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Henry E, Al-Janabi H, Brouwer W, Cullinan J, Engel L, Griffin S, Hulme C, Kingkaew P, Lloyd A, Payakachat N, Pennington B, Peña-Longobardo LM, Prosser LA, Shah K, Ungar WJ, Wilkinson T, Wittenberg E. Recommendations for Emerging Good Practice and Future Research in Relation to Family and Caregiver Health Spillovers in Health Economic Evaluations: A Report of the SHEER Task Force. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2024; 42:343-362. [PMID: 38041698 PMCID: PMC10861630 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-023-01321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omission of family and caregiver health spillovers from the economic evaluation of healthcare interventions remains common practice. When reported, a high degree of methodological inconsistency in incorporating spillovers has been observed. AIM To promote emerging good practice, this paper from the Spillovers in Health Economic Evaluation and Research (SHEER) task force aims to provide guidance on the incorporation of family and caregiver health spillovers in cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis. SHEER also seeks to inform the basis for a spillover research agenda and future practice. METHODS A modified nominal group technique was used to reach consensus on a set of recommendations, representative of the views of participating subject-matter experts. Through the structured discussions of the group, as well as on the basis of evidence identified during a review process, recommendations were proposed and voted upon, with voting being held over two rounds. RESULTS This report describes 11 consensus recommendations for emerging good practice. SHEER advocates for the incorporation of health spillovers into analyses conducted from a healthcare/health payer perspective, and more generally inclusive perspectives such as a societal perspective. Where possible, spillovers related to displaced/foregone activities should be considered, as should the distributional consequences of inclusion. Time horizons ought to be sufficient to capture all relevant impacts. Currently, the collection of primary spillover data is preferred and clear justification should be provided when using secondary data. Transparency and consistency when reporting on the incorporation of health spillovers are crucial. In addition, given that the evidence base relating to health spillovers remains limited and requires much development, 12 avenues for future research are proposed. CONCLUSIONS Consideration of health spillovers in economic evaluations has been called for by researchers and policymakers alike. Accordingly, it is hoped that the consensus recommendations of SHEER will motivate more widespread incorporation of health spillovers into analyses. The developing nature of spillover research necessitates that this guidance be viewed as an initial roadmap, rather than a strict checklist. Moreover, there is a need for balance between consistency in approach, where valuable in a decision making context, and variation in application, to reflect differing decision maker perspectives and to support innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Henry
- J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Hareth Al-Janabi
- Health Economics Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Werner Brouwer
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - John Cullinan
- J.E. Cairnes School of Business & Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lidia Engel
- Monash University Health Economics Group, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan Griffin
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Claire Hulme
- Institute of Health Research, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Pritaporn Kingkaew
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Nalin Payakachat
- Division of Pharmaceutical Evaluation and Policy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Becky Pennington
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Lisa A Prosser
- Susan B. Meister Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Koonal Shah
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, London, UK
| | - Wendy J Ungar
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Wilkinson
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eve Wittenberg
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Tervonen T, Veldwijk J, Payne K, Ng X, Levitan B, Lackey LG, Marsh K, Thokala P, Pignatti F, Donnelly A, Ho M. Quantitative Benefit-Risk Assessment in Medical Product Decision Making: A Good Practices Report of an ISPOR Task Force. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2023; 26:449-460. [PMID: 37005055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Benefit-risk assessment is commonly conducted by drug and medical device developers and regulators, to evaluate and communicate issues around benefit-risk balance of medical products. Quantitative benefit-risk assessment (qBRA) is a set of techniques that incorporate explicit outcome weighting within a formal analysis to evaluate the benefit-risk balance. This report describes emerging good practices for the 5 main steps of developing qBRAs based on the multicriteria decision analysis process. First, research question formulation needs to identify the needs of decision makers and requirements for preference data and specify the role of external experts. Second, the formal analysis model should be developed by selecting benefit and safety endpoints while eliminating double counting and considering attribute value dependence. Third, preference elicitation method needs to be chosen, attributes framed appropriately within the elicitation instrument, and quality of the data should be evaluated. Fourth, analysis may need to normalize the preference weights, base-case and sensitivity analyses should be conducted, and the effect of preference heterogeneity analyzed. Finally, results should be communicated efficiently to decision makers and other stakeholders. In addition to detailed recommendations, we provide a checklist for reporting qBRAs developed through a Delphi process conducted with 34 experts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorien Veldwijk
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management & Erasmus Choice Modelling Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Payne
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Xinyi Ng
- Office of Biostatistics and Pharmacovigilance, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Leila G Lackey
- Decision Support and Analysis Staff, Office of Program and Strategic Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Praveen Thokala
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK
| | | | - Anne Donnelly
- Patient Council of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY, USA
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2022; 23:1309-1317. [PMID: 35084632 PMCID: PMC9550741 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-021-01426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc.). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Health Economics, 879 Winnington Ave, Ottawa, ON, K2B 5C4, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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4
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Padula WV, Kreif N, Vanness DJ, Adamson B, Rueda JD, Felizzi F, Jonsson P, IJzerman MJ, Butte A, Crown W. Machine Learning Methods in Health Economics and Outcomes Research-The PALISADE Checklist: A Good Practices Report of an ISPOR Task Force. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:1063-1080. [PMID: 35779937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advances in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence offer tremendous potential benefits to patients. Predictive analytics using ML are already widely used in healthcare operations and care delivery, but how can ML be used for health economics and outcomes research (HEOR)? To answer this question, ISPOR established an emerging good practices task force for the application of ML in HEOR. The task force identified 5 methodological areas where ML could enhance HEOR: (1) cohort selection, identifying samples with greater specificity with respect to inclusion criteria; (2) identification of independent predictors and covariates of health outcomes; (3) predictive analytics of health outcomes, including those that are high cost or life threatening; (4) causal inference through methods, such as targeted maximum likelihood estimation or double-debiased estimation-helping to produce reliable evidence more quickly; and (5) application of ML to the development of economic models to reduce structural, parameter, and sampling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis. Overall, ML facilitates HEOR through the meaningful and efficient analysis of big data. Nevertheless, a lack of transparency on how ML methods deliver solutions to feature selection and predictive analytics, especially in unsupervised circumstances, increases risk to providers and other decision makers in using ML results. To examine whether ML offers a useful and transparent solution to healthcare analytics, the task force developed the PALISADE Checklist. It is a guide for balancing the many potential applications of ML with the need for transparency in methods development and findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Padula
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Economics, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Noemi Kreif
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, England, UK
| | - David J Vanness
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pall Jonsson
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Manchester, England, UK
| | - Maarten J IJzerman
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Atul Butte
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William Crown
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA.
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5
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Designing and Implementing Deliberative Processes for Health Technology Assessment: A Good Practices Report of a Joint HTAi/ISPOR Task Force. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2022; 38:e37. [PMID: 35656641 PMCID: PMC7613549 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462322000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Deliberative processes for health technology assessment (HTA) are intended to facilitate participatory decision making, using discussion and open dialogue between stake-holders. Increasing attention is being given to deliberative processes, but guidance is lacking for those who wish to design or use them. Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) and ISPOR—The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research initiated a joint Task Force to address this gap. Methods The joint Task Force consisted of fifteen members with different backgrounds, perspectives, and expertise relevant to the field. It developed guidance and a checklist for deliberative processes for HTA. The guidance builds upon the few, existing initiatives in the field, as well as input from the HTA community following an established consultation plan. In addition, the guidance was subject to two rounds of peer review. Results A deliberative process for HTA consists of procedures, activities, and events that support the informed and critical examination of an issue and the weighing of arguments and evidence to guide a subsequent decision. Guidance and an accompanying checklist are provided for (i) developing the governance and structure of an HTA program and (ii) informing how the various stages of an HTA process might be managed using deliberation. Conclusions The guidance and the checklist contain a series of questions, grouped by six phases of a model deliberative process. They are offered as practical tools for those wishing to establish or improve deliberative processes for HTA that are fit for local contexts. The tools can also be used for independent scrutiny of deliberative processes.
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6
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2022; 40:601-609. [PMID: 35015272 PMCID: PMC9130151 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-021-01112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, and the increased role of stakeholder involvement, including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as healthcare, public health, education, social care, etc.). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, AL, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, National Hepatitis C Program Office, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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7
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Oortwijn W, Husereau D, Abelson J, Barasa E, Bayani DD, Canuto Santos V, Culyer A, Facey K, Grainger D, Kieslich K, Ollendorf D, Pichon-Riviere A, Sandman L, Strammiello V, Teerawattananon Y. Designing and Implementing Deliberative Processes for Health Technology Assessment: A Good Practices Report of a Joint HTAi/ISPOR Task Force. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:869-886. [PMID: 35667778 PMCID: PMC7613534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deliberative processes for health technology assessment (HTA) are intended to facilitate participatory decision making, using discussion and open dialogue between stakeholders. Increasing attention is being given to deliberative processes, but guidance is lacking for those who wish to design or use them. Health Technology Assessment International (HTAi) and ISPOR-The Professional Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research initiated a joint Task Force to address this gap. METHODS The joint Task Force consisted of 15 members with different backgrounds, perspectives, and expertise relevant to the field. It developed guidance and a checklist for deliberative processes for HTA. The guidance builds upon the few, existing initiatives in the field, as well as input from the HTA community following an established consultation plan. In addition, the guidance was subject to 2 rounds of peer review. RESULTS A deliberative process for HTA consists of procedures, activities, and events that support the informed and critical examination of an issue and the weighing of arguments and evidence to guide a subsequent decision. Guidance and an accompanying checklist are provided for (i) developing the governance and structure of an HTA program and (ii) informing how the various stages of an HTA process might be managed using deliberation. CONCLUSIONS The guidance and the checklist contain a series of questions, grouped by 6 phases of a model deliberative process. They are offered as practical tools for those wishing to establish or improve deliberative processes for HTA that are fit for local contexts. The tools can also be used for independent scrutiny of deliberative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wija Oortwijn
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Abelson
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Edwine Barasa
- Health Economics Research Unit (HERU), KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Diana Dana Bayani
- Health Intervention and Policy Evaluation Research (HIPER), Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vania Canuto Santos
- Department of Management and Incorporation of Health Technology, Executive Secretariat of National Committee Health Technology Incorporation (CONITEC), Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Anthony Culyer
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Facey
- Evidence Based Health Policy Consultant, Drymen, Scotland
| | | | - Katharina Kieslich
- Department of Political Science, Centre for the Study of Contemporary Solidarity, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Ollendorf
- Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health (CEVR), Tufts University Medical Centre, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrés Pichon-Riviere
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lars Sandman
- National Centre for Priorities in Health, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Programme (HITAP), Ministry of Health, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2022; 20:213-221. [PMID: 35015207 PMCID: PMC8847248 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-021-00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, AL, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations. Clin Ther 2022; 44:158-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, de Bekker-Grob E, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. BJOG 2022; 129:336-344. [PMID: 35014160 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M Drummond
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - F Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C Carswell
- Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - E de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, School of Public Health, Israel
| | - E Loder
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK
| | - J Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C D Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R-F Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - S Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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11
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2022; 28:146-155. [PMID: 35098747 PMCID: PMC10372979 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.2.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- adjunct professor, senior associate, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Drummond
- Michael Drummond, professor, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Federico Augustovski
- director, professor of public health, principal researcher, Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- full professor of health economics & health preferences, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- professor of health economics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Chris Carswell
- senior editor, Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Caulley
- assistant professor, associate scientist, doctoral candidate, Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- professor, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Loder
- professor, head of research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The BMJ, London, UK
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- vice president, RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- professor and chair, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- professor of health economics, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- professor of health research, on behalf of CHEERS 2022 ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force. Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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12
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:114. [PMID: 35081957 PMCID: PMC8793223 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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13
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:179. [PMID: 35081920 PMCID: PMC8793177 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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14
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. MDM Policy Pract 2022; 7:23814683211061097. [PMID: 35036563 PMCID: PMC8755935 DOI: 10.1177/23814683211061097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Michael Drummond
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Federico Augustovski
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Chris Carswell
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Lisa Caulley
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Dan Greenberg
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Elizabeth Loder
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Stavros Petrou
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.,Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK.,Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The BMJ, London, UK.,RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA; Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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15
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. BMC Med 2022; 20:23. [PMID: 35022047 PMCID: PMC8753858 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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16
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35016547 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2022.cheers] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- adjunct professor, senior associate, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Drummond
- professor, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Federico Augustovski
- director, professor of public health, principal researcher, Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- full professor of health economics & health preferences, Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- professor of health economics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Chris Carswell
- senior editor, Adis Journals, Springer Nature, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Caulley
- assistant professor, associate scientist, doctoral candidate, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- professor, Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- professor, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Loder
- professor, head of research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The BMJ, London, UK
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- Josephine Mauskopf, vice president, RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- professor and chair, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- professor of health economics, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- professor of health research, on behalf of CHEERS 2022 ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force. Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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17
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. BMJ 2022; 376:e067975. [PMID: 35017145 PMCID: PMC8749494 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Loder
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The BMJ, London, UK
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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18
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Consolidated health economic evaluation reporting standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2022; 38:e13. [PMID: 35007499 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462321001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc.). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals, as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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19
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations. J Med Econ 2022; 25:1-7. [PMID: 35012427 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2021.2014721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) Statement: Updated Reporting Guidance for Health Economic Evaluations. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:3-9. [PMID: 35031096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2021.11.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, as well as the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as health care, public health, education, social care, etc). This summary article presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist and recommendations for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer reviewed journals as well as the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. However, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, as there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Institute of Health Economics, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Loder
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, The BMJ, London, UK
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Stavros Petros., Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Daniel Mullins C, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 (CHEERS 2022) statement: updated reporting guidance for health economic evaluations. HEALTH POLICY OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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22
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Husereau D, Drummond M, Augustovski F, de Bekker-Grob E, Briggs AH, Carswell C, Caulley L, Chaiyakunapruk N, Greenberg D, Loder E, Mauskopf J, Mullins CD, Petrou S, Pwu RF, Staniszewska S. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) 2022 Explanation and Elaboration: A Report of the ISPOR CHEERS II Good Practices Task Force. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:10-31. [PMID: 35031088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Health economic evaluations are comparative analyses of alternative courses of action in terms of their costs and consequences. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement, published in 2013, was created to ensure health economic evaluations are identifiable, interpretable, and useful for decision making. It was intended as guidance to help authors report accurately which health interventions were being compared and in what context, how the evaluation was undertaken, what the findings were, and other details that may aid readers and reviewers in interpretation and use of the study. The new CHEERS 2022 statement replaces the previous CHEERS reporting guidance. It reflects the need for guidance that can be more easily applied to all types of health economic evaluation, new methods and developments in the field, and the increased role of stakeholder involvement including patients and the public. It is also broadly applicable to any form of intervention intended to improve the health of individuals or the population, whether simple or complex, and without regard to context (such as healthcare, public health, education, and social care). This Explanation and Elaboration Report presents the new CHEERS 2022 28-item checklist with recommendations and explanation and examples for each item. The CHEERS 2022 statement is primarily intended for researchers reporting economic evaluations for peer-reviewed journals and the peer reviewers and editors assessing them for publication. Nevertheless, we anticipate familiarity with reporting requirements will be useful for analysts when planning studies. It may also be useful for health technology assessment bodies seeking guidance on reporting, given that there is an increasing emphasis on transparency in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Husereau
- University of Ottawa, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (Husereau).
| | | | - Federico Augustovski
- Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics Department of the Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS- CONICET), Buenos Aires; University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; CONICET (National Scientific and Technical Research Council), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esther de Bekker-Grob
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew H Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | | | - Lisa Caulley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program and Center for Journalology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dan Greenberg
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Loder
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The BMJ, London, UK
| | - Josephine Mauskopf
- RTI Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stavros Petrou
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raoh-Fang Pwu
- National Hepatitis C Program Office, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Warwick Medical School, Warwick, UK
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Drummond MF. Taking Steps Toward Transparency in Real-World Evidence Studies. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2020; 23:1119. [PMID: 32940227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2020.04.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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