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Tanquerel L. ECG of the Month. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1297-1299. [PMID: 35544422 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.04.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2
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Hunter LB, Haskell MJ, Langford FM, O’Connor C, Webster JR, Stafford KJ. Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Change with Sleep Stage in Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2095. [PMID: 34359221 PMCID: PMC8300193 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes to the amount and patterns of sleep stages could be a useful tool to assess the effects of stress or changes to the environment in animal welfare research. However, the gold standard method, polysomnography PSG, is difficult to use with large animals such as dairy cows. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to predict sleep stages in humans and could be useful as an easier method to identify sleep stages in cows. We compared the mean HR and HRV and lying posture of dairy cows at pasture and when housed, with sleep stages identified through PSG. HR and HRV were higher when cows were moving their heads or when lying flat on their side. Overall, mean HR decreased with depth of sleep. There was more variability in time between successive heart beats during REM sleep, and more variability in time between heart beats when cows were awake and in REM sleep. These shifts in HR measures between sleep stages followed similar patterns despite differences in mean HR between the groups. Our results show that HR and HRV measures could be a promising alternative method to PSG for assessing sleep in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Hunter
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Ethical Agriculture, AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (C.O.); (J.R.W.)
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; (M.J.H.); (F.M.L.)
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Marie J. Haskell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; (M.J.H.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Fritha M. Langford
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; (M.J.H.); (F.M.L.)
| | - Cheryl O’Connor
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Ethical Agriculture, AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (C.O.); (J.R.W.)
| | - James R. Webster
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Ethical Agriculture, AgResearch Ltd. Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (C.O.); (J.R.W.)
| | - Kevin J. Stafford
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
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Lee KE, Kim JG, Lee H, Kim BS. Behavioral and cardiac responses in mature horses exposed to a novel object. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:651-661. [PMID: 34189512 PMCID: PMC8203992 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether breed, sex, and age affected temperament differently (more or less neophobic) in mature horses during a novel object test. The study included Jeju crossbred (n = 12, age = 9.42 ± 4.57 y), Thoroughbred (n = 15, age = 10.73 ± 3.09 y), and Warmblood horses (n = 12, age = 13.08 ± 3.55 y) with the females (n = 22, age = 11.36 ± 4.24 y) and geldings (n = 17, age = 10.65 ± 3.66 y). Jeju crossbreds (Jeju horse × Thoroughbred) are valuable considering their popular usage in Korea, but limited studies have explored temperament of Jeju crossbred horses. A trained experimenter touched the left side of the neck with a white plastic bag (novel object). The test ended when the horse stopped escape response and heart rate (HR) dropped to baseline. Behavioral score and escape duration were measured as behavioral variables. Multiple variables related to HR and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured to reflect emotional state. These included basal HR (BHR), maximum HR (MHR), delay to reach maximum heart rate (Time to MHR), standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and ratio of low to high frequency components of a continuous series of heartbeats (LF/HF). Statistics revealed that Thoroughbreds had significantly higher behavioral scores, and lower RMSSD than Jeju crossbreds (p < 0.05), suggesting greater excitement and fear to the novel object in Thoroughbreds. None of the behavioral or cardiac parameters exhibited sex differences (p < 0.05). Age was negatively correlated with SDNN and RMSSD (p < 0.05), indicating that older horses felt more anxiety to the novelty than younger horses. Thoroughbreds and females had distinct correlations between behavioral and HRV variables in comparison with other groups (p < 0.05), implying that escape duration might be a good indicator of stress, especially in these two groups. These results are expected to improve equine welfare, safety and utility, by providing insights into the temperament of particular horse groups, to better match reactivity levels with specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Lee
- Center for Animal Welfare Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Joon Gyu Kim
- Department of Equine Science, Cheju Halla University, Jeju 63092, Korea
| | - Hang Lee
- Center for Animal Welfare Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byung Sun Kim
- Department of Equine Science, Cheju Halla University, Jeju 63092, Korea
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Berthoud D, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and systolic function in Warmblood horses using linear measurements, area-based indices, and volume estimates: A retrospective database analysis. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:504-520. [PMID: 33247461 PMCID: PMC7848374 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) size and function using area‐based indices and volumetric estimates is not well established in horses. Objective To report reference intervals and measurement variability for uni‐, 2‐, and 3‐dimensional echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables to body weight. Unidimensional indices were to be compared to area‐based indices and LV volume estimates to establish their clinical use. Animals Thirty healthy Warmblood horses and 70 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation. Methods Echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function were measured using an existing echocardiography database. Weight‐related variables were scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals and measurement variability were calculated, the influence of valvular regurgitation on LV size and function was investigated and agreement between different variables for detection of reduced, normal, and increased LV size and systolic function was assessed. Results Reference values for healthy Warmblood horses were reported. Measurement variability was sufficiently low for clinical use of all variables. Allometric scaling was effective to correct diastolic LV dimensions and cardiac output for differences in BWT. Various echocardiographic indices resulted in different conclusions regarding identification of LV enlargement and systolic dysfunction in healthy horses and horses with valvular regurgitation. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Echocardiographic assessment of LV size and systolic function should include joint assessment of multiple uni‐ and multidimensional indices. Area‐based or volumetric indices that reflect LV long‐axis motion should be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Berthoud
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colin C Schwarzwald
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Nagel C, Melchert M, Aurich C, Aurich J. Differences in Endocrine and Cardiac Changes in Mares and Her Fetus before, during, and after Parturition in Horses of Different Size. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091577. [PMID: 32899617 PMCID: PMC7552300 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Monitoring of the pregnant mare and her fetus is based on hormone analysis and heart rate recordings which may differ among small, medium-size, and full-size horses. Therefore, Shetland (n = 6), Haflinger (n = 8), and Warmblood pregnancies (n = 9) were studied before and at foaling. Foal weight always approximated 10% of mare weight but relative placenta weight was highest in full-size mares. The concentrations of progestins (hormones that maintain pregnancy) and cortisol (a hormone involved in the onset of foaling but also in an animal’s response to stress) was highest in full-size mares. Progestin concentration decreased towards foaling while cortisol concentration increased. Heart rate of mares increased before foaling with the most pronounced increase in small mares. Overall, Shetland mares foaled earlier than larger-size mares. At foaling, atrio-ventricular blocks (physiological omission of heart beats) regularly occurred in full-size mares but only occasionally in medium-size and small mares, reflecting differences in heart efficiency. In conclusion, some differences exist before and at foaling in horses of different size. Abstract Equine fetomaternal monitoring is based on endocrine and cardiac parameters which may differ among small, medium-size, and full-size horses. Therefore, Shetland (n = 6), Haflinger (n = 8), and Warmblood pregnancies (n = 9) were studied during late gestation and at foaling. Weight of mares, foals and placenta, plasma progestin and cortisol concentration, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) were determined. Foal weight always approximated 10% of mare weight but relative placenta weight was highest in full-size mares (p < 0.05). Progestin (p < 0.001) and cortisol (p < 0.05) concentration was highest in full-size mares. Progestin concentration decreased towards parturition (p < 0.001) while cortisol concentration increased (p < 0.01). Maternal heart rate increased before foaling with the most pronounced increase in small mares (p < 0.001). The HRV increased during foaling and decreased when delivery was completed (p < 0.001). Changes were most pronounced in full-size mares (p < 0.001). Atrio-ventricular blocks regularly occurred in parturient full-size mares but only occasionally in medium-size and small mares (time p < 0.05, time × group p < 0.05). This may reflect breed differences in cardiovascular efficiency. Fetal heart rate decreased towards birth (p < 0.001) with the most pronounced decrease in full-size horses (p < 0.01). Fetal HRV showed no consistent changes before birth but increased when the foal was born (p < 0.001), this increase being most pronounced in full-size foals (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates both similarities and differences in peripartum endocrine and cardiac changes in horses of different size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nagel
- Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Science, Vetmeduni Vienna, 16845 Neustadt (Dosse), Germany;
| | - Maria Melchert
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Jörg Aurich
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Corradini I, Fernández‐Ruiz A, Barba M, Engel‐Manchado J. Stall-side screening potential of a smartphone electrocardiogram recorded over both sides of the thorax in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2101-2108. [PMID: 32639655 PMCID: PMC7517866 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparisons between smartphone ECG (SpECG) recordings obtained from the right and left sides of the thorax have not been reported in animals. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the screening potential of a SpECG obtained from both sides of the thorax and to compare the degree of agreement between the SpECG and a reference ECG (rECG) for measurement of the duration of baseline electrical deflections recorded over both sides of the thorax. ANIMALS Fifty horses admitted to the equine hospital, university-owned horses, and horses from an endurance riding facility. METHODS Prospective observational study. Simultaneous rECG and SpECG tracings were recorded on both sides of the thorax and evaluated by 2 experienced observers for interpretability, presence and classification of arrhythmias, and duration of deflections of the electrical baseline. RESULTS Fifteen (15/50) horses had spontaneous arrhythmias. Excellent agreement was found between the 2 devices (κ = 0.91; P < .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.03) for the detection of arrhythmias. Significantly more P waves were of diagnostic quality from the right side (20 versus 5, P = .001) and significantly more QRS and QT intervals were of diagnostic quality from the left side (66 versus 38 and 62 versus 34, respectively, P < .001). Substantial agreement for the duration of deflections between devices only was observed for the QRS interval (SpECG left). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE It is important to obtain SpECG tracings from both sides of the thorax in horses. The SpECG is a useful stall-sidearrhythmia-screening tool for some common arrhythmias in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Corradini
- Servicio de Medicina Interna Equina, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Faculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
| | - Alicia Fernández‐Ruiz
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico VeterinarioUniversidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
| | - Marta Barba
- Servicio de Medicina Interna Equina, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Faculty of Veterinary SciencesUniversidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
| | - Javier Engel‐Manchado
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico VeterinarioUniversidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
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Gallant L, Jacob S, Tadros E, Woodrow J, Hines M, Ewart S, Schott H. Rapid screening for cardiac arrhythmias in competition draft horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias may cause decreased performance and sudden death during exercise. Our objectives were: (1) to determine prevalence of unrecognised arrhythmias in a population of competition draft horses by performing short duration screening electrocardiograms (ECGs) at rest; and (2) to assess utility of a commercial handheld device for recording equine ECGs. Owners or trainers of 244 draft horses (age 0.5-16 years), including 82 Percherons, 69 Belgians, 69 Clydesdales, 11 Belgian mules, 8 Shires, and 5 Percheron mules, were queried to determine signalment, performance history, and known arrhythmias. All horses were auscultated for 30 s and ECGs were obtained in 204 horses using a handheld recording device (AliveCor®). ECGs were reviewed for quality and used to determine heart rate (HR) and rhythm. When ECG tracing quality permitted, PQ and QT intervals were also measured. ECGs displaying RR intervals adequate for HR determination and rhythm assessment were recorded from 161 horses (79%) while tracings with consistent P waves, QRS complexes, and T waves were recorded from only 47 horses (23%). Four arrhythmias were detected by both auscultation and ECG: atrial fibrillation (1), premature complexes (1), and second-degree atrioventricular block (2). None of these horses had a history of poor performance or previous recognition of an arrhythmia. The prevalence of unrecognised, and potentially clinically significant, arrhythmias in draft horses at rest appears to be low (2/244; 0.8%, 95% confidence interval 0.1-2.9%). Longer recordings at rest, as well as recordings during and immediately after exercise, would likely have revealed a higher prevalence of arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.R. Gallant
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd Room D202, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Newcastle Equine Centre, P.O. Box 123, Broadmeadow, New South Wales 2292, Australia
| | - S.I. Jacob
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd Room D202, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - E.M. Tadros
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd Room D202, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - J.S. Woodrow
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - M.T. Hines
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - S.L. Ewart
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd Room D202, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - H.C. Schott
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 736 Wilson Rd Room D202, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Zuber N, Zuber M, Schwarzwald CC. Assessment of systolic and diastolic function in clinically healthy horses using ambulatory acoustic cardiography. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:391-400. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Zuber
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Zuber
- Division of Cardiology University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - C. C. Schwarzwald
- Clinic for Equine Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
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Cruz Aleixo AS, Alfonso A, Oba E, Ferreira de Souza F, Salgueiro Cruz RK, Fillippi MG, Chiacchio SB, Tsunemi M, Gomes Lourenço ML. Scaling Relationships Among Heart Rate, Electrocardiography Parameters, and Body Weight. Top Companion Anim Med 2017; 32:66-71. [PMID: 28992907 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although heart rate (HR) is one of the most important clinical parameters determined via physical examinations, little information is available on the normal HR in dogs, which may be related to the high variability of body weight (BW) in this species. HR is determined by the discharge rate of the sinus node, which is dependent on the autonomic nervous system and the release of catecholamines. The allometric relationship between BW and HR in different species has been described as inversely proportional; however, this relationship has been refuted. Certain authors have reported that the relationship between HR and BW in dogs is based on temperament as well as sympathetic autonomic stimulation of the sinus node in small breeds compared with large breeds. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of weight, sex, age and temperament on the HR, heart rate variability and serum catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) levels in dogs. We evaluated 48 adult dogs of both sexes and various breeds and ages and divided the dogs into 5 BW groups: <5kg (n = 8), 5-10kg (n = 10), 10-25kg (n = 10), 25-45kg (n = 10), and >45kg (n = 10). The measured parameters were HR, breath rate (BR) and body temperature. We also performed an ambulatory electrocardiogram and electrocardiography (ECG) test for 24 hours (Holter monitor) and determined the serum levels of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine. We observed correlations between HR and sex; differences among the weight groups with respect to ECG variables and epinephrine levels; and differences among the temperament categories for certain clinical parameters, such as HR and BR. Age affected the R wave amplitude, and an allometric relationship was not observed between HR and BW in the dogs. Our results indicated that weight was associated with variations in the ECG variables; age and sex were associated with variations in HR; and temperament had a significant influence on the HR and BR of the dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Sarita Cruz Aleixo
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angélica Alfonso
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eunice Oba
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira de Souza
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Simone Biagio Chiacchio
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Tsunemi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Biological Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bomfim M, Sattin W, Carvalho S, Gobesso A, Dória R, Leite-Dellova D. Physical and electrocardiographic evaluation of horses used for wagon traction. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the electrocardiogram (ECG) of horses used for wagon traction and to compare the results with the parameters obtained from inactive horses or horses submitted to a training routine. Fifty-six 3-15-year-old healthy horses (22 females and 34 males) were divided into three groups: control (without a work routine; N=21), wagon traction (N=25) and athlete (N=10) and submitted to physical examination and ECG (at rest). The rhythm, heart rate (HR), amplitude and duration of ECG waveforms and intervals were obtained from the frontal plane and base-apex leads. Heart score (HS) was calculated using the arithmetic mean of QRS duration in LI, LII and LIII. Measurements of ECG waves were smaller in control group, in comparison with wagon traction and athlete groups, suggesting that exercise can change ECG. Similar results were observed in the wagon traction and athlete groups, but the electrophysiological adjustments to exercise were not the same for these groups.
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Santarosa B, Lourenço M, Dantas G, Ulian C, Heckler M, Sudano M, Gonçalves R, Chiacchio S. Effect of pregnancy and correlation of weight and heart rate with electrocardiographic parameters in the American Miniature Horse. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT There are studies on electrocardiogram (ECG) in several breeds of horses, which highlights the growing importance of cardiology in this species. But few authors have addressed the influence of pregnancy on the cardiac physiology of the mare, and specifically, there are no studies on the Mini-horse breed, as well as no correlation of body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR) with electrocardiographic parameters in this breed. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of pregnancy on ECG parameters and to examine the relationships between these variables and body weight (BW) and heart rate (HR). A total of 203 animals were used, including 143 females (66 pregnant) and 60 males. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed by computerized electrocardiogram (TEB), and the parameters were evaluated in six leads in the frontal plane (Lead I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF) and base-apex (BA). BW was inversely proportional to HR, which in turn showed an inverse relationship with the duration of the P-wave and the PR and QT intervals. The P-wave amplitude (lead II) was higher in pregnant animals than in non-pregnant animals. The effect of reproductive status should be monitored by ECG throughout the entire gestational period. The 66 pregnant mares in this study were examined during the first third of their pregnancies, thus, few differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant animals.
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12
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A fundamental relationship between intraventricular conduction and heart rate. J Electrocardiol 2016; 49:362-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pedersen PJ, Karlsson M, Flethøj M, Trachsel DS, Kanters JK, Klaerke DA, Buhl R. Differences in the electrocardiographic QT interval of various breeds of athletic horses during rest and exercise. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:255-264. [PMID: 27068842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Quantitative measurements of cardiac repolarization, defined as the electrocardiographic QT interval, have important diagnostic implications in humans, as irregularities can trigger potentially fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmia. In both humans and horses, cardiac repolarization is influenced to some extent by heart rate, age, body weight (BW), sex, autonomic tone, and environment. In horses, there is substantial inter-breed variation in size and training, and the aims of this study were therefore to determine the best model describing the QT to RR relationship in breeds of various athletic horses and to test for differences in the QT interval. ANIMALS Ten Icelandic horses, 10 Arabian horses, 10 Thoroughbreds, 10 Standardbreds, six Coldblood trotters, 10 Warmbloods (dressage) and 10 Warmbloods (show jumping). All horses were geldings. METHODS QT intervals were measured from resting to peak exercise level and plotted against RR intervals. Data points were fitted with relevant regression models, and the effect of breed, BW, and estimated exercise intensity was examined. RESULTS For all breeds in this study, the QT interval was best described as a function of RR by the piecewise linear regression model. The breed of horse had a significant effect on the model. There was no systematic effect of BW or estimated exercise intensity, but a high inter-horse variability was observed. CONCLUSIONS The equine QT interval should preferably be corrected for heart rate according to breed. In addition, the results indicate that equine studies of the QT interval must be designed to eliminate the influence of a large inter-horse variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M Karlsson
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - M Flethøj
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - D S Trachsel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - J K Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Koebenhavn N, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Herlev and Gentofte University Hospitals, Niels Andersens Vej, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - D A Klaerke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 100, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R Buhl
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
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Diurnal modulation and sources of variation affecting ventricular repolarization in Warmblood horses. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:265-76. [PMID: 25278426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Irregularities in cardiac repolarization are known to predispose for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in humans. The QT interval is a quantitative measurement of repolarization, and clinically, the QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) and Tpeak to Tend intervals (TpTe) are used as repolarization markers. To support the use of these markers in horses, we sought to describe the possible influence of the environment, time of day, day-to-day effects, T wave conformation, age, body weight (BW), and horse-to-horse variation on repolarization measurements. ANIMALS 12 Warmblood geldings, age 10.8 ± 4.8 years. METHODS Holter ECGs were performed on days 0, 7 and 14. Measures of RR, QT, QTp, QTc and TpTe intervals and T wave conformation were obtained each hour during the recordings. An ANCOVA analysis was performed to estimate diurnal variation and the sources of variation affecting these intervals. RESULTS Differences between individual horses were the largest source of repolarization variability although the environment had a significant effect on repolarization as well. Diurnal variation affected both the RR interval and the repolarization markers. The QT, QTc and TpTe intervals were prolonged on day 0. Biphasic T waves shortened the TpTe interval approximately 10 ms. Age and BW did not appear to affect repolarization. CONCLUSIONS Equine repolarization markers exhibit significant variation. Factors affecting repolarization measurements include horse-to-horse variation, diurnal variation, the environment, and T wave conformation. These factors must be considered if markers of equine repolarization are used diagnostically.
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Brinkmann L, Gerken M, Riek A. Seasonal changes of total body water and water intake in Shetland ponies measured by an isotope dilution technique1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3750-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Brinkmann
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - M. Gerken
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A. Riek
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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