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Dong ZX, Lin CC, Chen YK, Chou CC, Chen TC. Identification of an emerging cucumber virus in Taiwan using Oxford nanopore sequencing technology. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:143. [PMID: 36550551 PMCID: PMC9773502 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In June 2020, severe symptoms of leaf mosaic and fruit malformation were observed on greenhouse-grown cucumber plants in Xizhou Township of Changhua County, Taiwan. An unknown virus, designated CX-2, was isolated from a diseased cucumber sample by single lesion isolation on Chenopodium quinoa leaves. Identification of CX-2 was performed. Moreover, the incidence of cucumber viruses in Taiwan was also investigated. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy was performed to examine virion morphology. The portable MinION sequencer released by Oxford Nanopore Technologies was used to detect viral sequences in dsRNA of CX-2-infected leaf tissue. The whole genome sequence of CX-2 was completed by Sanger sequencing and analyzed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with species-specific primers and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with anti-coat protein antisera were developed for virus detection in the field [see Additional file 1]. RESULTS Icosahedral particles about 30 nm in diameter were observed in the crud leaf sap of CX-2-infected C. quinoa plant. The complete genome sequence of CX-2 was determined as 4577 nt long and shared 97.0-97.2% of nucleotide identity with that of two cucumber Bulgarian latent virus (CBLV) isolates in Iran and Bulgaria. Therefore, CX-2 was renamed CBLV-TW. In 2020-2022 field surveys, melon yellow spot virus (MYSV) had the highest detection rate of 74.7%, followed by cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) (32.0%), papaya ringspot virus virus watermelon type (PRSV-W) (10.7%), squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV) (9.3%), CBLV (8.0%) and watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) (4.0%). Co-infection of CBLV and MYSV could be detected in field cucumbers. CONCLUSION The emerging CBLV-TW was identified by nanopore sequencing. Whole genome sequence analysis revealed that CBLV-TW is closely related, but phylogenetically distinct, to two known CBLV isolates in Bulgaria and Iran. Detection methods including RT-PCR and indirect ELISA have been developed to detect CBLV and to investigate cucumber viruses in central Taiwan. The 2020-2022 field survey results showed that MYSV and CCYV were the main threats to cucumbers, with CBLV, SLCuPV and WSMoV were occasionally occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Dong
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chian-Chi Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Chou
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Cheng HW, Tsai WT, Hsieh YY, Chen KC, Yeh SD. Identification of a Common Epitope in Nucleocapsid Proteins of Euro-America Orthotospoviruses and Its Application for Tagging Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168583. [PMID: 34445289 PMCID: PMC8395252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The NSs protein and the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of orthotospoviruses are the major targets for serological detection and diagnosis. A common epitope of KFTMHNQIF in the NSs proteins of Asia orthotospoviruses has been applied as an epitope tag (nss-tag) for monitoring recombinant proteins. In this study, a monoclonal antibody TNP MAb against the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) NP that reacts with TSWV-serogroup members of Euro-America orthotospoviruses was produced. By truncation and deletion analyses of TSWV NP, the common epitope of KGKEYA was identified and designated as the np sequence. The np sequence was successfully utilized as an epitope tag (np-tag) to monitor various proteins, including the green fluorescence protein, the coat protein of the zucchini yellow mosaic virus, and the dust mite chimeric allergen Dp25, in a bacterial expression system. The np-tag was also applied to investigate the protein-protein interaction in immunoprecipitation. In addition, when the np-tag and the nss-tag were simultaneously attached at different termini of the expressed recombinant proteins, they reacted with the corresponding MAbs with high sensitivity. Here, we demonstrated that the np sequence and TNP MAb can be effectively applied for tagging and detecting proteins and can be coupled with the nss-tag to form a novel epitope-tagging system for investigating protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Tsai
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Yi-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Kuan-Chun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (H.-W.C.); (W.-T.T.); (Y.-Y.H.); (K.-C.C.)
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22877021; Fax: +886-4-22852501
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Kannan M, Zainal Z, Ismail I, Baharum SN, Bunawan H. Application of Reverse Genetics in Functional Genomics of Potyvirus. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080803. [PMID: 32722532 PMCID: PMC7472138 DOI: 10.3390/v12080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous potyvirus studies, including virus biology, transmission, viral protein function, as well as virus–host interaction, have greatly benefited from the utilization of reverse genetic techniques. Reverse genetics of RNA viruses refers to the manipulation of viral genomes, transfection of the modified cDNAs into cells, and the production of live infectious progenies, either wild-type or mutated. Reverse genetic technology provides an opportunity of developing potyviruses into vectors for improving agronomic traits in plants, as a reporter system for tracking virus infection in hosts or a production system for target proteins. Therefore, this review provides an overview on the breakthroughs achieved in potyvirus research through the implementation of reverse genetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maathavi Kannan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.K.); (Z.Z.); (I.I.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.K.); (Z.Z.); (I.I.); (S.N.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.K.); (Z.Z.); (I.I.); (S.N.B.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.K.); (Z.Z.); (I.I.); (S.N.B.)
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.K.); (Z.Z.); (I.I.); (S.N.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-8921-4554
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Bald-Blume N, Bergervoet JHW, Maiss E. Development of a molecular assay for the general detection of tospoviruses and the distinction between tospoviral species. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1519-1528. [PMID: 28190200 PMCID: PMC7086974 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A Luminex xTAG-based assay for plant-infecting tospoviruses was developed. The test enables the detection of tospoviruses in general and the differentiation of the four important member species of this genus: Tomato spotted wilt virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, the proposed 'Capsicum chlorosis virus' and Watermelon silver mottle virus. The generic tospovirus primers used in this method are also applicable for detection of tospoviruses by basic RT-PCR. We also describe an economic alternative method for the distinction of the four tospoviruses mentioned and of additional member viruses, based on a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The sophisticated Luminex xTAG technology allows the simultaneous detection of various targets. This study is part of a project that aims to develop a method for the simultaneous detection of various plant pathogens (viral, bacterial and fungal) in plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bald-Blume
- Section of Phytomedicine, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan H W Bergervoet
- Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar Maiss
- Section of Phytomedicine, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Chen YH, Dong J, Chien WC, Zheng K, Wu K, Yeh SD, Sun JH, Wang YC, Chen TC. Monoclonal antibodies for differentiating infections of three serological-related tospoviruses prevalent in Southwestern China. Virol J 2016; 13:72. [PMID: 27121504 PMCID: PMC4848788 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thrips-borne tospoviruses Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV), Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV) and a new species provisionally named Tomato necrotic spot associated virus (TNSaV) infect similar crops in southwestern China. The symptoms exhibiting on virus-infected crops are similar, which is difficult for distinguishing virus species by symptomatology. The sequences of nucleocapsid proteins (NPs) of CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV share high degrees of amino acid identity with each other, and their serological relationship was currently demonstrated from the responses of the previously reported monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the NP of CCSV (MAb-CCSV-NP) and the nonstructural NSs protein of Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) (MAb-WNSs). Therefore, the production of virus-specific antibodies for identification of CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV is demanded to improve field surveys. METHODS The NP of TZSV-13YV639 isolated from Crinum asiaticum in Yunnan Province, China was bacterially expressed and purified for producing MAbs. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting were conducted to test the serological response of MAbs to 18 tospovirus species. Additionally, the virus-specific primers were designed to verify the identity of CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV in one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Two MAbs, denoted MAb-TZSV-NP(S15) and MAb-TZSV-NP(S18), were screened for test. MAb-TZSV-NP(S15) reacted with CCSV and TZSV while MAb-TZSV-NP(S18) reacted specifically to TZSV in both indirect ELISA and immunoblotting. Both MAbs can be used to detect TZSV in field-collected plant samples. The epitope of MAb-TZSV-NP(S18) was further identified consisting of amino acids 78-86 (HKIVASGAD) of the TZSV-13YV639 NP that is a highly conserved region among known TZSV isolates but is distinct from TNSaV and TZSV. CONCLUSIONS In this study, two MAbs targeting to different portions of the TZSV NP were obtained. Unlike MAb-CCSV-NP reacted with TNSaV as well as CCSV and TZSV, both TZSV MAbs can be used to differentiate CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV. The identity of CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV was proven by individual virus-specific primer pairs to indicate the correctness of serological responses. We also proposed an serological detection platform using MAb-CCSV-NP, MAb-TZSV-NP(S15) and MAb-TZSV-NP(S18) to allow researchers and quarantine staff to efficiently diagnose the infections of CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Chen
- />Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
| | - Jiahong Dong
- />Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Wan-Chu Chien
- />Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
| | - Kuanyu Zheng
- />Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Kuo Wu
- />Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223 China
| | - Shyi-Dong Yeh
- />Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
- />NCHU-UCD Plant and Food Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hua Sun
- />Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Wang
- />Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chi Chen
- />Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng Taichung, 41354 Taiwan
- />Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
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Wu PR, Chien WC, Okuda M, Takeshita M, Yeh SD, Wang YC, Chen TC. Genetic and serological characterization of chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus, a member of the genus Tospovirus. Arch Virol 2015; 160:529-36. [PMID: 25427981 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) is a member of a tentative tospovirus species. In this study, the complete genomic sequence of the Japanese CSNV isolate TcCh07A was determined. The L RNA is 8960 nt long and encodes the 331.0-kDa RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The M RNA is 4828 nt long and encodes the 34.1-kDa movement protein (NSm) and the 127.7-kDa glycoprotein precursor (Gn/Gc). The S RNA is 2949 nt long and encodes the 52.4-kDa silencing suppressor protein (NSs) and the 29.3-kDa nucleocapsid (N) protein. The N protein of CSNV-TcCh07A was purified from virus-infected plant tissues and used for production of a rabbit polyclonal antiserum (RAs) and a monoclonal antibody (MAb). Results of serological tests by indirect ELISA and western blotting using the prepared RAs and MAb and a previously produced RAs against the N protein of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) indicated that CSNV-TcCh07A, TSWV, tomato chlorotic spot virus, groundnut ringspot virus, alstroemeria necrotic streak virus and impatiens necrotic spot virus are serologically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ru Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan
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Cheng HW, Chen KC, Raja JAJ, Li JX, Yeh SD. An efficient tag derived from the common epitope of tospoviral NSs proteins for monitoring recombinant proteins expressed in both bacterial and plant systems. J Biotechnol 2013; 164:510-9. [PMID: 23403362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
NSscon (23 aa), a common epitope in the gene silencing suppressor NSs proteins of the members of the Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) serogroup, was previously identified. In this investigation, we expressed different green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused deletions of NSscon in bacteria and reacted with NSscon monoclonal antibody (MAb). Our results indicated that the core 9 amino acids, "(109)KFTMHNQIF(117)", denoted as "nss", retain the reactivity of NSscon. In bacterial pET system, four different recombinant proteins labeled with nss, either at N- or C-extremes, were readily detectable without position effects, with sensitivity superior to that for the polyhistidine-tag. When the nss-tagged Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) helper component-protease (HC-Pro) and WSMoV nucleocapsid protein were transiently expressed by agroinfiltration in tobacco, they were readily detectable and the tag's possible efficacy for gene silencing suppression was not noticed. Co-immunoprecipitation of nss-tagged and non-tagged proteins expressed from bacteria confirmed the interaction of potyviral HC-Pro and coat protein. Thus, we conclude that this novel nss sequence is highly valuable for tagging recombinant proteins in both bacterial and plant expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Wen Cheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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Li JT, Yeh YC, Yeh SD, Raja JAJ, Rajagopalan PA, Liu LY, Chen TC. Complete genomic sequence of watermelon bud necrosis virus. Arch Virol 2010; 156:359-62. [PMID: 21184244 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ting Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung County, Wufeng, Taiwan
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Chen TC, Lu YY, Cheng YH, Li JT, Yeh YC, Kang YC, Chang CP, Huang LH, Peng JC, Yeh SD. Serological relationship between Melon yellow spot virus and Watermelon silver mottle virus and differential detection of the two viruses in cucurbits. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1085-95. [PMID: 20480192 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), a tentative member of the genus Tospovirus, is considered a distinct serotype due to the lack of a serological relationship with other tospoviruses in its nucleocapsid protein (NP). Recently, a virus isolate collected from diseased watermelon in central Taiwan (MYSV-TW) was found to react with a rabbit antiserum (RAs) prepared against the NP of Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV), and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) prepared against the common epitope of the NSs proteins of WSMoV-serogroup tospoviruses, but not with the WSMoV NP-specific MAb, in both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. In this investigation, both RAs and MAb against MYSV-TW NP were produced. Results of serological tests revealed that the RAs to MYSV-TW NP reacted with the homologous antigen and the crude antigens of members of the WSMoV serogroup, including members of the formal species WSMoV and Peanut bud necrosis virus, and members of three tentative species, Watermelon bud necrosis virus, Capsicum chlorosis virus and Calla lily chlorotic spot virus. The MAb to MYSV-TW NP reacted only with the homologous antigen and the other geographic isolates of MYSV from Japan (JP) and Thailand (TH). Our results of reciprocal tests indicate that the NP and the NSs protein of MYSV are serologically related to those of WSMoV-serogroup tospoviruses. Furthermore, we show that both the MYSV NP MAb and the WSMoV NP MAb are reliable tools for identification of MYSV and WSMoV from single or mixed infection in field surveys, as verified using species-specific primers in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chi Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Preparation of immunogens and production of antibodies. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2009; 508:37-50. [PMID: 19301745 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-062-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The quality of reagents greatly affects the interpretation of serological tests. Methods used in conventional viral purification and molecular cloning and expression of target viral proteins to obtain antigens for immunization are presented. Immunization of rabbits, mice and chickens and isolation of immunoglobulin from immunized animals also are described.
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Gal-On A. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus: insect transmission and pathogenicity -the tails of two proteins. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2007; 8:139-50. [PMID: 20507486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SUMMARY Taxonomy: Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is a member of genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae. ZYMV is a positive-strand RNA virus. Physical properties: Virions are flexuous filaments of 680-730 nm in length and 11-13 nm in diameter, composed of about 2000 subunits of a single 31-kDa protein (calculated). The genome RNA size is 9.6 kb covalently linked to a viral-encoded protein (the VPg) at the 5' end, and with a 3' poly A tail. The 5' end of the sequence is AU-rich (69%). Viral proteins: The genome is expressed as a polyprotein cleaved by three viral proteases and processed into ten putative mature proteins. The structural coat protein is processed from the carboxyl terminus of the polyprotein and is highly immunogenic. Host and symptoms: Natural and experimental infection has been reported mainly in the Cucurbitaceae. Experimental local lesion hosts include Chenopodium amaranticolour, C. quinoa and Gomphrena globosa. Some ZYMV strains cause symptomless infection as in Ranunculus sardous, Nicotiana benthamiana and Sesamum indicum. ZYMV causes stunting and major foliar deformation with dark green blisters and mosaics in cucurbit hosts, eventually developing a filamentous leaf phenotype. In general, symptoms are severe on cucurbit hosts and cause dramatic reductions in yields due to severe fruit deformation. The virus is present in all the plant tissues at relatively high concentrations (c. 0.1 mg/mL of purified virus per 1 g fresh leaf tissue). The most suitable species for maintenance and purification is Cucurbita pepo. TRANSMISSION ZYMV is efficiently transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner. The coat protein (CP) and the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) are required for aphid transmission, through the CP DAG motif and the HC-Pro KLSC and PTK motifs. Mechanical transmission is efficient both in the laboratory and naturally. Economic importance: ZYMV disease is a major constraint in the production of cucurbits world-wide. The virus can cause massive damage (to total loss) to cucurbit crops, and prevents the growth of some cucurbit crops in certain areas. Control of ZYMV requires the integration of conventional resistance and transgenic breeding along with cross-protection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gal-On
- Department of Plant Pathology, Volcani Center-ARO, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
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Chen TC, Huang CW, Kuo YW, Liu FL, Yuan CHH, Hsu HT, Yeh SD. Identification of Common Epitopes on a Conserved Region of NSs Proteins Among Tospoviruses of Watermelon silver mottle virus Serogroup. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2006; 96:1296-1304. [PMID: 18943661 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-96-1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The NSs protein of Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) was expressed by a Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) vector in squash. The expressed NSs protein with a histidine tag and an additional NIa protease cleavage sequence was isolated by Ni(2+)-NTA resins as a free-form protein and further eluted after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for production of rabbit antiserum and mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The rabbit antiserum strongly reacted with the NSs crude antigen of WSMoV and weakly reacted with that of a high-temperature-recovered gloxinia isolate (HT-1) of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV), but not with that of Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV). In contrast, the MAbs reacted strongly with all crude NSs antigens of WSMoV, CaCV, and CCSV. Various deletions of the NSs open reading frame were constructed and expressed by ZYMV vector. Results indicate that all three MAbs target the 89- to 125-amino-acid (aa) region of WSMoV NSs protein. Two indispensable residues of cysteine and lysine were essential for MAbs recognition. Sequence comparison of the deduced MAbs-recognized region with the reported tospoviral NSs proteins revealed the presence of a consensus sequence VRKPGVKNTGCKFTMHNQIFNPN (denoted WNSscon), at the 98- to 120-aa position of NSs proteins, sharing 86 to 100% identities among those of WSMoV, CaCV, CCSV, and Peanut bud necrosis virus. A synthetic WNSscon peptide reacted with the MAbs and verified that the epitopes are present in the 98- to 120-aa region of WSMoV NSs protein. The WSMoV sero-group-specific NSs MAbs provide a means for reliable identification of tospoviruses in this large serogroup.
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