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Myskiw J, Lamoureux L, Peterson A, Knox D, Jansen GH, Coulthart MB, Booth SA. Development of an Automated Capillary Immunoassay to Detect Prion Glycotypes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100029. [PMID: 36925197 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) comprises a group of transmissible neurodegenerative diseases with vast phenotypic diversity. Sporadic CJD heterogeneity is predominantly influenced by the genotype at codon 129 of the prion-encoding gene and the molecular weight of PrPSc fragments after protease digestion, resulting in a classification of 6 subtypes of CJD (MM1, MM2, MV1, MV2, VV1, and VV2). The majority of cases with CJD can be distinguished using this classification system. However, a number of reported CJD cases are phenotypically unique from others within their same subtype, such as variably protease-sensitive prionopathies, or exist as a mixture of subtypes within the same patient. Western blotting of brain tissue, along with the genotyping of codon 129 of the prion-encoding gene, is considered the "gold standard" for the biochemical characterization of CJD. Western blotting requires a significant amount of prion protein for detection, is labor-intensive, and is also associated with high interassay variability. In addition to these limitations, a growing body of research suggests that unique subtypes of CJD are often undetected or misdiagnosed using standard diagnostic western blotting protocols. Consequently, we successfully optimized and developed a capillary-based western assay using the JESS Simple Western (ProteinSimple) to detect and characterize prion proteins from patients with CJD. We found that this novel assay consistently differentiated CJD type 1 and type 2 cases with a limit of detection 10 to 100× higher than traditional western blotting. Cases with CJD in which type 1 and type 2 coexist within the same brain region can be detected using type 1-specific and type 2-specific antibodies, and we found that there was remarkable specificity for the detection of cases with variably protease-sensitive prionopathy. The assay presented displays outstanding sensitivity, allowing for the preservation of valuable samples and enhancing current detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Myskiw
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lise Lamoureux
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anne Peterson
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - David Knox
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gerard H Jansen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Coulthart
- Canadian Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Booth
- One Health Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Zhang YL, Wu XM, Chen Y, Gu WP, Lu W. Could Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Be Underdiagnosed in China? Experience From Four Cases. Front Neurol 2020; 11:763. [PMID: 32849219 PMCID: PMC7399133 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by the misfolded version of the cellular prion protein. Here we report four cases of sporadic CJD (sCJD) and describe the diagnostic methods available in order avoid missed or delayed recognition of CJD in China. Case presentation: We report four patients diagnosed with sCJD between March 2018 and December 2019 at Xiangya Hospital and the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. All patients were admitted to the hospital because of a progressive cognitive decline. Although their routine tests and biochemical indicators in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as well as computed tomography (CT) imaging, did not reveal any apparent abnormalities, the presence of “cortical ribboning” was incidentally found on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The patients were subsequently diagnosed with CJD based on positive testing for 14-3-3 protein in their CSF, and the presence of periodic sharp and slow wave complexes (PSWCs) on their electroencephalograms (EEG). Additionally, two of patients was confirmed pathological examination of cerebral biopsies demonstrating neuronal loss, gliosis, and spongiform changes. Conclusions: CJD is a rare disease and is easily misdiagnosed by clinician in China due to a lack of recognition and awareness of CJD. Based on our experience described in this report, enhanced vigilance for CJD is required for patients with rapidly progressive dementia in China and other developing countries. DWI, EEG and detection of 14-3-3 protein in CSF should be performed in order to achieve a timely diagnosis of CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Ping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Ping Gu
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Wei Lu
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Detection of Pathognomonic Biomarker PrP Sc and the Contribution of Cell Free-Amplification Techniques to the Diagnosis of Prion Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030469. [PMID: 32204429 PMCID: PMC7175149 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion diseases are rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases, the clinical manifestation of which can resemble other promptly evolving neurological maladies. Therefore, the unequivocal ante-mortem diagnosis is highly challenging and was only possible by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the brain at necropsy. Although surrogate biomarkers of neurological damage have become invaluable to complement clinical data and provide more accurate diagnostics at early stages, other neurodegenerative diseases show similar alterations hindering the differential diagnosis. To solve that, the detection of the pathognomonic biomarker of disease, PrPSc, the aberrantly folded isoform of the prion protein, could be used. However, the amounts in easily accessible tissues or body fluids at pre-clinical or early clinical stages are extremely low for the standard detection methods. The solution comes from the recent development of in vitro prion propagation techniques, such as Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real Time-Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), which have been already applied to detect minute amounts of PrPSc in different matrixes and make early diagnosis of prion diseases feasible in a near future. Herein, the most relevant tissues and body fluids in which PrPSc has been detected in animals and humans are being reviewed, especially those in which cell-free prion propagation systems have been used with diagnostic purposes.
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Svensson E, Henderson VW, Szépligeti S, Stokholm MG, Klug TE, Sørensen HT, Borghammer P. Tonsillectomy and risk of Parkinson's disease: A danish nationwide population-based cohort study. Mov Disord 2017; 33:321-324. [PMID: 29193401 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that tonsillectomy modifies the risk of PD. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis in a nationwide population-based cohort study. METHODS We used Danish medical registries to construct a cohort of all patients in Denmark with an operation code of tonsillectomy 1980-2010 (n = 195,169) and a matched age and sex general population comparison cohort (n = 975,845). Patients were followed until PD diagnosis, death, censoring, or end of follow-up 30 November 2013. Using Cox regression, we computed hazard ratios for PD and corresponding 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for age and sex by study design, and potential confounders. RESULTS We identified 100 and 568 patients diagnosed with PD among the tonsillectomy and general population comparison cohort, respectively, finding similar risks of PD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.95 [95% confidence interval: 0.76-1.19]; for > 20 years' follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.96 [95% confidence interval: 0.64-1.41]). CONCLUSION Tonsillectomy is not associated with risk of PD, especially early-onset PD. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Svensson
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Danish Clinical Registries, Denmark
| | - Victor W Henderson
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Health Research & Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Szimonetta Szépligeti
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Gersel Stokholm
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tejs Ehlers Klug
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Health Research & Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kim Y, Rodriguez AE, Nowzari H. The Risk of Prion Infection through Bovine Grafting Materials. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2016; 18:1095-1102. [PMID: 26856530 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine-derived grafting materials are frequently used in a variety of bone augmentation techniques. The aim of this paper is to assess the unique safety issue of bovine-derived grafting materials that is rarely addressed in dental literature: risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). METHODS The validity of the current BSE diagnostic methods, surveillance and epidemiological trends in affected countries, and BSE infectivity in bovine bone before and after manufacturing processing were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS Prion screening has significant limits. Humans are not safe from the infection of prion disease of other species. Prions can and do break the species barrier. There is evidence there may be tens of thousands of infectious carriers in the western countries alone. This raises concern about the potential for perpetuation of infection via medical procedures. CONCLUSION The limited ability to screen prions within the animal genome, along with a long latency period to manifestation of the disease (1 to over 50 years) in infected patients, provides a framework for discussing posible long-term risks of the xenografts that are used so extensively in dentistry. We suggest abolishing the use of bovine bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoungsug Kim
- Private practice, K-205, Banpodong 929, Sechogu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Angel Emmanuel Rodriguez
- Resident, Periodontology and Oral Biology Program, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University
| | - Hessam Nowzari
- Private practice, 120 South Spalding Drive, Suite 201, Beverly Hills, CA, 90212, USA
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Maheshwari A, Fischer M, Gambetti P, Parker A, Ram A, Soto C, Concha-Marambio L, Cohen Y, Belay ED, Maddox RA, Mead S, Goodman C, Kass JS, Schonberger LB, Hussein HM. Recent US Case of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease-Global Implications. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:750-9. [PMID: 25897712 PMCID: PMC4412247 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently diagnosed case highlights the need for continued global surveillance. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a rare, fatal prion disease resulting from transmission to humans of the infectious agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We describe the clinical presentation of a recent case of vCJD in the United States and provide an update on diagnostic testing. The location of this patient’s exposure is less clear than those in the 3 previously reported US cases, but strong evidence indicates that exposure to contaminated beef occurred outside the United States more than a decade before illness onset. This case exemplifies the persistent risk for vCJD acquired in unsuspected geographic locations and highlights the need for continued global surveillance and awareness to prevent further dissemination of vCJD.
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Sobrova P, Blazkova I, Chomoucka J, Drbohlavova J, Vaculovicova M, Kopel P, Hubalek J, Kizek R, Adam V. Quantum dots and prion proteins: is this a new challenge for neurodegenerative diseases imaging? Prion 2013; 7:349-58. [PMID: 24055838 PMCID: PMC4134339 DOI: 10.4161/pri.26524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A diagnostics of infectious diseases can be done by the immunologic methods or by the amplification of nucleic acid specific to contagious agent using polymerase chain reaction. However, in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, the infectious agent, prion protein (PrP(Sc)), has the same sequence of nucleic acids as a naturally occurring protein. The other issue with the diagnosing based on the PrP(Sc) detection is that the pathological form of prion protein is abundant only at late stages of the disease in a brain. Therefore, the diagnostics of prion protein caused diseases represent a sort of challenges as that hosts can incubate infectious prion proteins for many months or even years. Therefore, new in vivo assays for detection of prion proteins and for diagnosis of their relation to neurodegenerative diseases are summarized. Their applicability and future prospects in this field are discussed with particular aim at using quantum dots as fluorescent labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Sobrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic EU
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Iva Blazkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Jana Chomoucka
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Jana Drbohlavova
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic EU
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic EU
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Jaromir Hubalek
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic EU
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Agronomy; Mendel University in Brno; Brno, Czech Republic EU
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno, Czech Republic EU
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Ma D, Li L. Searching for reliable premortem protein biomarkers for prion diseases: progress and challenges to date. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 9:267-80. [PMID: 22809206 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a unique family of fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal folding of normal cellular prion proteins in the brain. Due to the high risk of prion disease transmission and the lack of effective treatment to cure or delay the disease progression, prion diseases pose a serious threat to public health. To control and prevent prion diseases, an early diagnosis is urgently needed. Proteomic analysis has emerged as a powerful technology to decipher biological and pathophysiological processes and identify protein biomarkers indicative of disease. In this article, the authors review the use of the latest proteomic technologies for the identification of promising prion disease biomarkers, the challenges that exist in biomarker development pipelines and the new directions for utilizing proteomics for future biomarker discovery in the context of prion disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Sobrova P, Ryvolova M, Adam V, Kizek R. Capillary electromigration based techniques in diagnostics of prion protein caused diseases. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3644-52. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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