1
|
Kalogianni AI, Bouzalas I, Marka S, Zografaki ME, Mavrikou S, Gelasakis AI. Genetic Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses Isolated from Dairy Sheep in Greece. Viruses 2024; 16:547. [PMID: 38675890 PMCID: PMC11053789 DOI: 10.3390/v16040547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The high genetic heterogeneity of small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) renders the genetic characterization of the circulating strains crucial for the epidemiological investigation and the designation of effective diagnostic tools. In Greece, research data regarding the genetic diversity of the circulating SRLV strains is scarce, hindering the implementation of efficient surveillance and control programs. The objective of the study was to genetically characterize SRLV strains isolated from intensive dairy sheep farms in Greece and evaluate the variability of the immunodominant regions of the capsid protein. For this reason, a total of 12 SRLV-infected animals from four intensive dairy sheep farms with purebred Chios and Lacaune ewes were used for the amplification and sequencing of an 800 bp gag-pol fragment. The phylogenetic analyses revealed a breed-related circulation of strains; Chios ewes were infected with strains belonging exclusively to a separate group of genotype A, whereas strains belonging to subtype B2 were isolated from Lacaune ewes. Immunodominant epitopes of capsid protein were quite conserved among the strains of the same genotype, except for the Major Homology Region which showed some unique mutations with potential effects on viral evolution. The present study contributes to the extension of the current knowledge regarding the genetic diversity of SRLV strains circulating in sheep in Greece. However, broader genetic characterization studies are warranted for the exploration of possible recombinant events and the more comprehensive classification of the circulating strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ilias Bouzalas
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Sofia Marka
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (M.-E.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Zografaki
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (M.-E.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofia Mavrikou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), EU-CONEXUS European University, 11855 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (M.-E.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olech M. The genetic variability of small-ruminant lentiviruses and its impact on tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control programmes. J Vet Res 2023; 67:479-502. [PMID: 38130459 PMCID: PMC10730557 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are two closely related lentiviruses which cause multisystemic, progressive and persistent infection in goats and sheep. Because these viruses frequently cross the species barrier, they are considered to be one genetic group called small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). They have in vivo tropism mainly for monocytes and macrophages and organ tropism with unknown mechanisms. Typical clinical signs are pneumonia in sheep, arthritis in goats, and mastitis in both species. Infection with SRLV cannot currently be treated or prevented, and control programmes are the only approaches to avoiding its spread. These programmes rely mainly on annual serological testing and elimination of positive animals. However, the high genetic and antigenic variability of SRLV complicate their early and definitive diagnosis. The objective of this review is to summarise the current knowledge of SRLV genetic variation and its implications for tropism, the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines and the effectiveness of control and eradication programmes. Material and Methods Subject literature was selected from the PubMed and the Google Scholar databases. Results The high genetic diversity of SRLV affects the performance of diagnostic tools and therefore control programmes. For the early and definitive diagnosis of SRLV infection, a combination of serological and molecular tests is suggested. Testing by PCR can also be considered for sub-yearling animals. There are still significant gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology and biology of SRLV and their impact on animal production and welfare. Conclusion This information may aid selection of the most effective SRLV spread reduction measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mosa AH, Hamzah KJ, Aljabory HAH. First study on the molecular prevalence of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in goats in Babylon, Iraq. Vet World 2022; 15:1129-1133. [PMID: 35698519 PMCID: PMC9178586 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1129-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a virus that affects goats all over the world and causes enormous economic losses; as a result, screening for the disease is a priority, especially in Iraq. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CAEV in infected goats using the précised PCR method in Babylon, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 blood samples from goats aged 1 month to ≥6 years were analyzed for CAEV infections using molecular methods. The polymerase chain reaction primer was designed to amplify a 573 bp region of the proviral pol gene. Results: The CAEV tests revealed that five out of 85 goats were positive for CAEV. There were no significant differences in CAEV infection according to goat sex and significant differences according to age. Conclusion: Based on these results, the present study is the first molecular survey to confirm the current CAEV genome in an Iraqi goat flock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamzah Mosa
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Karrar Jasim Hamzah
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Hamed A. H. Aljabory
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, AL-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kalogianni AI, Stavropoulos I, Chaintoutis SC, Bossis I, Gelasakis AI. Serological, Molecular and Culture-Based Diagnosis of Lentiviral Infections in Small Ruminants. Viruses 2021; 13:1711. [PMID: 34578292 PMCID: PMC8473411 DOI: 10.3390/v13091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) infections lead to chronic diseases and remarkable economic losses undermining health and welfare of animals and the sustainability of farms. Early and definite diagnosis of SRLVs infections is the cornerstone for any control and eradication efforts; however, a "gold standard" test and/or diagnostic protocols with extensive applicability have yet to be developed. The main challenges preventing the development of a universally accepted diagnostic tool with sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to be integrated in SRLVs control programs are the genetic variability of SRLVs associated with mutations, recombination, and cross-species transmission and the peculiarities of small ruminants' humoral immune response regarding late seroconversion, as well as intermittent and epitope-specific antibody production. The objectives of this review paper were to summarize the available serological and molecular assays for the diagnosis of SRLVs, to highlight their diagnostic performance emphasizing on advantages and drawbacks of their application, and to discuss current and future perspectives, challenges, limitations and impacts regarding the development of reliable and efficient tools for the diagnosis of SRLVs infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite I. Kalogianni
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stavropoulos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Bossis
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (Ι.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75 Str., 11855 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ramírez H, Echeverría I, Benito AA, Glaria I, Benavides J, Pérez V, de Andrés D, Reina R. Accurate Diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Is Needed for Selection of Resistant Sheep through TMEM154 E35K Genotyping. Pathogens 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramírez H, Echeverría I, Benito AA, Glaria I, Benavides J, Pérez V, de Andrés D, Reina R. Accurate Diagnosis of Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infection Is Needed for Selection of Resistant Sheep through TMEM154 E35K Genotyping. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010083. [PMID: 33478070 PMCID: PMC7835874 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramírez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México C.P. 54714, Mexico;
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Alfredo A. Benito
- Molecular and Cell Biology Department, EXOPOL SL, 50840 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Idoia Glaria
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Julio Benavides
- Mountain Livestock Institute (IGM), CSIC-University of León, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Animal Health Department, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (IdAB), CSIC-Government of Navarra, 31192 Navarra, Spain; (I.E.); (I.G.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-168022
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Pablo-Maiso L, Echeverría I, Rius-Rocabert S, Luján L, Garcin D, de Andrés D, Nistal-Villán E, Reina R. Sendai Virus, a Strong Inducer of Anti-Lentiviral State in Ovine Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020206. [PMID: 32365702 PMCID: PMC7349755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are widely spread in the ovine and caprine populations, causing an incurable disease affecting animal health and production. Vaccine development is hindered owing to the high genetic heterogeneity of lentiviruses and the selection of T-cell and antibody escape mutants, requiring antigen delivery optimization. Sendai virus (SeV) is a respiratory paramyxovirus in mice that has been recognized as a potent inducer of innate immune responses in several species, including mouse and human. The aim of this study was to stimulate an innate antiviral response in ovine cells and evaluate the potential inhibitory effect upon small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections. Ovine alveolar macrophages (AMs), blood-derived macrophages (BDMs), and skin fibroblasts (OSFs) were stimulated through infection with SeV encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). SeV efficiently infected ovine cells, inducing an antiviral state in AM from SRLV naturally-infected animals, as well as in in vitro SRLV-infected BDM and OSF from non-infected animals. Supernatants from SeV-infected AM induced an antiviral state when transferred to fresh cells challenged with SRLV. Similar to SRLV, infectivity of an HIV-1-GFP lentiviral vector was also restricted in ovine cells infected with SeV. In myeloid cells, an M1-like proinflammatory polarization was observed together with an APOBEC3Z1 induction, among other lentiviral restriction factors. Our observations may boost new approximations in ameliorating the SRLV burden by stimulation of the innate immune response using SeV-based vaccine vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- CEMBIO (Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villán
- Microbiology Section, Departamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (S.R.-R.); (E.N.-V.)
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Department of Animal Health, Institute of Agrobiotechnology (CSIC-Government of Navarra), 31192 Mutilva, Navarra, Spain; (L.d.P.-M.); (I.E.); (D.d.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chassalevris T, Chaintoutis SC, Apostolidi ED, Giadinis ND, Vlemmas I, Brellou GD, Dovas CI. A highly sensitive semi-nested real-time PCR utilizing oligospermine-conjugated degenerate primers for the detection of diverse strains of small ruminant lentiviruses. Mol Cell Probes 2020; 51:101528. [PMID: 32004592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2020.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are highly diverse retroviruses infecting sheep and goats. Although PCR-based testing is being utilized for diagnostics, its application is hampered by various factors. These include, among others, the exceptionally high genetic variability of SRLVs, as well as the low number of infected blood monocytes. For this reason, a highly sensitive and specific semi-nested real-time PCR for proviral DNA detection and quantification was developed. The method is innovative in that a) its design is based on selecting the preferred codon usage in the targeted conserved genomic regions and b) oligospermine-conjugated degenerate primers with increased Tm were utilized. Modifications permitted primer/template duplex formation in the cases of mismatches due to sporadic nucleotide polymorphisms in a number of variant SRLV strains and consequently, the detection of highly diverse SRLV strains. The potential loss of analytical sensitivity and specificity was counterbalanced by including a semi-nested step in combination with LNA probes. An in silico procedure for the evaluation of hybridization efficiency of the designed oligonucleotides to all known targeted variants was also implemented. The method presents a linear range of quantification over a 3-log10 range and a limit of detection of 3.9 proviral dsDNA copies per reaction. Its diagnostic performance was evaluated by testing field samples from seropositive and seronegative animals, followed by phylogenetic analysis of the strains detected. To further increase the diagnostic sensitivity, a DNA extraction protocol for blood leukocytes was developed and evaluated. A minimum of 500 ng input DNA is recommended for PCR-based detection of SRLV proviral DNA, given the low numbers of infected blood monocytes. The developed methodology may serve as a useful tool, which can be adjusted for the quantitative detection of viruses exhibiting high genetic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taxiarchis Chassalevris
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia D Apostolidi
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nektarios D Giadinis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vlemmas
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia D Brellou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 Stavrou Voutyra Str., 54627, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LFD) for the field diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:98-104. [PMID: 28159666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) in goats is a complex disease syndrome caused by a lentivirus. This persistent viral infection results in arthritis in adult goats and encephalitis in lambs. The prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, and this form of the disease has caused substantial economic losses for goat farmers. Hence, a more efficient detection platform based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) was developed in the present study for detecting the proviral DNA of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). Under the optimal incubation conditions, specifically, 30min at 37°C for RPA followed by 5min at room temperature for LFD, the assay was found to be sensitive to a lower limit of 80pg of total DNA and 10 copies of plasmid DNA. Furthermore, there was no cross-reaction with other tested viruses, including goat pox virus and bovine leukemia virus. Given its simplicity and portability, this RPA-LFD protocol can serve as an alternative tool to ELISA for the primary screening of CAEV, one that is suitable for both laboratory and field application. When the RPA-LFD was applied in parallel with serological ELISA for the detection of CAEV in field samples, the RPA-LFD assay exhibited a higher sensitivity than the traditional method, and 82% of the 200 samples collected in Taiwan were found to be positive. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing evidence to support the use of an RPA-LFD assay as a specific and sensitive platform for detecting CAEV proviral DNA in goats in a faster manner, one that is also applicable for on-site utilization at farms and that should be useful in both eradication programs and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dolfini T, Conrad L, Flores I, Ravazzolo A. Comparison of primer pairs: Greater degeneracy improves small ruminant lentivirus (SRLVs) detection by seminested PCR. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Expanding possibilities for intervention against small ruminant lentiviruses through genetic marker-assisted selective breeding. Viruses 2013; 5:1466-99. [PMID: 23771240 PMCID: PMC3717717 DOI: 10.3390/v5061466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses include members that infect sheep (ovine lentivirus [OvLV]; also known as ovine progressive pneumonia virus/maedi-visna virus) and goats (caprine arthritis encephalitis virus [CAEV]). Breed differences in seroprevalence and proviral concentration of OvLV had suggested a strong genetic component in susceptibility to infection by OvLV in sheep. A genetic marker test for susceptibility to OvLV has been developed recently based on the TMEM154 gene with validation data from over 2,800 sheep representing nine cohorts. While no single genotype has been shown to have complete resistance to OvLV, consistent association in thousands of sheep from multiple breeds and management conditions highlight a new strategy for intervention by selective breeding. This genetic marker-assisted selection (MAS) has the potential to be a useful addition to existing viral control measures. Further, the discovery of multiple additional genomic regions associated with susceptibility to or control of OvLV suggests that additional genetic marker tests may be developed to extend the reach of MAS in the future. This review will cover the strengths and limitations of existing data from host genetics as an intervention and outline additional questions for future genetic research in sheep, goats, small ruminant lentiviruses, and their host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Y, Zhou F, Li X, Wang J, Zhao X, Huang J. Development of TaqMan-based qPCR method for detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2135-41. [PMID: 23670072 PMCID: PMC3785178 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive two-step TaqMan real-time PCR has been developed for rapid diagnosis of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection by using a set of specific primers and a TaqMan probe targeting a highly conserved region within the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (CA). The assay successfully detected CAEV proviral DNA in total DNA extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and isolated PBMCs, with a lower detection limit of 102 copies and a linear dynamic range of 105 to 1010 copies/ml. There was no cross-reaction with other animal viruses (e.g., goat pox virus, bovine leukemia virus, bovine mucosal disease virus, swine influenza virus and Nipah virus). When applied in parallel with serological AGID and conventional PCR for detection of CAEV in field samples, this assay exhibited a higher sensitivity than these traditional methods, and 7.8 % of the 308 specimens collected in the Shanxi and Tianjin regions of China from 1993 to 2011 were found to be positive. Thus, the TaqMan qPCR assay provides a fast, specific and sensitive means for detecting CAEV proviral DNA in goat specimens and should be useful for large-scale detection in eradication programs and epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. No. 92, Weijin road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Small ruminant lentiviruses: genetic variability, tropism and diagnosis. Viruses 2013; 5:1175-207. [PMID: 23611847 PMCID: PMC3705272 DOI: 10.3390/v5041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause a multisystemic chronic disease affecting animal production and welfare. SRLV infections are spread across the world with the exception of Iceland. Success in controlling SRLV spread depends largely on the use of appropriate diagnostic tools, but the existence of a high genetic/antigenic variability among these viruses, the fluctuant levels of antibody against them and the low viral loads found in infected individuals hamper the diagnostic efficacy. SRLV have a marked in vivo tropism towards the monocyte/macrophage lineage and attempts have been made to identify the genome regions involved in tropism, with two main candidates, the LTR and env gene, since LTR contains primer binding sites for viral replication and the env-encoded protein (SU ENV), which mediates the binding of the virus to the host’s cell and has hypervariable regions to escape the humoral immune response. Once inside the host cell, innate immunity may interfere with SRLV replication, but the virus develops counteraction mechanisms to escape, multiply and survive, creating a quasi-species and undergoing compartmentalization events. So far, the mechanisms of organ tropism involved in the development of different disease forms (neurological, arthritic, pulmonary and mammary) are unknown, but different alternatives are proposed. This is an overview of the current state of knowledge on SRLV genetic variability and its implications in tropism as well as in the development of alternative diagnostic assays.
Collapse
|
15
|
Giadinis N, Arsenos G, Tsakos P, Psychas V, Dovas C, Papadopoulos E, Karatzias H, Fthenakis G. “Milk-drop syndrome of ewes”: Investigation of the causes in dairy sheep in Greece. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Huang J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Xiao H, Zhuang S. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral DNA. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1463-9. [PMID: 22566005 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid detection assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed for detecting caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAEV) proviral DNA. The LAMP assay utilized a set of five primers designed against highly conserved sequences located within the p25 gene region. The assay successfully detected CAEV proviral DNA in total DNA extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and separated PBMCs. There was no cross-reaction with the negative control. Amplification was monitored using a Loopamp real-time turbidimeter; turbidity and the corresponding time were recorded. Amplification from CAEV-Shanxi DNA was detected as early as 17 min, with a maximum sensitivity of 0.0001 TCID(50), reached at 32 min. Sixty-eight animal blood samples were tested using AGID, PCR and LAMP assay, and the positive rates were 30.9 %, 33.8 % and 47.1 %, respectively. Whole blood can be used directly, eliminating the need for separation of PBMCs and nucleic acid extraction, reducing the overall procedure time to approximately 80 min. Therefore, the LAMP assay provides a specific and sensitive means for detecting CAEV proviral DNA in a simple, fast, and cost-effective manner and should be useful in eradication programs and epidemiological studies. Furthermore, the LAMP assay can be performed in less-well-equipped laboratories as well as in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Huang
- School of Chemical engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bertolotti L, Mazzei M, Puggioni G, Carrozza ML, Dei Giudici S, Muz D, Juganaru M, Patta C, Tolari F, Rosati S. Characterization of new small ruminant lentivirus subtype B3 suggests animal trade within the Mediterranean Basin. J Gen Virol 2011; 92:1923-1929. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.032334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) represent a group of viruses infecting sheep and goats worldwide. Despite the high heterogeneity of genotype A strains, which cluster into as many as ten subtypes, genotype B was believed to be less complex and has, so far, been subdivided into only two subtypes. Here, we describe two novel full-length proviral sequences isolated from Sarda sheep in two Italian regions. Genome sequence as well as the main linear epitopes clearly placed this cluster into genotype B. However, owing to long-standing segregation of this sheep breed, the genetic distances that are clearly >15 % with respect to B1 and B2 subtypes suggest the designation of a novel subtype, B3. Moreover the close relationship with a gag sequence obtained from a Turkish sheep adds new evidence to historical data that suggest an anthropochorous dissemination of hosts (small ruminants) and their pathogens (SRLV) during the colonization of the Mediterranean from the Middle East.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Bertolotti
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi di Torino, via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia, Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - M. Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - M. L. Carrozza
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - D. Muz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - M. Juganaru
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia, Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - C. Patta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy
| | - F. Tolari
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Rosati
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia, Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brajon G, Mandas D, Liciardi M, Taccori F, Meloni M, Corrias F, Montaldo C, Coghe F, Casciari C, Giammarioli M, Orrù G. Development and Field Testing of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis-Virus (CAEV). Open Virol J 2011; 6:82-90. [PMID: 22888382 PMCID: PMC3414719 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis (CAE) of goats and occasionally sheep are persistent virus infections caused by a lentivirus (CAEV). This viral infection results in arthritis in adult animals and encephalitis in kids. Prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, with substantial economic loss for the farm. In this context an early/fast laboratory diagnosis for CAEV infection could be useful for effective prophylactic action. In this work we performed a quantitative real time PCR designed on the CAEV env gene to detect/quantify in goat/sheep samples, viral RNA or proviral DNA forms of CAEV. This procedure was validated in 15 sheep, experimentally infected with CAEV or with a highly correlated lentivirus (visna maedi, MVV); in addition, a total of 37 clinical goat specimens recruited in CAEV positive herds were analyzed and compared using serological analysis (Elisa and AGID). All samples infected with MVV resulted negative. In sheep experimentally infected with CAEV, proviral DNA was detectable 15 days post infection, whereas the serological methods revealed an indicative positivity after 40-60 days.This method showed a sensitivity of 102 env fragments/PCR) with a linear dynamic range of quantitation from 103 to 107env fragments/PCR; the R2 correlation coefficient was 0.98. All subjects with a clinical diagnosis for Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis (CAE) resulted CAEV DNA positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Brajon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mikula I, Mikula I. Characterization of ovine Toll-like receptor 9 protein coding region, comparative analysis, detection of mutations and maedi visna infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:182-192. [PMID: 20875448 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One of the major roles of innate immunity system is the recognition and the determination of the nature of the antigen. This ability is encompassed by specific receptors as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR9 recognizes bacterial and viral CpG motifs, while their potent immunostimulation effect seems to be promising for lentiviral therapies. Recent studies, however, show the presence of a big polymorphism within the TLR genes and the linkage between substitutions and susceptibility to various infections. Moreover, different recognition ability seems to be utilized by different species and possibly breeds. In this study, we characterized the protein coding region of ovine TLR9 gene. By using comparative analysis of two closely related species and humans, we suggest, which characteristics of protein could be responsible for altered recognition. Furthermore, analyzing the presence of the substitutions, we show the intraspecies polymorphism and its possible implications, while attempting to define the association of discovered substitutions with the maedi visna infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mikula
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho - 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mikula I, Bhide M, Pastorekova S, Mikula I. Characterization of ovine TLR7 and TLR8 protein coding regions, detection of mutations and Maedi Visna virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:51-9. [PMID: 20638136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 play a crucial role in the recognition of viral entities and modulation of the innate immune system. This work presents sequence analysis of ovine TLR7 and TLR8 genes, depicts novel mutations and describes frequencies of mutations in Maedi Visna infected and healthy sheep. Totally 48 samples of the breed Tsigai were analyzed for the presence of mutations. Within 20 mutations, 14 were silent whereas 6 were missense. The frequencies of missense mutations in the Maedi Visna infected compared to non-infected sheep were: Lys115Glu (P-0.766, F-test), Asn117 (P-0.380) and Lys818Arg (P-0.739). These three mutations were localized in extra LRR (lucine rich repeat) region of TLR7, while mutation Ile73Leu (P-0.498) was located within LRR2 motif. Both mutations in TLR8, Asn165Lys (P-1.0) and Tyr349His (P-0.700), were present in extra LRR region. The secondary structure analysis of ovine TLR7 and TLR8 revealed conserved LRR motif structure, however with some irregularities compared to cattle and human. Transmembrane domains of TLR7 and TLR8 showed 100% homology between sheep and cattle wherein no mutations were found. In both TLRs TIR domains were highly conserved with occurrence of 4 silent mutations. Mutations in TLR7 and TLR8 may play an important role as predisposition factor for Maedi Visna infection. Considering the sequence homology among sheep, cattle and human genes encoding TLR7 and TLR8, we predict their similar function, localization and downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mikula
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho-73, Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Reina R, Grego E, Profiti M, Glaria I, Robino P, Quasso A, Amorena B, Rosati S. Development of specific diagnostic test for small ruminant lentivirus genotype E. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Paula NRDO, Andrioli A, Cardoso JDFS, Pinheiro RR, Sousa FML, Souza KCD, Alves FSF, Campello CC, Ricarte ARF, Teixeira MFDS. Profile of the Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in blood, semen from bucks naturally and experimentally infected in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Lewis J, McNab T, Tenaya M, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox G, Desport M. Comparison of immunoassay and real-time PCR methods for the detection of Jembrana disease virus infection in Bali cattle. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:81-6. [PMID: 19442849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of infections with the bovine lentivirus Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is required in Indonesia to control the spread of Jembrana disease. Immunoassays are used routinely but are compromised by cross-reactive epitopes in the capsid (CA) protein of JDV and the genetically related bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). JDV gag-specific primers were tested in a real-time PCR assay to detect proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 165 cattle from the Tabanan district of Bali. JDV-specific amplicons were detected in 9% of the cattle and only 33% of the real-time PCR positive cattle were seropositive. The delayed seroconversion that occurs after infection with JDV could explain the low concordance between these assays but other factors may be responsible. BIV proviral DNA was not detected in any of the PBMC DNA samples. A high concordance value of 98.6% was found between the JDV plasma-derived antigen Western blot and the JDV p26-his recombinant protein ELISA. Only 21% of the seropositive cattle had detectable levels of proviral DNA suggesting that the proviral load in recovered cattle is low. A combination of real-time PCR and JDV p26-his ELISA is recommended for the detection of infection with JDV in Indonesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lewis
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, South St., Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brinkhof J, van Maanen C, Wigger R, Peterson K, Houwers D. Specific detection of small ruminant lentiviral nucleic acid sequences located in the proviral long terminal repeat and leader-gag regions using real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 2008; 147:338-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Herrmann-Hoesing LM, White SN, Lewis GS, Mousel MR, Knowles DP. Development and validation of an ovine progressive pneumonia virus quantitative PCR. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1274-8. [PMID: 17699832 PMCID: PMC2168119 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00095-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) infects at least one sheep in 81% of U.S. sheep flocks, as determined by serology, and can cause viral mastitis, arthritis, dyspnea, and cachexia. Diagnostic tests that quantify OPPV proviral load in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) provide an additional method for identification of infected sheep and may help to further understanding of the pathogenesis of OPPV-induced disease. In this study, we compared a new OPPV real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay specific for the transmembrane region of the envelope gene (tm) with a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) using 396 PBL samples and sera from Idaho sheep. The OPPV qPCR had a positive concordance of 96.2% +/- 2.3% and a negative concordance of 97.7% +/- 2.5% compared to the cELISA, with a kappa value of 0.93, indicating excellent agreement between the two tests. In addition, the presence of tm in the three OPPV qPCR-positive and cELISA-negative sheep and in 15 sheep with different OPPV proviral loads was confirmed by cloning and sequencing. These data indicate that the OPPV qPCR may be used as a supplemental diagnostic tool for OPPV infection and for measurement of viral load in PBLs of infected sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Herrmann-Hoesing
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dell'Atti D, Zavaglia M, Tombelli S, Bertacca G, Cavazzana AO, Bevilacqua G, Minunni M, Mascini M. Development of combined DNA-based piezoelectric biosensors for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of high risk Human Papilloma Virus strains. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 383:140-6. [PMID: 17573061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Papovavirus family. Genital HPV types have been subdivided into medium-low risk, and high-risk (HPV 16 and 18), frequently associated with cervical cancer. Three DNA-based piezoelectric biosensors were here developed for a quick detection and genotyping of HPV. METHODS We developed a method for the detection and genotyping of HPV in human cervical scraping samples based on coupling DNA piezoelectric sensors with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The novelty of this work was the design and immobilisation of a degenerate probe (chosen in a conserved region of the viral genome) for the simultaneous detection of 16 virus strains and of two specific probes (chosen in a less-conserved region of the viral genome) for genotyping. RESULTS The three biosensors were optimised with synthetic oligonucleotides with good reproducibility (HPVdeg CV% (av) 9%, HPV16 CV%(av) 9%; HPV18 CV%(av) 11%) with a detection limit of 50 nM. Cervical scraping samples after PCR amplification (in 40-200 nM range), were tested without the need of label with high selectivity and reproducibility. The results were in agreement with a reference method used in routinary analysis. CONCLUSION Piezoelectric biosensors have proven to be suitable for detection and genotyping of HPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dell'Atti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|