC account for 40% of all cases worldwide. More than 90% of GEJ cancers are the adenocarcinoma pathological type. Patients with early-stage G/GEJ adenocarcinoma may have a better prognosis after surgery. In contrast, patients with advanced metastatic G/GEJ adenocarcinoma usually choose comprehensive treatment based on systemic pharmacotherapy, but the subsequent long-term survival is not optimistic. The discovery of various biomarkers, especially microsatellite instability (MSI), programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), tumor mutational burden (TMB) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has led to the identification of an increasing number of targeted populations and has greatly improved the clinical efficacy of treatments for G/GEJ adenocarcinoma. The ToGA trial added trastuzumab to standard chemotherapy, showed improved survival of patients with HER2-positive advanced G/GEJ adenocarcinoma and brought these patients into a new era of HER2-targeted therapy. Moreover, many HER2-targeted agents have been developed and studied in patients with advanced HER2-positive G/GEJ adenocarcinoma who have demonstrated excellent clinical outcomes. However, many patients experience disease progression with HER2-targeted therapy; hence, new anti-HER2 drugs keep being developed, significantly reducing HER2 resistance. This paper reviews HER2-targeted drugs for advanced metastatic G/GEJ adenocarcinoma, potential resistance mechanisms and future directions.
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Peixoto GA, Korkes F, Pazeto CL, De Castro MG, Lima TFN, Wroclawski ML, Christofe NM, Tobias-Machado M, Santiago LHS, Glina S. The influence of testosterone suppression on HER2 immunoexpression in prostatic neoplastic tissue. Mol Clin Oncol 2021; 15:185. [PMID: 34277004 PMCID: PMC8278412 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2021.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
During initial risk assessments, the metastatic potential of prostate cancer (PCa) may not be fully considered. The tumor's multicentric origin, which is associated with genetic mutations, may explain existing treatment limitations. Investigating human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression in patients with different stages of PCa may therefore increase understanding of the mechanisms associated with the development of castration resistance. The present study examined the association between HER2 expression and the histologic features of PCa subjected to radical prostatectomy (RP) and evaluated the role of testosterone suppression in HER2 expression. In group 1, specimens from individuals who underwent RP without prior neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) were included (n=42). In group 2 (PCa with ADT), specimens from individuals who underwent RP and received neoadjuvant cyproterone acetate during distinct periods (200 mg daily for 1-24 months) were included (n=150; cohort derived from a previous study). Immunohistochemical expression of HER2 was associated with prognostic factors such as perineural invasion, extra-prostatic disease, T stage, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), angiolymphatic invasion and surgical margins. Univariate regression analysis indicated that perineural invasion, PSA, International Society of Urological Pathology, angiolymphatic invasion, margin, T stage and neoadjuvant ADT was associated with HER2 expression. Ordinal regression analysis indicated a significant effect of neoadjuvant ADT alone on HER2 expression (P<0.001). In addition, regression analysis indicated a significant effect of neoadjuvant ADT alone on HER2 expression (odd ratio=0.01; 95% CI, 0.00, 0.02; P<0.001). HER2 was expressed in PCa samples but was not associated with known prognostic factors. The use of short-acting ADT and the consequent blockage of testosterone effect may suppress the expression of HER2 in PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Andrade Peixoto
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09060-870, Brazil.,Department of Urology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Korkes
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09060-870, Brazil.,Department of Urology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Linck Pazeto
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09060-870, Brazil.,Department of Urology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Langer Wroclawski
- Department of Urology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil.,Department of Urology, Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo 01323-001, Brazil
| | - Nicolle Martin Christofe
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09060-870, Brazil.,Department of Urology, Faculty of Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo 01238-010, Brazil
| | - Marcos Tobias-Machado
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09060-870, Brazil
| | | | - Sidney Glina
- Department of Urology, Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09060-870, Brazil.,Department of Urology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-900, Brazil
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Zhu Y, Zhu X, Wei X, Tang C, Zhang W. HER2-targeted therapies in gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188549. [PMID: 33894300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy of cancer has always been the focus of clinicians. Among those therapeutic targets, the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) signaling pathway is one of the most popular targets for translational research in cancer. However, unlike prospect in breast cancer, HER-2 inhibitor trastuzumab is the only molecular targeted drug approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the first-line treatment of HER-2 positive advanced gastric cancer. On this basis, a variety of novel HER2- targeted drugs for gastric cancer are under development, and related clinical researches are in full swing, including small molecular kinase inhibitors (e.g., afatinib, neratinib, pyrotinib), antibody-drug conjugates (e.g., DS-8201a, RC48-ADC) and other novel therapies (e.g., ZW25, CAR-T, BVAC-B). In this study, we will summarize the recent advances in anti-HER-2 agents, potential mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted therapy in HER2-positive gastric cancer. We will also discuss the future prospects of potential strategies to overcome anti-HER-2 resistance and development of novel anti-HER-2 approaches for the treatment of HER2-positive gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xuedan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China
| | - Cuiju Tang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, China.
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7
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Bahcivan A, Gamsizkan M, Kantarcioglu Coskun S, Cangur S, Yuksel A, Ceyhan A, Onal B. KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA mutation frequency of radical prostatectomy samples and review of the literature. Aging Male 2020; 23:1627-1641. [PMID: 33878842 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2021.1901274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The molecular basis of prostate cancer is highly heterogeneous. Our study aimed to perform the mutation analysis of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation of EGFR, HER2, p16, and PTEN to demonstrate new areas for targeted therapies. METHODS A total of 24 prostatectomy samples diagnosed with adenocarcinoma were analyzed by microarray hybridization. Also, these samples were IHC stained for EGFR, HER2, P16, and PTEN. The cases were divided into two groups based on low and high Gleason scores. All findings were compared with the clinicopathological parameters of the patients. RESULTS While KRAS mutation was in 3/24 (12.5%) of our cases, BRAF and PIK3CA mutations were not detected. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of KRAS mutation frequency. HER2 was immunohistochemically negative in all samples. There was no correlation between EGFR, P16 immunopositivity, and clinicopathological features. CONCLUSION KRAS mutation frequency is similar to those in Asian populations. BRAF and PIK3CA mutation frequencies have been reported in the literature in the range of 0-15% and 0-10.4%, respectively, consistent with our study findings. HER2 immunoexpression is a controversial issue in the literature. EGFR and p16 expressions may not correlate with the stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atike Bahcivan
- Department of Pathology, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sengul Cangur
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | | | - Aysegul Ceyhan
- Department of Pathology, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Binnur Onal
- Department of Pathology, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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8
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Rossini A, Giussani M, Ripamonti F, Aiello P, Regondi V, Balsari A, Triulzi T, Tagliabue E. Combined targeting of EGFR and HER2 against prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:463-475. [PMID: 32089070 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1727702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer has been associated with EGFR and HER2 activation and to tumor-initiating cells contribution toward chemotherapy resistance. We investigated the efficacy of a dual intervention against EGFR and HER2 to deplete the tumor-initiating cells, optimize the chemotherapy management and prevent the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Using DU145, PC3, and 22Rv1 CRPC cell lines, biochemical analysis revealed activation of EGFR, HER2, MAPK, and STAT3 in DU145 and 22Rv1, and AKT and SRC in DU145 and PC-3. pSTAT3 nuclear staining was observed in DU145 xenografts and in 12 out of 14 CRPC specimens. The in vivo dual targeting of ErbB receptors with Cetuximab and Trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy caused an effective antitumor response in DU145 xenografted mice displaying STAT3 activation; conversely PC-3 bearing mice experienced tumor relapse. The potentiating of in vivo cytotoxic effect in DU145 model was accompanied by a significant decrease of prostatosphere-forming capacity assessed in vitro on residual tumor cells. Additionally, combined treatment in vitro with Cetuximab, Trastuzumab and chemotherapy negatively affected DU145 and 22Rv1 sphere formation, suggesting the critical function of ErbB receptors for tumor-initiating cells proliferation; no effect on PC-3 clonogenic potential was observed, indicating that other receptors than EGFR and HER2 may sustain PC3 tumor-initiating cells. These findings provided the preclinical evidence that the dual inhibition of EGFR and HER2 by targeting tumor-initiating cells may improve the efficacy of the current chemotherapy regimen, bringing benefits especially to castration-resistant patients with activated STAT3, and preventing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rossini
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Giussani
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ripamonti
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Piera Aiello
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Viola Regondi
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Balsari
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Triulzi
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Elda Tagliabue
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Senapati U, Sengupta M, Datta C, Chatterjee U, Pal DK, Das D, Poddar P. Correlation of Gleason Grading and Prognostic Immunohistochemistry Markers (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2/neu and Androgen Receptor) in Prostatic Core Needle Biopsy: A Study in a Tertiary Care Center. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_139_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Worldwide prostate cancer is the most common cause of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death among men. Transrectal ultrasound-guided core needle biopsies are the diagnostic modalities which help in proper categorization and grading of prostatic carcinoma, thus facilitating individualized treatment. These biopsies are the primary source for performance of additional diagnostic immunohistochemical testing for basal cell-associated markers to rule out the morphological mimicker and prognostic markers such as androgen receptor (AR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)/neu. Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted in the department of pathology in collaboration with department of urosurgery of a tertiary care hospital. One hundred and nineteen patients diagnosed with prostatic nodules were included in this study. Values of serum prostate-specific antigen were recorded. Tissue for histopathological study was obtained in the form of core needle biopsy, and Gleason grade was calculated in all malignant cases. Immunohistochemistry for p63 and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase was performed as an additional test in premalignant cases. Prognostication of the prostate cancer cases was done using AR and HER2/neu. Results: A total of 119 cases aged between 20 and 90 years were included in this study. Malignant lesions reveal an increase in the percentage of AR staining in comparison to the benign glandular structure. The Gleason score with higher value (8–9) showed increased expression of HER2/neu receptor. Conclusion: Critical histopathological analysis of core needle biopsy along with immunohistochemical evaluation maximizes the diagnostic accuracy in prostate cancer cases and also helps in prognosis assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsha Senapati
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Moumita Sengupta
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chhanda Datta
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Pal
- Urosurgery, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Diya Das
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Piyali Poddar
- Urosurgery, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Sharifi N, Salmaninejad A, Ferdosi S, Bajestani AN, Khaleghiyan M, Estiar MA, Jamali M, Nowroozi MR, Shakoori A. HER2 gene amplification in patients with prostate cancer: Evaluating a CISH-based method. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4651-4658. [PMID: 28105172 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most widespread malignancies in the world. The role of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in the pathogenesis and progression of human PCa remains poorly understood. In contradiction with breast cancer, studies on HER2 overexpression and gene amplification in PCa have produced varying results, although the HER2 oncogene has been implicated in the biology of numerous tumor types, and serves as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer. Technical challenges are considered the main reasons for data discrepancies. Amplification of the HER2 gene has previously been reported in PCa, in which it was associated with tumor progression. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical significance of HER2 amplification in PCa. A total of 32 biopsy samples obtained from human prostate adenocarcinomas were evaluated by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) to determine the frequency of patients with HER2 gene amplifications. High copy numbers of HER2 were detected in 19 of the prostate tumors analyzed. The results of the present study suggested that, in patients without amplification of HER2, high levels of prostate-specific antigen or a high Gleason score were not significantly correlated with a high pathologic stage. Furthermore, amplification levels of the HER2 gene were directly associated with pathologic stage in patients with PCa. Therefore, the potential use of HER2 as a prognostic factor or therapeutic target for PCa warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Sharifi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran; Genetic Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Samira Ferdosi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Nesaei Bajestani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ayatollah Madani Hospital, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad 9698154813, Iran
| | - Malihe Khaleghiyan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Asghari Estiar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Mansour Jamali
- Department of Pathology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nowroozi
- Uro Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
| | - Abbas Shakoori
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733141, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1471613151, Iran
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11
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Murray NP, Reyes E, Fuentealba C, Jacob O, Orellana N. Possible Role of HER-2 in the Progression of Prostate Cancer from Primary Tumor to Androgen Independence. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:6615-9. [PMID: 26434884 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.15.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of HER-2 in prostate cancer has been linked to disease progression. We analysed the presence of HER-2 expression in primary tumors in men undergoing radical prostatectomy, its association with clinical and pathological findings, and its expression in secondary circulating prostate cells (CPCs) during follow up, as well as links with biochemical failure and the effects of androgen blockade. MATERIALS AND METHODS Consecutive men undergoing radical prostatectomy for histologically confirmed prostate cancer were analyzed. HER-2 expression in the primary tumor was assessed using the HercepTest®, CPCs were identified from blood samples using standard immunocytochemistry with anti-PSA and positive samples with the HercepTest® to determine HER-2 expression. The influence of HER-2 expression on the frequency of biochemical failure and effects of androgen blockade was determined. RESULTS 144 men with a mean age of 64.8±10.3 years participated, with a median follow up of 8.2 years. HER-2 was expressed in 20.8% of primary tumors; it was associated with vascular infiltration and older age, but not with other clinical pathological findings. Some 40.3% of men had secondary CPCs detected, of which 38% expressed HER-2. Men CPC (+) had a higher frequency of biochemical failure, but there was no difference in HER-2 expression of CPCs with the frequency of biochemical failure. After androgen blockade, men with HER-2 (+) positive secondary CPCs had a higher frequency of disease progression to castrate resistant disease. CONCLUSIONS HER-2 plays a dual role in the progression of prostate cancer; firstly it may increase the potential of tumor cells to disseminate from the primary tumor via the blood by increasing vascular infiltration. In the presence of androgens, there is no survival advantage of expressing HER-2, but once biochemical failure has occurred and androgen blockade started, HER-2 positive cells are resistant to treatment, survive and grow leading to castration resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P Murray
- Hematology, Medicine, Hospital de Carabineros de Chile, Faculty of Medicine University Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile E-mail :
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Gao S, Ye H, Gerrin S, Wang H, Sharma A, Chen S, Patnaik A, Sowalsky AG, Voznesensky O, Han W, Yu Z, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS, Taplin ME, Balk SP, Cai C. ErbB2 Signaling Increases Androgen Receptor Expression in Abiraterone-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3672-82. [PMID: 26936914 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ErbB2 signaling appears to be increased and may enhance androgen receptor (AR) activity in a subset of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but agents targeting ErbB2 have not been effective. This study was undertaken to assess ErbB2 activity in abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer and to determine whether it may contribute to AR signaling in these tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AR activity and ErbB2 signaling were examined in the radical prostatectomy specimens from a neoadjuvant clinical trial of leuprolide plus abiraterone and in the specimens from abiraterone-resistant CRPC xenograft models. The effect of ErbB2 signaling on AR activity was determined in two CRPC cell lines. Moreover, the effect of combination treatment with abiraterone and an ErbB2 inhibitor was assessed in a CRPC xenograft model. RESULTS We found that ErbB2 signaling was elevated in residual tumor following abiraterone treatment in a subset of patients and was associated with higher nuclear AR expression. In xenograft models, we similarly demonstrated that ErbB2 signaling was increased and associated with AR reactivation in abiraterone-resistant tumors. Mechanistically, we show that ErbB2 signaling and subsequent activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling stabilizes AR protein. Furthermore, concomitantly treating CRPC cells with abiraterone and an ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib, blocked AR reactivation and suppressed tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS ErbB2 signaling is elevated in a subset of patients with abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer and stabilizes AR protein. Combination therapy with abiraterone and ErbB2 antagonists may be effective for treating the subset of CRPC with elevated ErbB2 activity. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3672-82. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Androgens/genetics
- Androstenes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Leuprolide/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Prostate/drug effects
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huihui Ye
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sean Gerrin
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Akash Patnaik
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Adam G Sowalsky
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Olga Voznesensky
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wanting Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts. Hematology-Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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13
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Schweizer MT, Yu EY. Persistent androgen receptor addiction in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:128. [PMID: 26566796 PMCID: PMC4644296 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0225-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now understood that persistent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway often underlies the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). This realization led to renewed interest in targeting the AR and ultimately to the development of the potent next-generation AR-directed agents abiraterone and enzalutamide. While these drugs prolong survival in men with CRPC, they are unfortunately not curative. Perhaps not surprisingly, evidence points to persistent AR signaling as one of the key drivers by which resistances to these agents develops. In this context, activation of the AR signaling program can occur through a number of molecular adaptations, including alterations leading to persistent canonical AR signaling (e.g., AR amplification/overexpression, elucidations/concentration of intratumoral androgens), activation of the AR program via feedback pathways (e.g., AKT/mTOR/Pi3K, HER2/Neu), and activation of the AR program via mutation or substitution (e.g., AR ligand binding domain mutation; AR splice variants; glucocorticoid receptor signaling). This review will provide an overview of the more clinical relevant (i.e., druggable) pathways that have been implicated in the emergence of drug resistance in men with CRPC and highlight some of the ongoing efforts towards developing therapeutics to impair these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Schweizer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Evan Y Yu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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14
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Perner S, Cronauer MV, Schrader AJ, Klocker H, Culig Z, Baniahmad A. Adaptive responses of androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35542-55. [PMID: 26325261 PMCID: PMC4742123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is an important age-related disease being the most common cancer malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in Western countries. Initially, PCa progression is androgen receptor (AR)- and androgen-dependent. Eventually advanced PCa reaches the stage of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC), but remains dependent on AR, which indicates the importance of AR activity also for CRPC. Here, we discuss various pathways that influence the AR activity in CRPC, which indicates an adaptation of the AR signaling in PCa to overcome the treatment of PCa. The adaptation pathways include interferences of the normal regulation of the AR protein level, the expression of AR variants, the crosstalk of the AR with cytokine tyrosine kinases, the Src-Akt-, the MAPK-signaling pathways and AR corepressors. Furthermore, we summarize the current treatment options with regard to the underlying molecular basis of the common adaptation processes of AR signaling that may arise after the treatment with AR antagonists, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as well as for CRPC, and point towards novel therapeutic strategies. The understanding of individualized adaptation processes in PCa will lead to individualized treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Perner
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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15
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Kim SB, Ahn JH, Kim J, Jung KH. A phase 1 study of a heterologous prime-boost vaccination involving a truncated HER2 sequence in patients with HER2-expressing breast cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 2:15031. [PMID: 26445724 PMCID: PMC4588449 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A phase 1 clinical trial was conducted to assess the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of a heterologous prime-boost strategy involving plasmid DNA (pHM-GM-CSF, expressing truncated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulation factor (GM-CSF) as a bicistronic message) and an adenoviral vector (Ad-HM, containing the same modified HER2 sequence only), in patients with stage III–IV metastatic breast cancer expressing HER2. Nine eligible subjects were divided into three cohorts based on the dosages (2, 4, and 8 mg/patient/visit) of pHM-GM-CSF used as the primer, which was intramuscularly injected three times at weeks 0, 2, and 4. It was followed by a single injection of Ad-HM (3 × 109 virus particles), used as a booster, at week 6. During the 6-month follow-up period, adverse events (AEs), pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and HER2-specific cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. Seven cases of minor grade 1 toxicities in four of nine subjects and no serious drug-related AEs were reported. HER2-specific cell-mediated or humoral immunity was produced in all (100%) or three subjects (33%), respectively. One subject showed a partial response, and seven subjects had stable diseases. However, there were no differences in clinical tumor response and HER2-specific immune responses among the cohorts. These results showed that intramuscular injections of pHM-GM-CSF and Ad-HM were well tolerated and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bae Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Ahn
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hae Jung
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine , Songpa-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Zhu G, Liu Z, Epstein JI, Davis C, Christudass CS, Carter HB, Landis P, Zhang H, Chung JY, Hewitt SM, Miller MC, Veltri RW. A Novel Quantitative Multiplex Tissue Immunoblotting for Biomarkers Predicts a Prostate Cancer Aggressive Phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:1864-72. [PMID: 26404961 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early prediction of disease progression in men with very low-risk (VLR) prostate cancer who selected active surveillance (AS) rather than immediate treatment could reduce morbidity associated with overtreatment. METHODS We evaluated the association of six biomarkers [Periostin, (-5, -7) proPSA, CACNA1D, HER2/neu, EZH2, and Ki-67] with different Gleason scores and biochemical recurrence (BCR) on prostate cancer TMAs of 80 radical prostatectomy (RP) cases. Multiplex tissue immunoblotting (MTI) was used to assess these biomarkers in cancer and adjacent benign areas of 5 μm sections. Multivariate logistic regression (MLR) was applied to model our results. RESULTS In the RP cases, CACNA1D, HER2/neu, and Periostin expression were significantly correlated with aggressive phenotype in cancer areas. An MLR model in the cancer area yielded a ROC-AUC = 0.98, whereas in cancer-adjacent benign areas, yielded a ROC-AUC = 0.94. CACNA1D and HER2/neu expression combined with Gleason score in a MLR model yielded a ROC-AUC = 0.79 for BCR prediction. In the small biopsies from an AS cohort of 61 VLR cases, an MLR model for prediction of progressors at diagnosis retained (-5, -7) proPSA and CACNA1D, yielding a ROC-AUC of 0.78, which was improved to 0.82 after adding tPSA into the model. CONCLUSIONS The molecular profile of biomarkers is capable of accurately predicting aggressive prostate cancer on retrospective RP cases and identifying potential aggressive prostate cancer requiring immediate treatment on the AS diagnostic biopsy but limited in BCR prediction. IMPACT Comprehensive profiling of biomarkers using MTI predicts prostate cancer aggressive phenotype in RP and AS biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjing Zhu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhi Liu
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine Davis
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christhunesa S Christudass
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - H Ballentine Carter
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patricia Landis
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Robert W Veltri
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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17
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Han J, Meng QY, Liu X, Xi QL, Zhuang QL, Wu GH. Lack of effects of HER-2/neu on prognosis in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5551-6. [PMID: 25081663 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2/neu) for survival of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is still ambiguous. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to evaluate its prognostic significance. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for published literature investigating associations between HER-2/neu status and overall survival of patients with CRC. A meta-analysis was performed using a DerSimonian-Laird model and publication bias was investigated by Begg's and Egger's tests. Subgroup analysis was also conducted according to the study design type, study quality score, cut-off value for HER-2/neu overexpression, publication region, patient number and publication year. RESULTS A total of 17 eligible studies involving 2,347 patients were identified for this meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio (HR) was 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96-1.79), suggesting that HER-2/neu overexpression was not significantly associated with overall survival of patients with CRC. However, subgroup analysis revealed that HER-2/neu overexpression had an unfavorable impact on survival when the analysis was restricted to subgroups of study quality score ≤ 5 (HR=1.56, 95%CI: 1.17-2.10), Asian patients (HR=1.74, 95%CI: 1.22-2.49), patient number ≤ 106 (HR=1.57, 95%CI: 1.01-2.44), publication year before 2003 (HR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.02-2.49), and prospectively designed study (HR=3.62, 95%CI: 1.42-9.24). The effect disappeared in subgroups of study quality scores > 5 (HR=0.69, 95%CI: 0.33-1.44), non Asian patients (HR=1.14, 95%CI: 0.77-1.70), patients' number > 106 (HR=1.07, 95%CI: 0.67-1.72), publication year after 2003 (HR=1.13, 95%CI: 0.76-1.69), and retrospectively designed study (HR=1.22, 95%CI: 0.89-1.67). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that HER-2/neu overexpression might not be a significantly prognostic indicator for patients with CRC. Further studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China E-mail :
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18
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Nagaraja V, Eslick GD. HER2 expression in gastric and oesophageal cancer: a meta-analytic review. J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 6:143-54. [PMID: 25830034 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the advent and the success of adjuvant medical therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer in the form of trastuzumab there has been increasing interest in the development of similar therapies in other solid organ malignancies including gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer. Over the years, multiple observational studies have been inconsistent. Several meta-analyses have been published looking at the association between HER2 and gastric cancer and oesophageal cancer. This review aims to summarize the meta-analytic evidence for the association between HER2 in gastric and oesophageal cancer. METHODS A systematic search was conducted using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Current Contents Connect, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science. RESULTS Of the articles selected, only nine studies met full criteria. Six of them reviewed the role of HER2 in gastric cancer and the remaining three reviewed its role in oesophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence regarding the role of HER2 is unclear. However, it clearly plays a key role in the pathogenesis of gastric and oesophageal carcinomas. Targeted therapy towards this subgroup (despite variable frequency and association with survival) would offer a mortality benefit and improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Nagaraja
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The Sydney Medical School Nepean, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Guy D Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The Sydney Medical School Nepean, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Hammarsten P, Winther J, Rudolfsson SH, Häggström J, Karalija A, Egevad L, Granfors T, Fowler CJ. ErbB2 receptor immunoreactivity in prostate cancer: relationship to the androgen receptor, disease severity at diagnosis and disease outcome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105063. [PMID: 25215939 PMCID: PMC4162542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background ErbB2 is a member of the epidermal growth factor family of tyrosine kinases that is centrally involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and several studies have reported that a high expression of this protein has prognostic value. In the present study, we have investigated whether tumour ErbB2 immunoreactivity (ErbB2-IR) has clinically useful prognostic value, i.e. that it provides additional prognostic information to that provided by routine clinical tests (Gleason score, tumour stage). Methodology/Principal Findings ErbB2-IR was measured in a well-characterised tissue microarray of tumour and non-malignant samples obtained at diagnosis. Additionally, mRNA levels of ErbB2-IR in the prostate were determined in the rat following manipulation of circulating androgen levels. Tumour ErbB2-IR was significantly associated with the downstream signalling molecule phosphorylated-Akt and with the cell proliferation marker Ki-67. The significant association of tumour ErbB2-IR with the Gleason score at diagnosis was lost when controlled for the association of both parameters with Ki-67. In the rat prostate, mRNA for ErbB2 was inversely associated with circulating androgen levels. There was no association between ErbB2-IR and the androgen receptor (AR)-IR in the tumours, but an interaction between the two parameters was seen with respect to their association with the tumour stage. Tumour ErbB2-IR was confirmed to be a prognostic marker for disease-specific survival, but it did not provide significant additive information to the Gleason score or to Ki-67. Conclusions/Significance It is concluded that tumour ErbB2-IR is of limited clinical value as a prognostic marker to aid treatment decisions, but could be of pathophysiological importance in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanna Winther
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stina H. Rudolfsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jenny Häggström
- Umeå School of Business and Economics, Department of Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Amar Karalija
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Anatomy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Egevad
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Christopher J. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Zahir ST, Tafti HF, Rahmani K. Overexpression of HER-2/neu in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:6425-8. [PMID: 25124637 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.15.6425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic adenocarcinoma is one of the main causes of cancer death, and its timely diagnosis and preventing its progression dramatically helps improve life indexes. Given the high disease recurrence rate, today, research is more inclined toward exploring causes of recurrence and development, and innovation of modern treatment methods. Several studies have explored over-expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu) in prostatic cancer so far, with different results. Thus, it was decided to investigate HER-2/neu overexpression in patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample size of 40 patients with prostate cancer entered the study, using a cross-sectional, non-randomized sampling method. Parameters studied included patient age at surgery, Gleason score, serum prostatic specific antigen (PSA) before surgery, and positive sample rate after immunohistochemical staining to investigate HER-2/neu overexpression. RESULTS In terms of HER-2/neu receptor staining rate, of 40 slides, 16 (40%) scored 0, 13 (32.5%) 1+, 7 (17.5%) 2+, and 4 (10%) 3+. In total 27.5% of slides showed HER-2/neu overexpression. In terms of age, an inverse correlation was found (-0.181), but without significance (p=0.263). In terms of serum PSA, the correlation coefficient was 0.449 (p=0.004). With respect to Gleason score, the coefficient was 0.190 (p=0.240). CONCLUSIONS In this study, HER-2/neu overexpression occurred in 27.5% of prostate cancer cases, which is a relatively high figure, compared to similar studies elsewhere. While, we failed to reveal any relationship between HER-2/neu expression status with progression and prognosis of disease, it was demonstrated that the serum PSA level was significantly higher in cases with increased receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Taghipour Zahir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Cedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran E-mail :
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21
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HER2/neu: an increasingly important therapeutic target. Part 2: Distribution of HER2/neu overexpression and gene amplification by organ, tumor site and histology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/cli.14.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Häggström J, Cipriano M, Forshell LP, Persson E, Hammarsten P, Stella N, Fowler CJ. Potential upstream regulators of cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling in prostate cancer: a Bayesian network analysis of data from a tissue microarray. Prostate 2014; 74:1107-17. [PMID: 24913716 PMCID: PMC4145668 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid system regulates cancer cell proliferation, and in prostate cancer a high cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression is associated with a poor prognosis. Down-stream mediators of CB1 receptor signaling in prostate cancer are known, but information on potential upstream regulators is lacking. RESULTS Data from a well-characterized tumor tissue microarray were used for a Bayesian network analysis using the max-min hill-climbing method. In non-malignant tissue samples, a directionality of pEGFR (the phosphorylated form of the epidermal growth factor receptor) → CB1 receptors were found regardless as to whether the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) was included as a parameter. A similar result was found in the tumor tissue, but only when FAAH was included in the analysis. A second regulatory pathway, from the growth factor receptor ErbB2 → FAAH was also identified in the tumor samples. Transfection of AT1 prostate cancer cells with CB1 receptors induced a sensitivity to the growth-inhibiting effects of the CB receptor agonist CP55,940. The sensitivity was not dependent upon the level of receptor expression. Thus a high CB1 receptor expression alone does not drive the cells towards a survival phenotype in the presence of a CB receptor agonist. CONCLUSIONS The data identify two potential regulators of the endocannabinoid system in prostate cancer and allow the construction of a model of a dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling network in this tumor. Further studies should be designed to test the veracity of the predictions of the network analysis in prostate cancer and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Häggström
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business and Economics, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Mariateresa Cipriano
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Linus Plym Forshell
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Emma Persson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Hammarsten
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattle, Washington
| | - Christopher J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- *Correspondence to: Professor Christopher J. Fowler, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden. E-mail:
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Dietrich D, Meller S, Uhl B, Ralla B, Stephan C, Jung K, Ellinger J, Kristiansen G. Nucleic acid-based tissue biomarkers of urologic malignancies. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:173-99. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.906130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yan M, Parker BA, Schwab R, Kurzrock R. HER2 aberrations in cancer: implications for therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:770-80. [PMID: 24656976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although anti-HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) therapy is currently approved for breast, gastric, and gastroesophageal cancers overexpressing the HER2 protein or amplified for the HER2 gene, HER2 aberrations (gene amplification, gene mutations, and protein overexpression) are reported in other diverse malignancies. Indeed, about 1-37% of tumors of the following types harbor HER2 aberrations: bladder, cervix, colon, endometrium, germ cell, glioblastoma, head and neck, liver, lung, ovarian, pancreas, and salivary duct. Four HER2-targeted therapies have been approved for HER2-positive breast cancer: two antibodies (trastuzumab and pertuzumab), an antibody-drug conjugate (ado-trastuzumab emtansine), and a small molecule kinase inhibitor (lapatinib). In addition, afatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor that causes irreversible inhibition of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2, was recently approved for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. A large number of novel HER2-targeted agents are also in clinical trials. Herein we discuss the state of the art in understanding and targeting HER2 across anatomic tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Moores Cancer Center, United States.
| | - Barbara A Parker
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Moores Cancer Center, United States
| | - Richard Schwab
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Moores Cancer Center, United States
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Moores Cancer Center, United States
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25
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Baxevanis CN, Papamichail M, Perez SA. Immunologic biomarkers in prostate cancer: the AE37 paradigm. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1244-7. [PMID: 24552987 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One major achievement in cancer therapy is to select patients who will most likely benefit from a specific treatment. Predictive biomarkers play an important role in this respect being already useful in management of breast cancer and melanoma. For example, HER-2/neu (HER-2) overexpression selects for breast cancer patients to be treated with trastuzumab, and BRAFV600E mutations select for melanoma patients to be treated with vemurafenib. Identification of factors associated with T cell responsiveness to vaccination remains critical. Pre-existent immunity and circulating suppressor cells may regulate the levels of vaccine-specific T cell immunity after vaccination. The identification of immunologic endpoints to immunotherapy would thus considerably help guide the development of immunotherapy-based clinical trials. This commentary is based on a retrospective analysis we performed of data from prostate cancer patients vaccinated and boosted with the AE37 vaccine. The aim of these exploratory analyses was to identify factors useful in predicting which patients are more likely to respond to the treatment under study. The issue we are addressing here is to which extent common variables used pre- and/or following vaccinations with AE37 to assess the immune response status of the prostate cancer patients, may predict overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Papamichail
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center; Saint Savas Cancer Hospital; Athens, Greece
| | - Sonia A Perez
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center; Saint Savas Cancer Hospital; Athens, Greece
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26
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Kozakowski N, Hartmann C, Klingler HC, Susani M, Mazal PR, Scharrer A, Haitel A. Immunohistochemical expression of PDGFR, VEGF-C, and proteins of the mToR pathway before and after androgen deprivation therapy in prostate carcinoma: significant decrease after treatment. Target Oncol 2013; 9:359-66. [PMID: 24243494 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-013-0298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy in hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is currently under evaluation in many trials. The effect of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on many targets in prostate cancer is incompletely known. For the first time, immunohistochemical expression of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), mammalian target of rapamycin (mToR), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (PS6K), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (c-erbB-2), and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) was evaluated in 44 patients with prostate carcinoma treated with or without ADT, at biopsy time and after radical prostatectomy. PDGFR, VEGF-C, mToR, and PS6K expression was significantly reduced (p = 0.002, p = 0.035, p = 0.025, and p = 0.033, respectively) after ADT, whereas expression of EGFR, c-erbB-2, and CA9 was not influenced by ADT. In conclusion, targeting PDGFR, VEGF-C, mToR, or PS6K after ADT should be considered with precaution, as those targets can severely be altered or functionally deregulated by ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kozakowski
- Clinical Institute for Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Caffo O, Veccia A, Russo L, Galligioni E. Brain metastases from prostate cancer: an emerging clinical problem with implications for the future therapeutic scenario. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1585-95. [PMID: 23231520 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases from prostate cancer (PC) seem to be more frequent than in the past, possibly because advances in the treatment of patients with castration-resistant PC have prolonged their survival. Furthermore, docetaxel (the drug of choice for the first-line treatment of castration-resistant PC) cannot cross the blood-brain barrier and control metastatic foci. However, this problem may be overcome by new active drugs such as cabazitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Caffo
- Medical Oncology Department, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'Oro, 38100 Trento, Italy.
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28
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The role of treatment modality on the utility of predictive tissue biomarkers in clinical prostate cancer: a systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012. [PMID: 23187933 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue biomarkers could pivotally improve clinical outcome prediction following prostate cancer therapy. Clinically, prostate cancer is managed by diverse treatment modalities whose individual influence on a biomarker's predictive ability is not well understood and poorly investigated in the literature. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to assess the predictive value of biomarkers in different treatment contexts in prostate cancer. STUDY METHODOLOGY A literature search was performed using the MeSH headings "prostate neoplasms" and "biological markers". Rigorous selection criteria identified studies correlating expression with clinical outcomes from primary androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy (± neoadjuvant ADT). STUDY RESULTS Of 10,668 studies identified, 481 papers matched initial inclusion criteria. Following rescreening, 384 studies identified 236 individual tissue biomarkers, of which 29 were predictive on multivariate analysis in at least 2 independent cohorts. The majority were only tested in surgical cohorts. Only 8 predictive biomarkers were tested across all 3 treatments with Ki67 identified as universal predictive marker. p16 showed potential for treatment stratification between surgery and radiotherapy but needs further validation in independent studies. CONCLUSIONS Despite years of research, very few tissue biomarkers retain predictive value in independent validation across therapy context. Currently, none have conclusive ability to help treatment selection. Future biomarker research should consider the therapy context and use uniform methodology and evaluation criteria.
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29
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Shao N, Feng N, Wang Y, Mi Y, Li T, Hua L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of COX-2 expression and polymorphisms in prostate cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10997-1004. [PMID: 23053989 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may play an important role in prostate cancer (PCa). Recently, gene polymorphisms in COX-2 have been implicated to alter the risk of PCa and overexpression of COX-2 may be associated with clinical and prognostic significance in PCa. However, the results of these studies are inconclusive or controversial. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationships, we performed an updated meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted to examine all the eligible studies of COX-2 polymorphism and expression in PCa. We used odds ratios (ORs) to assess the strength of the association and the 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) give a sense of the precision of the estimate. Overall, no significant associations between COX-2 polymorphism and PCa risk were found. However, high expression of COX-2 was significantly higher in T3-T4 stages of PCa than in T1-T2 stages of PCa (OR = 2.33, 95 %CI: 1.54-3.53, P < 0.0001). COX-2 might play an important role in the progress of PCa, overexpression of COX-2 correlates with T3-T4 stages of PCa. COX-2 might be a potential therapy target for PCa and work as a prognostic factor for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shao
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Hospital, 65 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing, 210024, China
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30
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Ribeiro da Silva M, Tobias-Machado M, Lima-Pompeo A, Reis L, da Silva Pinhal M. [Prostate cancer: promising biomarkers related to aggressive disease]. Actas Urol Esp 2012; 36:484-90. [PMID: 22520043 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a rapidly growing number of candidate biological markers of prognosis and/or response to specific treatments in prostate cancer, none have to date showed ability to completely prognosticate prostate cancer on evidence based urology. OBJECTIVE To review the pertinent literature on the issue. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE A comprehensive review of the current literature was done focusing on promising biomarkers related to aggressive prostate cancer. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE Combined with the heterogeneous nature of the disease, mixed case series are the most common study design, impeding robust results and the development of an effective therapeutic strategy. Improvement in prostate cancer patient survival requires not only the identification of new therapeutic target based on detailed understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in metastatic dissemination and tumor growth but strong clinical studies as well. CONCLUSION Better study design involving potential markers and including well-classified and staged patients with robust methodology and adequate outcomes (mainly survival) are necessary to the field evolution.
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32
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Tumor-associated antigens for specific immunotherapy of prostate cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2012; 4:193-217. [PMID: 24213236 PMCID: PMC3712678 DOI: 10.3390/cancers4010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous cancer diagnosis and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the United States. Effective treatment modalities for advanced metastatic PCa are limited. Immunotherapeutic strategies based on T cells and antibodies represent interesting approaches to prevent progression from localized to advanced PCa and to improve survival outcomes for patients with advanced disease. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) efficiently recognize and destroy tumor cells. CD4+ T cells augment the antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells and promote the expansion of tumor-reactive CTLs. Antibodies mediate their antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, activation of the complement system, improving the uptake of coated tumor cells by phagocytes, and the functional interference of biological pathways essential for tumor growth. Consequently, several tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) have been identified that represent promising targets for T cell- or antibody-based immunotherapy. These TAAs comprise proteins preferentially expressed in normal and malignant prostate tissues and molecules which are not predominantly restricted to the prostate, but are overexpressed in various tumor entities including PCa. Clinical trials provide evidence that specific immunotherapeutic strategies using such TAAs represent safe and feasible concepts for the induction of immunological and clinical responses in PCa patients. However, further improvement of the current approaches is required which may be achieved by combining T cell- and/or antibody-based strategies with radio-, hormone-, chemo- or antiangiogenic therapy.
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33
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Dasgupta S, Srinidhi S, Vishwanatha JK. Oncogenic activation in prostate cancer progression and metastasis: Molecular insights and future challenges. J Carcinog 2012; 11:4. [PMID: 22438770 PMCID: PMC3307249 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.93001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death among men in the United States, and currently early diagnosis and appropriate treatment remain key approaches for patient care. Molecularly prostate cancer cells carry multiple perturbations that generate malignant phenotype capable of uncontrolled growth, survival, and invasion-metastasis to other organs. These alterations are acquired both by genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells resulting in the activation of growth factor receptors, signaling proteins, kinases, transcription factors and coregulators, and multiple proteases required for the progression of the disease. Recent advances provide novel insights into the molecular functions of these oncogenic activators, implicating potential therapeutic targeting opportunities for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, and Institute for Cancer Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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34
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Fu W, Madan E, Yee M, Zhang H. Progress of molecular targeted therapies for prostate cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:140-52. [PMID: 22146293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. The current standard of care consists of prostatectomy and radiation therapy, which may often be supplemented with hormonal therapies. Recurrence is common, and many develop metastatic prostate cancer for which chemotherapy is only moderately effective. It is clear that novel therapies are needed for the treatment of the malignant forms of prostate cancer that recur after initial therapies, such as hormone refractory (HRPC) or castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). With advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer, we have witnessed unprecedented progress in developing new forms of targeted therapy. Several targeted therapeutic agents have been developed and clinically used for the treatment of solid tumors such as breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cancer. Some of these reagents modulate growth factors and/or their receptors, which are abundant in cancer cells. Other reagents target the downstream signal transduction, survival pathways, and angiogenesis pathways that are abnormally activated in transformed cells or metastatic tumors. We will review current developments in this field, focusing specifically on treatments that can be applied to prostate cancers. Finally we will describe aspects of the future direction of the field with respect to discovering biomarkers to aid in identifying responsive prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Fu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, USA
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35
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Magnusson MK, Kraaij R, Leadley RM, De Ridder CMA, van Weerden WM, Van Schie KAJ, Van der Kroeg M, Hoeben RC, Maitland NJ, Lindholm L. A transductionally retargeted adenoviral vector for virotherapy of Her2/neu-expressing prostate cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:70-82. [PMID: 21875358 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of adenovirus (Ad)-based gene therapy of solid tumors, such as prostate cancer, is limited. One of the many problems is that the virus infects many different cell types in the body, resulting in high toxicity, whereas the target cancer cells are often less prone to wild-type Ad infection. Our aim was to develop genetically de- and retargeted Ad vectors to reduce off-target effects and increase target infection for prostate cancer. We have previously reported an Ad5 vector specific for the cancer-associated receptor Her2/neu, created by inserting Her2/neu-reactive Affibody(®) molecules (ZH) into the HI loop of a coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor binding-ablated fiber (Ad[ZH/1]). In addition to virus retargeting to Her2/neu, this virus was further modified from wild-type Ad by changing the RGD motif in the penton base to EGD and by substitution of the KKTK motif in the third shaft repeat to RKSK, resulting in the vector Ad[ZH/3]. The ZH-containing vectors could be produced to high titers and were specific for their target, resulting in efficient infection and killing of Her2/neu-positive androgen-dependent PC346C prostate cancer cells in vitro. Here we show that the oncolytic Ad[ZH/3] vector significantly prolonged survival time and reduced serum prostate-specific antigen levels in an orthotopic prostate tumor model in nude mice to the same extent as wild-type Ad5. Our results show that Her2/neu targeting using Ad-based vectors for prostate cancer is feasible and may serve as a basis for the development of gene therapy of human prostate cancer as well as other Her2/neu-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg , 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Epis MR, Barker A, Giles KM, Beveridge DJ, Leedman PJ. The RNA-binding protein HuR opposes the repression of ERBB-2 gene expression by microRNA miR-331-3p in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41442-41454. [PMID: 21971048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.301481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
ERBB-2 overexpression is associated with the development and progression of cancer and mediates its resistance to therapy. It has been suggested that post-transcriptional mechanisms control the overexpression of ERBB-2 in prostate cancer (PCa). We recently demonstrated that the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of ERBB-2 mRNA contains two specific target sites for binding of the microRNA miR-331-3p and that miR-331-3p represses ERBB-2 expression and signaling in PCa cells. Here we investigate a U-rich element situated in close proximity to the distal miR-331-3p target site in the ERBB-2 3'-UTR. Specific binding of HuR to this U-rich element promotes ERBB-2 expression in PCa cells. We show that HuR antagonizes the repressive action of miR-331-3p on its distal ERBB-2 3'-UTR target site. These results support a model in which the interplay between RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs controls the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and suggest that both HuR and miR-331-3p participate in the overexpression of ERBB-2 observed in some PCas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Epis
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Andrew Barker
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Keith M Giles
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Dianne J Beveridge
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Peter J Leedman
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6008, Australia.
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Sears AK, Perez SA, Clifton GT, Benavides LC, Gates JD, Clive KS, Holmes JP, Shumway NM, Van Echo DC, Carmichael MG, Ponniah S, Baxevanis CN, Mittendorf EA, Papamichail M, Peoples GE. AE37: a novel T-cell-eliciting vaccine for breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1543-50. [PMID: 21895539 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.616889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy, including vaccines targeting the human EGFR2 (HER-2/neu) protein, is an active area of investigation in combatting breast cancer. Several vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials, most of which are CD8(+) T-cell-eliciting vaccines. AE37 is a promising primarily CD4(+) T-cell-eliciting HER-2/neu breast cancer vaccine currently in clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This article reviews preclinical investigations as well as findings from completed and ongoing Phase I and Phase II clinical trials of the AE37 vaccine. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials have shown the AE37 vaccine to be safe and capable of generating peptide-specific, durable immune responses. This has been shown in patients with any level of HER-2/neu expression. Early clinical findings suggest there may be benefit to AE37 vaccination in preventing breast cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Sears
- Brooke Army Medical Center, Department of General Surgery, 3851 Roger Brooke Drive, Ft. Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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38
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Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation is implicated in IL-6-induced proliferation and ERK1/2 activation in non-transformed prostate epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2011; 23:572-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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