1
|
Lemieux M, Lorbetskie B, Luebbert C, Walrond L, Li C, Li X, Cyr T, Sauvé S, Johnston M, Farnsworth A. The differential effect of sub-micron level HA aggregates on influenza potency assays. Vaccine 2019; 37:5276-5287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
2
|
Ustinov NB, Zavyalova EG, Smirnova IG, Kopylov AM. The Power and Limitations of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Assays. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 82:1234-1248. [PMID: 29223151 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917110025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus hemagglutinins (HAs) are surface proteins that bind to sialic acid residues at the host cell surface and ensure further virus internalization. Development of methods for the inhibition of these processes drives progress in the design of new antiviral drugs. The state of the isolated HA (i.e. combining tertiary structure and extent of oligomerization) is defined by multiple factors, like the HA source and purification method, posttranslational modifications, pH, etc. The HA state affects HA functional activity and significantly impacts the results of numerous HA assays. In this review, we analyze the power and limitations of currently used HA assays regarding the state of HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N B Ustinov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buffin S, Ikhelef N, Prudent J, Dubayle J, Nougarede N, Varenne MP, Moste C, Legastelois I. A latex agglutination assay to quantify the amount of hemagglutinin protein in adjuvanted low-dose influenza monovalent vaccines. J Virol Methods 2018; 251:46-53. [PMID: 29030070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To formulate inactivated influenza vaccines, the concentration of hemagglutinin (HA) must be accurately determined. The standard test currently used to measure HA in influenza vaccines is the Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. We developed a very rapid, simple and sensitive alternative quantitative HA assay, namely the Latex Agglutination Assay (LAA). The LAA uses the Spherotest® technology, which is based on the agglutination of HA-specific immunoglobulin-coated latex beads. The amount of HA in a sample is calculated from the level of bead agglutination by a simple absorbance measurement at 405nm against a standard curve generated using a monovalent vaccine standard. In less than 2hours, tens of samples could be quantified using the LAA as opposed to 2days for the SRID assay. Ten steps are required to complete an SRID assay as compared to 6 steps for the LAA, from sample preparation through spectrophotometric analysis. Furthermore, the limit of detection of the LAA was found to be approximately 15ng HA/mL, similar to an ELISA, with the quantification of less than 1.8μg HA/mL. The quantification limit of the SRID is usually considered to be approximately 5μg HA/mL. The development of the assay and a comparison of the titers obtained by SRID and LAA for several monovalent vaccines corresponding to various strains were performed. For A/H5N1 and A/H1N1 monovalent vaccines, the LAA was found to be linear and accurate as compared to the SRID. The precision of the LAA was close to that of the standard test, and good reproducibility from one laboratory to another was observed. Moreover, the LAA enabled HA quantification in AlOOH-adjuvanted and in emulsion-adjuvanted low-dose vaccines as well as unadjuvanted vaccines. In conclusion, LAA may be useful to rapidly and accurately measure influenza HA protein in monovalent vaccines, especially in those containing less than 5μg/mL of HA in the presence of an adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Buffin
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | | | - Julien Prudent
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Joseline Dubayle
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Moste
- Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kuck LR, Saye S, Loob S, Roth-Eichhorn S, Byrne-Nash R, Rowlen KL. VaxArray assessment of influenza split vaccine potency and stability. Vaccine 2017; 35:1918-1925. [PMID: 28262335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine manufacturers require more rapid and accurate tools to characterize the potency and stability of their products. Currently, the gold standard for influenza vaccine potency is the single radial immunodiffusion (SRD) assay, which has inherent disadvantages. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the ability of the VaxArray Influenza (VXI) seasonal hemagglutinin (sHA) potency assay to accurately quantify potency and stability in finished vaccines as well as to quantify hemagglutinin protein (HA) within crude in-process samples. Monobulk intermediates and mono- and multivalent vaccines were tested using VXI. Quantification of HA in crude samples was evaluated by spiking known concentrations of HA into allantoic fluid. VXI generated SRD equivalent potency measurements with high accuracy (within ±10%) and precision (CV 10±4%) for antigen components of monobulk intermediates and multivalent split vaccines. For these vaccines and vaccine intermediates, the VXI linear dynamic range was ∼0.01-0.6μg/mL, which is 12× greater than the linear range of SRD. The measured sample limit of detection (LOD) for VXI varied from 0.005 to 0.01μg/mL for the different subtypes, which in general is ≥600× lower than the LOD for SRD. VXI was able to quantify HA in crude samples where HA only accounts for 0.02% of the total protein content. Stability indication was investigated by tracking measured potency as a function of time at elevated temperature by both SRD and VXI. After 20 h at 56°C, the ratio of VXI to SRD measured potency in a quadrivalent vaccine was 76%, 125%, 60%, and 98% for H1/California, H3/Switzerland, B/Phuket and B/Brisbane, respectively. Based on the study results, it is concluded that VXI is a rapid, multiplexed immunoassay that can be used to accurately determine flu vaccine potency and stability in finished product and in crude samples from upstream processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Kuck
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
| | - Stephen Saye
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Sam Loob
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Sylke Roth-Eichhorn
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, NL der SB Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Zirkusstraße 40, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rose Byrne-Nash
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Kathy L Rowlen
- InDevR Inc., 2100 Central Ave., Suite 106, Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Optimization of influenza A vaccine virus by reverse genetic using chimeric HA and NA genes with an extended PR8 backbone. Vaccine 2015. [PMID: 26206270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The yield of influenza antigen production may significantly vary between vaccine strains; for example the A/California/07/09 (H1N1)-X179A vaccine virus, prepared during 2009 influenza pandemic, presented a low antigen yield in eggs compared to other seasonal H1N1 reassortants. In this study a bi-chimeric virus expressing HA and NA genes with A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8) and X179A domains was rescued by reverse genetics using a mixture of Vero/CHOK1 cell lines (Medina et al. [7]). The bi-chimeric virus obtained demonstrated to yield much larger amounts of HA than X179A in eggs as measured by single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRID), the reference method to quantify HA protein in influenza vaccine. Such kind of optimized virus using PR8 backbone derived chimeric glycoproteins could be used as improved seed viruses for vaccine production.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gravel C, Elmgren C, Muralidharan A, Hashem AM, Jaentschke B, Xu K, Widdison J, Arnold K, Farnsworth A, Rinfret A, Van Domselaar G, Wang J, Li C, Li X. Development and applications of universal H7 subtype-specific antibodies for the analysis of influenza H7N9 vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:1129-34. [PMID: 25620245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
H7N9 is a newly emerged avian influenza virus with a relatively high mortality rate in humans. At this time, there is no licensed vaccine for human protection. Development of analytical tools for H7N9 vaccine could facilitate vaccine development. Here, a universally conserved epitope in all H7 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences was identified through comprehensive bioinformatics analyses. The peptide epitope, RSGSSFYAEMK, (aa positions 149 to 159), is located on the head of the HA molecule. Antibodies generated against this universal H7 epitope were remarkably specific against H7 viral sequence with no detectable cross-reactivity to other HA subtypes. A new immunoblotting assay based on the universal H7 antibody was developed and compared with the traditional single radial immunodiffusion assay (SRID) for potency analyses of candidate H7N9 vaccines. This new assay was more sensitive and rapid compared to SRID. In addition to statistically acceptable precision and reproducibility, the new assay differs from many other alternative potency assays for influenza vaccine in that it is potentially stability-indicating, which is an important requirement for industry vaccine stability studies analyses. Furthermore, the robustness of this new assay was demonstrated by the quantitative determination of HA content in four H7N9 vaccines (split or inactivated) from different manufacturers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gravel
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bozena Jaentschke
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kangwei Xu
- National Institutes for the Control of Food and Drug and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aline Rinfret
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for the Control of Food and Drug and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changgui Li
- National Institutes for the Control of Food and Drug and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dormitzer P, Tsai T, Del Giudice G. New technologies for influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 8:45-58. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.8.1.18859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
8
|
Kuck LR, Sorensen M, Matthews E, Srivastava I, Cox MMJ, Rowlen KL. Titer on chip: new analytical tool for influenza vaccine potency determination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109616. [PMID: 25330238 PMCID: PMC4203742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Titer on Chip (Flu-ToC) is a new technique for quantification of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) concentration. In order to evaluate the potential of this new technique, a comparison of Flu-ToC to more conventional methods was conducted using recombinant HA produced in a baculovirus expression system as a test case. Samples from current vaccine strains were collected from four different steps in the manufacturing process. A total of 19 samples were analysed by Flu-ToC (blinded), single radial immunodiffusion (SRID), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the purity adjusted bicinchoninic acid assay (paBCA). The results indicated reasonable linear correlation between Flu-ToC and SRID, ELISA, and paBCA, with regression slopes of log-log plots being 0.91, 1.03, and 0.91, respectively. The average ratio for HA content measured by Flu-ToC relative to SRID, ELISA, and paBCA was 83%, 147%, and 81%, respectively; indicating nearly equivalent potency determination for Flu-ToC relative to SRID and paBCA. These results, combined with demonstrated multiplexed analysis of all components within a quadrivalent formulation and robust response to HA strains over a wide time period, support the conclusion that Flu-ToC can be used as a reliable and time-saving alternative potency assay for influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R. Kuck
- InDevR Inc., Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michelle Sorensen
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Erin Matthews
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Indresh Srivastava
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IS); (KR)
| | - Manon M. J. Cox
- Protein Sciences Corporation, Meriden, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kathy L. Rowlen
- InDevR Inc., Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IS); (KR)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krejcova L, Nejdl L, Hynek D, Krizkova S, Kopel P, Adam V, Kizek R. Beads-based electrochemical assay for the detection of influenza hemagglutinin labeled with CdTe quantum dots. Molecules 2013; 18:15573-86. [PMID: 24352014 PMCID: PMC6270527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe a beads-based assay for rapid, sensitive and specific isolation and detection of influenza vaccine hemagglutinin (HA). Amplification of the hemagglutinin signal resulted from binding of an electrochemical label as quantum dots (QDs). For detection of the metal and protein part of the resulting HA-CdTe complex, two differential pulse voltammetric methods were used. The procedure includes automated robotic isolation and electrochemical analysis of the isolated product. The isolation procedure was based on the binding of paramagnetic particles (MPs) with glycan (Gly), where glycan was used as the specific receptor for linkage of the QD-labeled hemagglutinin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, Brno CZ-613 00, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glycans from avian influenza virus are recognized by chicken dendritic cells and are targets for the humoral immune response in chicken. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:452-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A. Ebolavirus nucleoprotein C-termini potently attract single domain antibodies enabling monoclonal affinity reagent sandwich assay (MARSA) formulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61232. [PMID: 23577211 PMCID: PMC3618483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen detection assays can play an important part in environmental surveillance and diagnostics for emerging threats. We are interested in accelerating assay formulation; targeting the agents themselves to bypass requirements for a priori genome information or surrogates. Previously, using in vitro affinity reagent selection on Marburg virus we rapidly established monoclonal affinity reagent sandwich assay (MARSA) where one recombinant antibody clone was both captor and tracer for polyvalent nucleoprotein (NP). Hypothesizing that the closely related Ebolavirus genus may share the same Achilles' heel, we redirected the scheme to see whether similar assays could be delivered and began to explore their mechanism. METHODS AND FINDINGS In parallel we selected panels of llama single domain antibodies (sdAb) from a semi-synthetic library against Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Reston Ebola viruses. Each could perform as both captor and tracer in the same antigen sandwich capture assay thereby forming MARSAs. All sdAb were specific for NP and those tested required the C-terminal domain for recognition. Several clones were cross-reactive, indicating epitope conservation across the Ebolavirus genus. Analysis of two immune shark sdAb revealed they also targeted the C-terminal domain, and could be similarly employed, yet were less sensitive than a comparable llama sdAb despite stemming from immune selections. CONCLUSIONS The C-terminal domain of Ebolavirus NP is a strong attractant for antibodies and enables sensitive sandwich immunoassays to be rapidly generated using a single antibody clone. The polyvalent nature of nucleocapsid borne NP and display of the C-terminal region likely serves as a bountiful affinity sink during selections, and a highly avid target for subsequent immunoassay capture. Combined with the high degree of amino acid conservation through 37 years and across wide geographies, this domain makes an ideal handle for monoclonal affinity reagent driven antigen sandwich assays for the Ebolavirus genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Sherwood
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A novel synthetic receptor-based immunoassay for influenza vaccine quantification. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55428. [PMID: 23424631 PMCID: PMC3570553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective prophylactic method for preventing influenza. Quantification of influenza vaccine antigens is critically important before the vaccine is used for human immunization. Currently the vaccine antigen quantification relies on hemagglutinin content quantification, the key antigenic component, by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. Due to the inherent disadvantages associated with the traditional SRID; i.e. low sensitivity, low throughput and need for annual reagents, several approaches have been proposed and investigated as alternatives. Yet, most alternative methods cannot distinguish native hemagglutinin from denatured form, making them less relevant to antigenic analyses. Here, we developed a quantitative immunoassay based on the sialic acid binding property of influenza vaccine antigens. Specifically, we chemically synthesized human and avian influenza virus receptors analogues, N-acetylneuraminic acid-2,6-lactose and N-acetylneuraminic acid-2,3-lactose derivatives with an azidopropyl aglycon, using α-2,6- and α-2,3-sialyltransferases, respectively. The azido group of the two sialyllactose-derivatives was reduced and conjugated to mouse serum albumin through a squarate linkage. We showed that the synthetic α-2,6- and α-2,3-receptors selectively bound to human and avian-derived hemagglutinins, respectively, forming the basis of a new, and robust assay for hemagglutinin quantification. Hemagglutinin treated at high temperature or low pH was measured differentially to untreated samples suggesting native conformation is dependent for optimal binding. Importantly, this receptor-based immunoassay showed excellent specificity and reproducibility, high precision, less turnaround time and significantly higher sensitivity and throughput compared with SRID in analyzing multiple influenza vaccines.
Collapse
|