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Mishra S, Jena A, Rabinowitz LG, Kamani L, Paudel MS, Premkumar M, Dutta U, Tandan M, Kochhar R, Sharma V. Perceptions regarding the impact of gender on training and career advancement among gastroenterologists in India and other South Asian countries. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-024-01523-3. [PMID: 38466552 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited studies on the impact of gender on training and career advancement in gastroenterology. AIM The aim was to study this impact and understand the perceptions of work-life balance and beliefs regarding gender dynamics among gastroenterologists in India and other South Asian countries. METHODS A web-based survey was conducted among trainees and attending physicians in South Asia from November 15, 2021, to March 30, 2022. The survey instrument had four components: demographic features, training, career advancement and work-life balance. RESULTS As many as 622 gastroenterologists completed the survey, of which 467 responses were from India (mean age: 41.1 years; females: 11.5%). A higher proportion of female respondents from India believed that gender bias in recruiting and training had negatively impacted their careers (40.7% females vs. 1.5% males). Radiation hazard for fertility (11.1% females vs. 1.9% males, p < 0.001) and as a health concern (14.8% females vs. 5.1% males, p = 0.005) were significant career deterrents for females. A higher proportion of female participants from India faced a career interruption (59.3% females vs. 30.3% males, p ≤ 0.001). Common reasons were pregnancy (37%) and childcare provision (25.9%). More females believed that women were more productive than men (40.8% females vs. 16.9% males, p < 0.001) and that a salary gap existed (44.7% females vs. 29.1% males, p < 0.001). The incidence of self-perceived burnout was 63% among females and 51.6% among males (p = 0.115). CONCLUSION Gender-related factors impact the training and career of female gastroenterologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuraag Jena
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Loren Galler Rabinowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lubna Kamani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mukesh Sharma Paudel
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Madhumita Premkumar
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Manu Tandan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Paras Hospitals, Panchkula, 134 109, India
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
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Medema AM, Goins SM, Maxfield CM, Grimm LJ, French RJ, Martin JG. Medical student perspectives on radiology subspecialties prior to core clerkship. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2024; 53:239-242. [PMID: 37891084 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Radiology remains underrepresented in U.S. medical school clinical curricula, and preconceived opinions about the field may impact whether students pursue elective exposure. A core radiology clerkship at one academic institution presents an opportunity to evaluate students' early preferences for different radiology subspecialties, thus informing curricular design and inspiring student recruitment. MATERIALS AND METHODS At a single allopathic medical school, a required, four-week, clinical-year radiology clerkship that occurs in the second year includes immersive one-week experiences in two subspecialties. Prior to their clerkship, students rank their immersion preferences by distributing 100 points across eight fields, the values of which were analyzed as a proxy for interest. A secondary survey was distributed to active first- and second-year medical students to further investigate the factors drawing them to radiology. RESULTS Immersive experiences in musculoskeletal, body, and breast imaging were most preferred, earning ≥20 points from 41.6 %, 34.3 %, and 31.9 % of students, respectively. Women were significantly more likely than men to express interest in breast imaging (35.8 % vs. 24.8 %, p = 0.037) and pediatric radiology (28.8 % vs. 12.8 %, p = 0.001). Men were significantly more likely than women to prefer body imaging (41.9 % vs. 30.2 %, p = 0.034), neuroradiology (29.1 % vs. 19.5 %, p = 0.048), and nuclear medicine (11.1 % vs. 5.1 %, p = 0.044). CONCLUSION Early in their clinical education, medical students prefer certain subspecialties, especially musculoskeletal, body, and breast imaging. Women expressed significantly stronger interest in breast imaging and pediatric radiology, while men indicated significantly stronger interest in body imaging, neuroradiology, and nuclear medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Medema
- Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stacy M Goins
- Duke University School of Medicine, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles M Maxfield
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lars J Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J French
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jonathan G Martin
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Higgins MCSS, Sun YL, Rochon PJ. Workforce Diversity of Interventional Radiology Physicians in North America: Reflections on the U.S. Experience. Can Assoc Radiol J 2023; 74:192-201. [PMID: 36036231 DOI: 10.1177/08465371221120372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving parity in representation within the field of Interventional Radiology (IR) across women and specific subsets of minority groups has been a challenge. The lack of a strongly diverse physician workforce in gender, race, and ethnicity suggests suboptimal recruitment after, during as well prior to IR training. There is a dearth of studies which effectively characterize the national demographic trends of the evolving IR workforce. This has prevented an accurate appraisal of continuing efforts to narrow the gaps in physician workforce diversity across the field of IR. To support these needs, this article illustrates historic trends while providing contemporary data that canvasses the status of diversity within the current IR physician and IR trainee workforce. It highlights the representation of those individuals historically underrepresented in medicine as well as women. It also highlights current obstacles to achieving equity, diversity, and inclusion within the field of IR as well as existing efforts that have been employed to mitigate this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliang L Sun
- Department of Radiology, 1836Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul J Rochon
- Department of Radiology, 1836Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Current Perception of Diversity in Academic Radiology: A Mixed Methods Study of Radiology Program Directors. Acad Radiol 2022:S1076-6332(22)00477-9. [PMID: 36117127 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the perceived state of diversity in Radiology Residency Programs in the United States and to evaluate the level of acceptance for diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives. METHODS An electronic survey was conducted of the Radiology Residency Programs in the United States in December 2021 and January 2022. Respondents were recruited by email sent to the members of the Association of University Radiologists who were Radiology Residency Program Directors. Quantitative and Qualitative analyses were performed. RESULTS Of the 198 emails sent out to the Radiology Program Directors, 53 completed surveys were returned (response rate of 27%). Although some progress has been made in increasing the number of women and Asians in Academic Radiology, there is persisting imbalance of the numbers of African American and Latinx radiologists which comprise far less than 25% of the physician workforce. Nearly half of the respondents reported having a Vice Chair of DEI. Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis. Most respondents agreed that diversity should be considered when recruiting faculty and residents. Many noted a strong commitment to DEI but they felt there was room for improvement in formalizing efforts to aid in recruitment of underrepresented minorities. Diversity education was more likely mandatory for residents and optional for faculty. CONCLUSION Academic Radiology programs are recognizing the value of internal DEI leadership roles. Radiologists are implementing DEI initiatives and making intentional changes in the recruitment of diverse radiologists. More concerted efforts are needed to increase the low numbers of African American and Latinx radiologists. Effective evaluation metrics for various DEI programs are needed to assess how successful these endeavors are in creating lasting changes.
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Goswami AK, Kokabi N, Khaja MS, Saad WE, Khaja A, Vashi AP, Bhatia A, Peng L, Yellamraju S, Sarasani R, Sripadrao H, Findeiss LK, Newsome JM, Meltzer CC, Majdalany BS. Academic Radiology in the United States: Defining Gender Disparities in Faculty Leadership and Academic Rank. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:714-725. [PMID: 34176728 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Female physicians in academic medicine have faced barriers that potentially affect representation in different fields and delay promotion. Little is known about gender representation differences in United States academic radiology departments, particularly within the most pursued subspecialties. PURPOSE To determine whether gender differences exist in United States academic radiology departments across seven subspecialties with respect to academic ranks, departmental leadership positions, experience, and scholarly metrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study from November 2018 to June 2020, a database of United States academic radiologists at 129 academic departments in seven subspecialties was created. Each radiologist's academic rank, departmental leadership position (executive-level - Chair, Director, Chief, and Department or Division Head vs vice-level - vice, assistant, or associate positions of executive level), self-identified gender, years in practice, and measures of scholarly productivity (number of publications, citations, and h-index) were compiled from institutional websites, Doximity, LinkedIn, Scopus, and official NPI profiles. The primary outcome, gender composition differences in these cohorts, was analyzed using Chi2 while continuous data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. The adjusted gender difference for all factors was determined using a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS Overall, 5086 academic radiologists (34.7% women) with a median 14 years of practice (YOP) were identified and indexed. There were 919 full professors (26.1% women, p < 0.01) and 1055 executive-level leadership faculty (30.6% women, p < 0.01). Within all subspecialties except breast imaging, women were in the minority (35.4% abdominal, 79.1% breast, 12.1% interventional, 27.5% musculoskeletal, 22.8% neuroradiology, 45.1% pediatric, and 19.5% nuclear; p < 0.01). Relative to subspecialty gender composition, women full professors were underrepresented in abdominal, pediatric, and nuclear radiology (p < 0.05) and women in any executive-level leadership were underrepresented in abdominal and nuclear radiology (p < 0.05). However, after adjusting for h-index and YOP, gender did not influence rates of professorship or executive leadership. The strongest single predictors for professorship or executive leadership were h-index and YOP. CONCLUSION Women academic radiologists in the United States are underrepresented among senior faculty members despite having similar levels of experience as men. Gender disparities regarding the expected number of women senior faculty members relative to individual subspecialty gender composition were more pronounced in abdominal and nuclear radiology, and less pronounced in breast and neuroradiology. Overall, h-index and YOP were the strongest predictors for full-professorship and executive leadership among faculty. KEY RESULTS ● Though women comprise 34.7% of all academic radiologists, women are underrepresented among senior faculty members (26.1% of full professors and 30.6% of executive leadership) ● Women in junior faculty positions had higher median years of practice than their male counterparts (10 vs 8 for assistant professors, 21 vs 13 for vice leadership) ● Years of practice and h-index were the strongest predictors for full professorship and executive leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Goswami
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciencies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nima Kokabi
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Minhaj S Khaja
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wael E Saad
- Department of Radiology, Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Akram Khaja
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciencies, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aksal P Vashi
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Amrit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lingyi Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Laura K Findeiss
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Janice M Newsome
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Carolyn C Meltzer
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bill S Majdalany
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road NE, Suite AG05 Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Pediatric interventional radiology workforce in North America: a descriptive analysis of demographics, educational backgrounds and scholarly activities. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:2077-2082. [PMID: 33710407 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric interventional radiology has grown as an advanced subspecialty with increased demand, number and complexity of cases, and number of pediatric institutions offering a pediatric interventional radiology service. Despite the overall increase in the number of pediatric interventionalists over the past two decades, there is a heterogeneity in their academic backgrounds and a lack of uniform training pathways. OBJECTIVE To analyze the demographics, academic backgrounds and scholarly activities of pediatric interventionalists across the United States (U.S.) and Canada. MATERIALS AND METHODS A list of all members of the Society for Pediatric Interventional Radiology was obtained and pediatric interventionalists at academic and private practice institutions in the U.S. and Canada were included. Publicly available online sources were used to gather demographic and educational information about each pediatric interventionalist, which included the online curriculum vitae, the HealthGrades.com and Doximity.com websites, and Elsevier's Scopus database. Demographic and educational data including age, gender, educational background, additional degrees, academic rank, previous leadership positions, and metrics of scholarly activities were recorded. Fellowships in diagnostic pediatric radiology, adult interventional radiology and/or pediatric interventional radiology were recorded. Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare differences between groups. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five pediatric interventionalists were included, of whom 24 (19.2%) were female. The mean age was 48.6 years (standard deviation [SD]: 10.6, median: 45 years, range: 36-82 years). There was no statistical difference between median age for male versus female pediatric interventionalists (44.5 years vs. 45 years, P=0.89). A majority of pediatric interventionalists were American medical school graduates (96, 76.8%), while 29 (23.2%) were international medical graduates. Eighty-three percent (104) of the pediatric interventionalists completed diagnostic radiology residency training in the U.S., most commonly at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio (6.4%) and Washington University in St. Louis, MO (5.6%). Among fellowship training, pediatric interventionalists completed a pediatric radiology fellowship (61.6%), adult interventional radiology fellowship (40%) and/or a dedicated pediatric interventional radiology fellowship (57.6%). The mean±SD (median) publications, citations and Hirsch index (h-index) for pediatric interventionalists were 32±45 (12), 68±1,317 (120) and 9±10 (5), respectively. There was a statistically higher number of publications, citations and h-index with increasing academic rank at the assistant, associate and professor levels (P<0.001 for all groups). International medical graduate pediatric interventionalists had a higher, but not statistically significant, median publication count (26 vs. 11, P=0.0.25), citation count (236 vs. 93, P=0.36) and h-index (9.0 vs. 5, P=0.24) compared to pediatric interventional radiologists from American medical schools. CONCLUSION Pediatric interventionalists in North America are predominantly male, with about a quarter having graduated from international medical schools. Pediatric radiology fellowship, followed by pediatric interventional radiology fellowship, was the most frequently pursued training pathway.
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Vilanilam GK, Wadhwa V, Rohilla M, Limaye K, Samant RS, Kamran M, Radvany MG. Analysis of Demographic and Educational Backgrounds of Interventional Neuroradiology Fellowship Program Director Workforce in North America. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2021; 50:477-480. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yu JX, Berzin TM, Enestvedt B, Anderson MA, Popov VB, Thompson CC, Schulman AR. Gender disparities in advanced endoscopy fellowship. Endosc Int Open 2021; 9:E338-E342. [PMID: 33655031 PMCID: PMC7892265 DOI: 10.1055/a-1311-0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and study aims Women remain underrepresented in gastroenterology, especially advanced endoscopy. Women represent 30 % of general gastroenterology fellows; yet in 2019, only 12.8 % of fellows who matched into advanced endoscopy fellowship (AEF) programs were women. Methods We administered a web-based survey to the program directors (PDs) of AEF programs that participated in the 2018-2019 American Society for Gastroenterology (ASGE) match. We assessed PD and program characteristics, in addition to perceived barriers and facilitators (scale 1-5, 5 = most important) influencing women pursuing AEF training. Results We received 38 (59.3 %) responses from 64 PDs. 15.8 % (6/38) of AEF PDs and 13.2 % (5/38) of endoscopy chiefs were women. By program, women represented 14.8 % (mean) ± 17.0 % (SD) of AEF faculty and 12.0 % (mean) ± 11.1 % (SD) of AEF trainees over the past 10 years. 47.4 % (18/38) programs reported no female advanced endoscopy faculty and 31.6 % (12/38) of programs have never had a female fellow. Percentage of female fellows was strongly associated with percentage of female AEF faculty (ß = 0.43, P < 0.001). Inflexible hours and call (mean rank 3.3 ± 1.1), exposure to fluoroscopy (2.9 ± 1.1), lack of women endoscopists at national conferences/courses (2.9 ± 1.1) and lack of female mentorship (2.9 ± 1.0) were cited as the most important barriers to recruitment. Conclusion We utilized a survey of AEF PDs participating in the ASGE match to determine program characteristics and identify contributors to gender disparity. Women represent a minority of AEF PDs, endoscopy chiefs, advanced endoscopy faculty and AEF trainees. Our study highlights perceived barriers and facilitators to recruitment, and emphasizes the importance of having female representation in faculty, and leadership positions in endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica X. Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Tyler M. Berzin
- Center for Advanced Endoscopy, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Brintha Enestvedt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Michelle A. Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Violeta B. Popov
- Division of Gastroenterology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States,Division of Gastroenterology, VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, United States
| | - Christopher C. Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Allison R. Schulman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Fichera G, Busch IM, Rimondini M, Motta R, Giraudo C. Is Empowerment of Female Radiologists Still Needed? Findings of a Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041542. [PMID: 33562881 PMCID: PMC7915271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering that radiology is still a male-dominated specialty in which men make up more than two thirds of the workforce, this systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current role of women in radiological imaging, focusing on the main aspects such as career progression, leadership, academic practice, and perceived discrimination. Three electronic databases were searched up to 21 October 2020. To identify additional records, weekly automatic email alerts were set up on PubMed until December 2020 and reference lists of key studies and included papers were screened. Two reviewers independently performed the search, study selection, quality appraisal, data extraction, and formal narrative synthesis. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer was involved. Across the 61 included articles, women worked more often part-time and held fewer positions of power in hospitals, on editorial boards, and at the academic level (associate and full professors). Women were less often in relevant positions in scientific articles, had fewer publications, and had a lower H-index. Discrimination and sexual harassment were experienced by up to 40% and 47% of female radiologists, respectively. Our study highlights that women in radiology are still underrepresented and play a marginal role in the field, struggling to reach top and leading positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fichera
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Isolde Martina Busch
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Michela Rimondini
- Section of Clinical Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (I.M.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Raffaella Motta
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
| | - Chiara Giraudo
- Department of Medicine–DIMED, Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (G.F.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-8212357
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Barbat A, Oska S, Partiali B, Folbe A, Jacob J. Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Trainees, 2014-2019: Has the Recently Introduced Integrated Interventional Radiology Program Changed Anything? Acad Radiol 2021; 28:292-293. [PMID: 32828662 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barbat
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 586 Pioneer Dr, Rochester, MI 48309.
| | - Sandra Oska
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 586 Pioneer Dr, Rochester, MI 48309
| | - Benjamin Partiali
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, 586 Pioneer Dr, Rochester, MI 48309
| | - Adam Folbe
- Division of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI
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Gender Disparity in Industry Relationships With Academic Interventional Radiology Physicians. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 215:494-501. [PMID: 32348184 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Industry relationships drive technologic innovation in interventional radiology and offer opportunities for professional growth. Women are underrepresented in interventional radiology despite the growing recognition of the importance of diversity. This study characterized gender disparities in financial relationships between industry and academic interventional radiologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, U.S. academic interventional radiology physicians and their academic ranks were identified by searching websites of practices with accredited interventional radiology fellowship programs. Publicly available databases were queried to collect each physician's gender, years since medical school graduation, h-index, academic rank, and industry payments in 2018. Wilcoxon and chi-square tests compared payments between genders. A general linear model assessed the impact of academic rank, years since graduation, gender, and h-index on payments. RESULTS. Of 842 academic interventional radiology physicians, 108 (13%) were women. A total $14,206,599.41 was received by 686 doctors (81%); only $147,975.28 (1%) was received by women. A lower percentage of women (74%) than men (83%) received payments (p = 0.04); median total payments were lower for women ($535) than men ($792) (p = 0.01). Academic rank, h-index, years since graduation, and male gender were independent predictors of higher payments. Industry payments supporting technologic advancement were made exclusively to men. CONCLUSION. Female interventional radiology physicians received fewer and lower industry payments, earning 1% of total payments despite constituting 13% of physicians. Gender independently predicted industry payments, regardless of h-index, academic rank, or years since graduation. Gender disparity in interventional radiology physician-industry relationships warrants further investigation and correction.
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Women in interventional radiology: insights into Australia's gender gap. Clin Radiol 2020; 75:560.e1-560.e7. [PMID: 32331782 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess differences in the exposure, teaching, knowledge, appreciation, and interest in interventional radiology (IR) between male and female doctors prior to specialisation and to identify potential predisposing factors to the gender inequality in interventional radiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective cross-sectional multicentre study was conducted using in-person and web-based distribution of a voluntary, anonymous questionnaire to junior doctors yet to commence specialisation at 11 health services across two Australian states. RESULTS Complete responses were provided by 333 junior doctors (21.9% response rate). Women were significantly less likely than men to consider a career in IR (13.1% versus 29.7%, p < 0.001). No other statistically significant gender disparities were identified, as both men and women reported low levels of prior teaching and exposure to IR, strong belief in the importance of IR, and suboptimal knowledge of IR. CONCLUSIONS The gender gap amongst practising Australian interventional radiologists is perpetuated by a consistent gender gap in upcoming junior doctors' desire to pursue IR. This disparity exists despite junior doctors receiving the same exposure and opportunities in interventional radiology, possibly suggesting that preconceived stereotypes or psychosocial factors deter females from pursuing this procedural, male-dominated subspecialty. Future qualitative studies are required to confirm this hypothesis, in conjunction with prospective, experimental trials to determine whether changes in education, mentorship, and advocacy can promote gender equality.
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Li O, Ross M, Wiseman D. Women in Interventional Radiology: Exploring the Gender Disparity in Canada. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2020; 50:115-118. [PMID: 32253015 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Women now comprise half of medical students in Canada yet continue to be underrepresented in general radiology and its subspecialties. The underrepresentation of women in interventional radiology is even more profound. The literature has suggested various factors that might contribute to this gender disparity, including a lack of role models and mentors, exposure during early medical training, and decisions regarding work-life balance. This article explores the gender disparity among Canadian interventional radiologists, highlights the attrition of women through their radiology training, and discusses recruitment strategies to increase diversity in this rewarding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Malory Ross
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniele Wiseman
- Department of Medical Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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Chen SH, Brunet MC. Fetal radiation exposure risk in the pregnant neurointerventionalist. J Neurointerv Surg 2020; 12:1014-1017. [PMID: 32024785 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-015727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of women physicians is steadily rising, but the field of neurointervention remains one of the most male-dominated subspecialties in medicine. A fear of radiation exposure, particularly during pregnancy and childbearing years, may be responsible for deterring some of the best and brightest. This is the first study to examine the amount of maternal and fetal radiation exposure during a pregnant neurointerventional fellow's training. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the radiation exposure of a neurointerventional fellow prior to and during pregnancy from February 2018 to May 2019 in 758 neurointerventional cases. The collar dosimeter was used to measure overall maternal exposure and an additional fetal dosimeter was worn under two lead apron skirts to estimate fetal radiation exposure. RESULTS There was not a significant difference between pre- and post-pregnancy overall maternal radiation exposure as measured by the collar dosimeter (151 mrem pre-pregnancy and 105 mrem during pregnancy, p=0.129). Mean fluoroscopy time and fluoroscopy emission per procedure also did not differ prior to and during pregnancy. Fetal radiation exposure measurements from both the Mirion Genesis Ultra TLD dosimeter as well as the Mirion Instadose dosimeters worn under double lead apron skirts were 0 mrem for all 6 months. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, when optimal radiation safety practices are implemented, the fetal dose of a pregnant neurointerventionalist is negligible. Further studies and education are necessary to encourage women to choose neurointervention and allow practicing women neurointerventionalists to maintain their productivity during their reproductive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marie-Christine Brunet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Chapman CH, Hwang WT, Wang X, Deville C. Factors that predict for representation of women in physician graduate medical education. MEDICAL EDUCATION ONLINE 2019; 24:1624132. [PMID: 31199206 PMCID: PMC6586104 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2019.1624132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background/Objective: To identify factors associated with underrepresentation of women in the largest medical specialties. Methods: The authors obtained specialty-specific data from the Association of American Medical Colleges, National Residency Match Program and Journal of the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education Supplement from 2014 on the gender of trainees and faculty members, residency program director (PD)-rated importance of interview selection and rank list formation criteria, and characteristics of matched NRMP participants. They used linear regression to evaluate whether factors were associated with representation of female trainees in the 18 largest specialties that participated in the NRMP. They hypothesized that factors representing lower student exposure or higher research requirements would be associated with lower representation of women. Results: In 2014, representation of women as trainees ranged from 13.7% in Orthopedic Surgery to 82.5% in OB/Gyn. On multivariable analysis, the factors associated with specialties having lower percentages of female trainees were: not being part of the third year core (slope = 0.141, p = 0.002), having lower specialty mean step 1 scores (slope = 0.007, p = 0.017), and having lower percentages of female faculty members. For each 1% increase in female faculty, the percentage of female trainees increased by 1.45% (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Two exposure-related factors, percentage of female faculty members and being part of the third year core, were associated with underrepresentation of women as trainees. Future research could help examine whether these are causal associations. Medical schools and training specialties should investigate whether strategies to enhance mentorship and increase exposure to non-core specialties will increase the proportion of women in fields in which they are underrepresented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Chapman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xingmei Wang
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Curtiland Deville
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Ghatan CE, Altamirano J, Fassiotto M, Perez MG, Maldonado Y, Josephs S, Sze DY, Kothary N. Achieving Speaker Gender Equity at the SIR Annual Scientific Meeting: The Effect of Female Session Coordinators. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1870-1875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Clinical Practice Patterns of Interventional Radiologists by Gender. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2019; 213:867-874. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.21321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Matsumoto MM, Tullius TG, Navuluri R. Gender-Specific Factors Influencing Medical Students' Career Choice of IR. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:1432-1437. [PMID: 31279685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors conducted an anonymous survey to assess positive and negative factors that may affect medical students' decisions to pursue a career in interventional radiology (IR). The survey was sent to registrants for the Midwest IR Student Symposium in 2016 and/or 2017, with a response rate of 13%; male and female responses were then compared. Female and male medical students shared similar rankings of factors affecting their decisions about choosing IR as a career, such as concern about lifestyle and excitement about therapeutic applications. Access to female IR mentors and diversification of the currently male-dominated workplace were important, gender-specific concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Matsumoto
- Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 E. 57th Street, Suite 104, Chicago, IL 60637.
| | - Thomas G Tullius
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rakesh Navuluri
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medical Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Siotos C, Payne RM, Stone JP, Cui D, Siotou K, Broderick KP, Rosson GD, Cooney CM. Evolution of Workforce Diversity in Surgery ✰. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2019; 76:1015-1021. [PMID: 30638794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessing workforce diversity over time is essential to understanding how it has evolved and anticipating its future. We conducted the current study to evaluate gender, racial/ethnic, and duty trends over the past decade in general surgery and surgical subspecialties. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study. We calculated ratios and relative changes to assess potential differences of physicians' characteristics across time and surgical subspecialties. SETTING We evaluated data acquired by the Association of American Medical Colleges. PARTICIPANTS We extracted data from the 2000 to 2013 including the overall number of surgeons, surgeon race/ethnicity, gender, and primary professional activity. RESULTS During 2000 to 2013, the total number of surgeons increased 11.5%, reaching 172,062 active surgeons and residents, the majority of whom were White (64%) or male (75%). However, from 2000 to 2013, most specialties showed some improvement in terms of including minorities and females. Most surgeons (98%) participate in patient care while a small portion are devoted to other activities (e.g., administrative, research, teaching; 2%). Both groups increased over the study period. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the face of surgery is changing. Continuous monitoring of the surgical workforce is important to anticipate future needs and to serve a diverse patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Siotos
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachael M Payne
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jill P Stone
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kalliopi Siotou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Kristen P Broderick
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gedge D Rosson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carisa M Cooney
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Sailer AM, Paulis L, Vergoossen L, Wildberger JE, Jeukens CRLPN. Optimizing Staff Dose in Fluoroscopy-Guided Interventions by Comparing Clinical Data with Phantom Experiments. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:701-708.e1. [PMID: 30952523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate conditions for minimizing staff dose in interventional radiology, and to provide an achievable level for radiation exposure reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive phantom experiments were performed in an angiography suite to evaluate the effects of several parameters on operator dose, such as patient body part, radiation shielding, x-ray tube angulation, and acquisition type. Phantom data were compared with operator dose data from clinical procedures (n = 281), which were prospectively acquired with the use of electronic real-time personal dosimeters (PDMs) combined with an automatic dose-tracking system (DoseWise Portal; Philips, Best, The Netherlands). A reference PDM was installed on the C-arm to measure scattered radiation. Operator exposure was calculated relative to this scatter dose. RESULTS In phantom experiments and clinical procedures, median operator dose relative to the dose-area product (DAP) was reduced by 81% and 79% in cerebral procedures and abdominal procedures, respectively. The use of radiation shielding decreased operator exposure up to 97% in phantom experiments; however, operator dose data show that this reduction was not fully achieved in clinical practice. Both phantom experiments and clinical procedures showed that the largest contribution to relative operator dose originated from left-anterior-oblique C-arm angulations (59%-75% of clinical operator exposure). Of the various x-ray acquisition types used, fluoroscopy was the main contributor to procedural DAP (49%) and operator dose in clinical procedures (82%). CONCLUSIONS Achievable levels for radiation exposure reduction were determined and compared with real-life clinical practice. This generated evidence-based advice on the conditions required for optimal radiation safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Sailer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Leonie Paulis
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Vergoossen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Wildberger
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile R L P N Jeukens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Bridging the Gender Gap in the Society of IR: A Benchmark Study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2019; 30:584-588.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Interventional radiology in European radiology departments: a joint survey from the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE). Insights Imaging 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 30758676 PMCID: PMC6375097 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To gather information from radiological departments in Europe about the organization and practice of interventional radiology (IR). Methods The European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) developed an online survey with questions that addressed the organization of IR within radiology departments. The survey was sent to 1180 addresses of department heads throughout Europe. Results There were 98 answers (response rate 8.3%) from many European nations, reflecting the situation of IR in Europe. Conclusions Five points of action can be suggested based on the survey results. There is a need to assure 24-h service of IR in all radiological departments; networking can be the solution in case staffing problems arise. To attract students, IR needs to be recognized early as a possible career option. Although IR is included in the ESR Curriculum for Undergraduate Radiological Education, this is not the case everywhere, and it must be. There is a “gender issue” in IR since the majority of specialists are male. The lack of role models is probably the main reason why women do not pursue an interventional career. It is, therefore, necessary to increase the number of women in faculty and chair positions to provide a well-balanced leadership team. The field of radiology should work towards recognition of the full clinical role of IR, making efforts to also take into account the “administrative” responsibility throughout the entire process of care for each patient treated by interventional radiologists. Additionally, those radiologists who perform only diagnostic tasks must take an active role in IR. When a situation is encountered which could be amenable to therapy with IR, the radiological report should suggest this form of therapy and the patient should be referred to colleagues in IR.
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Goldman D, Martin J, Bercu Z, Newsome J, Grimm L. Differential Motivations for Pursuing Interventional Radiology: Implications for Residency Recruitment. J Am Coll Radiol 2019; 16:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clements W, Goh GS, Nguyen J, Vrazas J, Rogan C, Lau G, Joseph T. Establishing a Platform for Interest and Education in Interventional Radiology Amongst Radiology Trainees. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2018; 42:95-100. [PMID: 30238333 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-018-2080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over recent times, procedural Radiologists have begun to establish themselves as the distinct subspecialty of Interventional Radiology (IR). The Interventional Radiology Society of Australasia (IRSA) was established in 1982 to share collaborative ideas, encourage research, and promote education. IRSA developed a weekend registrar workshop attended by Radiology Registrars from Australia and New Zealand. In the 2018 event, we surveyed the Registrars to identify their interest in IR training before and after the workshop. MATERIALS AND METHODS The event was held over a weekend and consisted of both lectures and hands-on workshops. A survey was handed to all 67 registrants of the workshop and there was a 55% response rate including 78% of females in attendance. RESULTS Before the workshop, trainees rated their interest in IR training at a mean of 3.7 out of 5. After the workshop, trainees rated their interest in IR training as an average of 4.4 out of 5 (p < 0.001). The difference in interest between males and females before the workshop (4.0 vs. 3.1) was significant (p = 0.003), however after the workshop (4.5 vs. 4.1) was not significant (p = 0.07). The change in interest from attending the workshop was significant between genders, p = 0.03 (male interest increased mean 0.5, female increased mean 1.0). CONCLUSION We show that a program of lectures and workshops designed to generate interest in IR leads to a significant increase in training interest, particularly amongst females. Other subspecialty groups should consider this type of intervention and promote ongoing education and inspiration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Cross-sectional study, Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Clements
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Gerard S Goh
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Radiology, Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - John Vrazas
- Melbourne Institute of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Collingwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Rogan
- Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriel Lau
- Pacific Radiology, Otago/Southland, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, Dunedin Public Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tim Joseph
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Cater SW, Yoon SC, Lowell DA, Campbell JC, Sulioti G, Qin R, Jiang B, Grimm LJ. Bridging the Gap: Identifying Global Trends in Gender Disparity Among the Radiology Physician Workforce. Acad Radiol 2018; 25:1052-1061. [PMID: 29398433 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Women make up half of American medical school graduates, but remain underrepresented among radiologists. This study sought to determine whether workforce gender disparities exist in other countries, and to identify any country-specific indices associated with increased female representation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 95 professional radiology organizations in 75 countries were contacted via email to provide membership statistics, including proportion of female members, female members aged 35 or under, and women in society leadership positions. Country-specific metrics collected included gross domestic product, Gini index, percent female medical school enrollment, and Gender Development Index for the purposes of univariate multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Twenty-nine organizations provided data on 184,888 radiologists, representing 26 countries from Europe (n = 12), North America (n = 2), Central/South America (n = 6), Oceania (n = 2), Asia (n = 3), and Africa (n = 1) for a response rate of 34.7% (26/75). Globally, 33.5% of radiologists are female. Women constitute a higher proportion of younger radiologists, with 48.5% of radiologists aged 35 or under being female. Female representation in radiology is lowest in the United States (27.2%), highest in Thailand (85.0%), and most variable in Europe (mean 40.1%, range 28.8%-68.9%). The proportion of female radiologists was positively associated with a country's Gender Development Index (P = .006), percent female medical student enrollment (P = .001), and Gini index (P = .002), and negatively associated with gross domestic product (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Women are underrepresented in radiology globally, most notably in the United States. Countries with greater representation of women had higher gender equality and percent female medical school enrollment, suggesting these factors may play a role in the gender gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wallace Cater
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710.
| | - Sora C Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Dorothy A Lowell
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Gary Sulioti
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosie Qin
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian Jiang
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lars J Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710
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The Interventional Radiology (IR) Gender Gap: A Prospective Online Survey by the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE). Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2018; 41:1241-1253. [PMID: 29789874 PMCID: PMC6021462 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-018-1967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aim A prospective online survey was conducted by the Cardiovascular Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) to evaluate the gender gap within interventional radiology (IR) and the barriers facing women in IR. Materials and Methods A questionnaire (“Appendix”) was devised by the authors and the CIRSE communication and publication team and sent electronically to 750 identifiable female members of CIRSE. Responses were collected from 7 August to 24 August 2017. Results The response rate was 19.9% (n = 149) with highest responses from UK (18%), Italy (11%), Germany (11%), Spain (7%), Netherlands (5%), France (5%), Sweden (4%), USA (4%). 91% of the respondents were between 31 and 46 years, 83% work full time, 62% spend > 50% of their working time in IR, and 67% practice in a university or tertiary referral institution. 85% were in the minority in their department. 52% had no leadership role in their department, but 67% expressed willingness to consider a leadership position. Their main concerns were work/family life balance, the risks of radiation exposure, the effect of pregnancy on training and practice and the male-dominated work environment. Conclusion This survey highlights issues experienced by women in IR. Clear guidance on concerns regarding radiation exposure particularly during pregnancy is needed. Structured and supportive training is required for female IRs who may wish to train or work flexibly. The male-dominated environment is discouraging, and a scheme to promote female IRs would encourage women to take on senior leadership positions and attract more women into the specialty.
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Higgins MC, Hwang WT, Richard C, Chapman CH, Laporte A, Both S, Thomas CR, Deville C. Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities in the United States IR Academic Physician Workforce. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 27:1837-1844.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lightfoote JB, Deville C, Ma LD, Winkfield KM, Macura KJ. Diversity, Inclusion, and Representation: It Is Time to Act. J Am Coll Radiol 2016; 13:1421-1425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The Top Three Health Care Developments Impacting the Practice of Interventional Radiology in the Next Decade. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016; 207:731-736. [PMID: 27440523 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.16.16435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We discuss three health care trends that will have a profound impact on interventional radiology (IR) in the next decade. CONCLUSION Precision medicine, representing the next frontier of medicine, will bring opportunities and challenges to the field. Significant changes in payment models may prove beneficial to the subspecialty if proactive steps are taken by its members. Finally, shifts in population demographics are predicted to increase demand for services while intensifying the need to cultivate a complementary workforce.
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