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Bob NS, Dia M, Ndiaye O, Ba A, Prudhomme J, Diagne MM, Faye O, Faye O, Sall AA, Fall G. Detection and Diagnosis of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2824:35-65. [PMID: 39039405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3926-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a globally important mosquito-borne virus that can also be directly transmitted via aerosolization of body fluids from infected animals. RVFV outbreaks cause mass mortality of young livestock and abortions in animals. In most severe human cases, the disease can progress to hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis, leading to death. RVF has a significant economic impact due to the loss of livestock that is a great challenge for people who depend on animals for income and food. Several vaccines are available for animal use, but none are yet licensed for use in human populations. This situation emphasizes the need to have robust and efficient diagnostic methods that can be used for early case confirmation, assessment of seroprevalence, and virus surveillance as well as vaccine efficacy evaluation. Despite the existence of different diagnostic methods for RVFV, we still have untimely reporting or underreporting of cases, probably due to lack of appropriate surveillance systems or diagnostic tools in some endemic countries. Here, we describe different methods available for detection and diagnosis of RVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndeye Sakha Bob
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Dia
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Ndiaye
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Arame Ba
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Julie Prudhomme
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
- Pays de la Loire Regional Office, Santé Publique France, The French National Public Health Agency, Nantes, France
| | - Moussa Moise Diagne
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Virology Pole-WHO collaborating Center for Arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fevers, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.
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Navien TN, Yeoh TS, Anna A, Tang TH, Citartan M. Aptamers isolated against mosquito-borne pathogens. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:131. [PMID: 34240263 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases are a major threat to public health. The shortcomings of diagnostic tools, especially those that are antibody-based, have been blamed in part for the rising annual morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases. Antibodies harbor a number of disadvantages that can be clearly addressed by aptamers as the more promising molecular recognition elements. Aptamers are defined as single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides generated by SELEX that exhibit high binding affinity and specificity against a wide variety of target molecules based on their unique structural conformations. A number of aptamers were developed against mosquito-borne pathogens such as Dengue virus, Zika virus, Chikungunya virus, Plasmodium parasite, Francisella tularensis, Japanese encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Rift Valley fever virus and Yellow fever virus. Intrigued by these achievements, we carry out a comprehensive overview of the aptamers developed against these mosquito-borne infectious agents. Characteristics of the aptamers and their roles in diagnostic, therapeutic as well as other applications are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tholasi Nadhan Navien
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tzi Shien Yeoh
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Andrew Anna
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Marimuthu Citartan
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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Peters R, Stevenson M. Immunological detection of Zika virus: A summary in the context of general viral diagnostics. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Therapeutic Antibody Discovery in Infectious Diseases Using Single-Cell Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1068:89-102. [PMID: 29943298 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-0502-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of mouse hybridoma technology by Kohler and Milstein in 1975, significant progress has been made in monoclonal antibody production. Advances in B cell immortalization and phage display technologies have generated a myriad of valuable monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and treatment. Technological breakthroughs in various fields of 'omics have shed crucial insights into cellular heterogeneity of a biological system in which the functional individuality of a single cell must be considered. Based on this important concept, remarkable discoveries in single-cell analysis have made in identifying and isolating functional B cells that produce beneficial therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we will discuss three traditional methods of antibody discovery. Recent technological platforms for single-cell antibody discovery will be reviewed. We will discuss the application of the single-cell analysis in finding therapeutic antibodies for human immunodeficiency virus and emerging Zika arbovirus.
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Mbewana S, Meyers AE, Weber B, Mareledwane V, Ferreira ML, Majiwa PAO, Rybicki EP. Expression of Rift Valley fever virus N-protein in Nicotiana benthamiana for use as a diagnostic antigen. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:77. [PMID: 30537953 PMCID: PMC6290525 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), the causative agent of Rift Valley fever, is an enveloped single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus in the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae. The virus is spread by infected mosquitoes and affects ruminants and humans, causing abortion storms in pregnant ruminants, high neonatal mortality in animals, and morbidity and occasional fatalities in humans. The disease is endemic in parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, but is described as emerging due to the wide range of mosquitoes that could spread the disease into non-endemic regions. There are different tests for determining whether animals are infected with or have been exposed to RVFV. The most common serological test is antibody ELISA, which detects host immunoglobulins M or G produced specifically in response to infection with RVFV. The presence of antibodies to RVFV nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) is among the best indicators of RVFV exposure in animals. This work describes an investigation of the feasibility of producing a recombinant N-protein in Nicotiana benthamiana and using it in an ELISA. RESULTS The human-codon optimised RVFV N-protein was successfully expressed in N. benthamiana via Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration of leaves. The recombinant protein was detected as monomers and dimers with maximum protein yields calculated to be 500-558 mg/kg of fresh plant leaves. The identity of the protein was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) resulting in 87.35% coverage, with 264 unique peptides. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the protein forms ring structures of ~ 10 nm in diameter. Preliminary data revealed that the protein could successfully differentiate between sera of RVFV-infected sheep and from sera of those not infected with the virus. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating the successful production of RVFV N-protein as a diagnostic reagent by Agrobacterium-mediated transient heterologous expression in N. benthamiana. Preliminary testing of the antigen showed its ability to distinguish RVFV-positive animal sera from RVFV negative animal sera when used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cost-effective, scalable and simple production method has great potential for use in developing countries where rapid diagnosis of RVFV is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandiswa Mbewana
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 6503200115084, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Ann E. Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 6503200115084, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
| | - Brandon Weber
- Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, P Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700 South Africa
| | - Vuyokazi Mareledwane
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Southpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Maryke L. Ferreira
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Southpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Phelix A. O. Majiwa
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, 100 Old Southpan Road, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, 6503200115084, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700 South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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Kim HJ, Lyoo HR, Choi JS, Lee YH, Kim BH, Yoo HS. Development of a Quantitative RT-PCR Assay to Differentiate Rift Valley Fever Virus Smithburn Vaccine Strain from Clone 13 Vaccine Strain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:121-127. [PMID: 30300113 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new quantitative RT-PCR assay was developed to differentiate Rift Valley fever (RVF) Smithburn vaccine strain from Clone 13 vaccine strain. The new qRT-PCR assay targeting the S segment (NSs and N gene) was tested on synthesized standard RNA and MP-12 strain viruses. The detection limit of the new qRT-PCR assay is 1 copy/μL of NSs and N, and is able to differentiate the Smithburn vaccine strain of RVF from the Clone 13 vaccine strain. No cross-reactivity with other vector-borne viruses was observed, a factor that is especially important in the Republic of Korea (ROK). To examine the performance of the qRT-PCR, intra- and inter-assay variability data were analyzed and showed high reproducibility. These results indicate that the new qRT-PCR can be used as a safe and cost-effective test. Furthermore, this result suggests the possibility of differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals diagnostic test in RVF-free countries including ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Kim
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rhyoung Lyoo
- 3 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeong-Soo Choi
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Lee
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Han Kim
- 1 Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Saasa N, Kajihara M, Dautu G, Mori-Kajihara A, Fukushi S, Sinkala Y, Morikawa S, Mweene A, Takada A, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J. Expression of a Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Vero Cells as an Immunofluorescence Antigen and Its Use for Serosurveillance in Traditional Cattle Herds in Zambia. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:273-277. [PMID: 29652643 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The open reading frame of the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) strain MP12 was cloned and expressed in Vero E6 cells. The recombinant NP (rNP)-expressing cells were used as antigens for an indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA). The rNP-based IFA and RVFV-infected Vero E6 cell (authentic antigen)-based IFA showed similar IFA profiles with immune rabbit serum, which was prepared by immunization with rNP expressed using a baculovirus vector. A total of 942 traditional cattle sera obtained in five districts in Central, Southern, and Western provinces of Zambia were screened for anti-RVFV antibodies by the authentic antigen-based and rNP-based IFAs. Significant agreement was obtained between the two IFAs. The findings show that the rNP-based IFA is a safe and useful diagnostic tool as an alternative to the authentic antigen-based IFA. The antibody titers given by the rNP-based IFA were higher than those by the authentic antigen-based IFA. Therefore, the rNP-based IFA might be useful for serosurveillance of RVFV infection among cattle. Antibody prevalence rates in the five districts were 1.3% to 13.5% in the authentic antigen-based IFA and 6.0% to 21.4% in the rNP-based IFA. The results indicated that despite no reports of active cases of RVF in these provinces of Zambia, the virus is circulating among cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngonda Saasa
- 1 Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- 2 Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control , Sapporo, Japan
| | - George Dautu
- 3 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Central Veterinary Research Institute , Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- 2 Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- 4 Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yona Sinkala
- 5 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock , Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- 4 Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aaron Mweene
- 1 Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- 1 Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia , Lusaka, Zambia .,2 Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control , Sapporo, Japan .,6 Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- 7 Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- 7 Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
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Ho CF, Huang SW, Chan KW, Wu JS, Chang SP, Wang CY. Development of an antigen-capture ELISA for beak and feather disease virus. Arch Virol 2017; 163:145-151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Moming A, Zhang Y, Chang C, Yu H, Wang M, Hu Z, Deng F, Sun S. Antigenicity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein and its potential application in the virus serodiagnosis. Virol Sin 2017; 32:97-100. [PMID: 28120219 PMCID: PMC6598900 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abulimiti Moming
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Geneti ering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Yujiang Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Chenchen Chang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Geneti ering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Geneti ering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Geneti ering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Surong Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Geneti ering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
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Hossain MM, Wilson WC, Faburay B, Richt J, McVey DS, Rowland RR. Multiplex Detection of IgG and IgM to Rift Valley Fever Virus Nucleoprotein, Nonstructural Proteins, and Glycoprotein in Ovine and Bovine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:550-7. [PMID: 27380552 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex fluorescence microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) was used to detect bovine and ovine IgM and IgG antibodies to several Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) proteins, including the major surface glycoprotein, Gn; the nonstructural proteins, NSs and NSm; and the nucleoprotein, N. Target antigens were assembled into a multiplex and tested in serum samples from infected wild-type RVFV or MP12, a modified live virus vaccine. As expected, the N protein was immunodominant and the best target for early detection of infection. Antibody activity against the other targets was also detected. The experimental results demonstrate the capabilities of FMIA for the detection of antibodies to RVFV structural and nonstructural proteins, which can be applied to future development and validation of diagnostic tests that can be used to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Hossain
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,2 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit (ABADRU), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - William C Wilson
- 2 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit (ABADRU), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bonto Faburay
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jürgen Richt
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David S McVey
- 2 USDA-ARS Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit (ABADRU), Center for Grain and Animal Health Research , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raymond R Rowland
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Serologic assays for the detection and strain identification of Pteropine orthoreovirus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e44. [PMID: 27165561 PMCID: PMC4893542 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), potentially of bat origin, is reported to be a causative agent of emerging respiratory tract infections among humans in Southeast Asia. We evaluated the efficacy of serologic assays using the major outer capsid and cell attachment proteins (CAP) of PRV strains in the screening, confirmation and identification of three groups of human PRV infections; Indonesian/Japanese, Indonesian/Hong Kong and Malaysian strains. The different serologic assays were tested using rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against these proteins of selected PRV strains, and validation was carried out using sera from a Miyazaki-Bali/2007 PRV-infected patient and the patient's contacts. The results of this study showed that rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against the CAP of the Miyazaki-Bali/2007 PRV strain showed the highest reactivity to the Miyazaki-Bali/2007 PRV and to a lesser extent, cross-reactivity with the HK23629/07 and Melaka PRVs, respectively. Neutralization activity against the Miyazaki-Bali/2007 PRV was observed using rabbit anti-Miyazaki-Bali/2007 PRV CAP (320) but not with rabbit anti-HK23629/07 (<20) and Melaka (<20) PRV CAP. This lack of cross-neutralization, suggests the potential for human reinfection with different strains. The use of sera collected from contacts of the Miyazaki-Bali/2007 PRV-infected patient suggested that human-to-human infections with PRV are unlikely. Previously reported cases of PRV infections among human have been mild. However, the expanding geographic distribution of these viruses, of which its virulence remains unknown, warrants close monitoring to enable the development of prevention and control strategies in the event that a change in virulence occurs.
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Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antigen Detection Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Nucleocapsid Protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004595. [PMID: 27045364 PMCID: PMC4821557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne infectious disease with a high case fatality rate, and is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTS is endemic to China, South Korea, and Japan. The viral RNA level in sera of patients with SFTS is known to be strongly associated with outcomes. Virological SFTS diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity are required in disease endemic areas. Methodology/Principal Findings We generated novel monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the SFTSV nucleocapsid (N) protein and developed a sandwich antigen (Ag)-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of N protein of SFTSV using MAb and polyclonal antibody as capture and detection antibodies, respectively. The Ag-capture system was capable of detecting at least 350–1220 TCID50/100 μl/well from the culture supernatants of various SFTSV strains. The efficacy of the Ag-capture ELISA in SFTS diagnosis was evaluated using serum samples collected from patients suspected of having SFTS in Japan. All 24 serum samples (100%) containing high copy numbers of viral RNA (>105 copies/ml) showed a positive reaction in the Ag-capture ELISA, whereas 12 out of 15 serum samples (80%) containing low copy numbers of viral RNA (<105 copies/ml) showed a negative reaction in the Ag-capture ELISA. Among these Ag-capture ELISA-negative 12 samples, 9 (75%) were positive for IgG antibodies against SFTSV. Conclusions The newly developed Ag-capture ELISA is useful for SFTS diagnosis in acute phase patients with high levels of viremia. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne emerging infectious disease caused by a novel bunyavirus, SFTS virus (SFTSV). Since first discovered in China in 2011, SFTSV has been detected from SFTS patients and ticks with expanding geographic ranges from China to Japan and South Korea. The potential for SFTS spread to other warm or sub-tropical regions makes it a serious concern to the public health. It is of great importance to detect SFTSV rapidly and specifically for the effective control of the disease. For the diagnosis of viral infections, a sandwich antigen (Ag)-capture ELISA detecting viral nucleoprotein (N) in viremic serum samples has been widely applied to detect the agents, since it is the most abundant viral antigen and has highly conserved amino acid sequence. In this study, using the novel monoclonal antibodies raised against SFSTV-N, an Ag-capture ELISA system was developed, and the validation of this system was performed using sera collected from SFTS-suspected patients. Our data show that the Ag-capture ELISA was useful for the diagnosis of SFTS patients in the acute phase of the disease. This study shows a novel methodology for the diagnosis of SFTS, which may provide helpful information for the effective control of the disease.
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Mansfield KL, Banyard AC, McElhinney L, Johnson N, Horton DL, Hernández-Triana LM, Fooks AR. Rift Valley fever virus: A review of diagnosis and vaccination, and implications for emergence in Europe. Vaccine 2015; 33:5520-5531. [PMID: 26296499 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus, and is the causative agent of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease characterised by an increased incidence of abortion or foetal malformation in ruminants. Infection in humans can also lead to clinical manifestations that in severe cases cause encephalitis or haemorrhagic fever. The virus is endemic throughout much of the African continent. However, the emergence of RVFV in the Middle East, northern Egypt and the Comoros Archipelago has highlighted that the geographical range of RVFV may be increasing, and has led to the concern that an incursion into Europe may occur. At present, there is a limited range of veterinary vaccines available for use in endemic areas, and there is no licensed human vaccine. In this review, the methods available for diagnosis of RVFV infection, the current status of vaccine development and possible implications for RVFV emergence in Europe, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Mansfield
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Lorraine McElhinney
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Nicholas Johnson
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniel L Horton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Luis M Hernández-Triana
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw KT15 3NB, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
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14
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Inability of rat DPP4 to allow MERS-CoV infection revealed by using a VSV pseudotype bearing truncated MERS-CoV spike protein. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2293-300. [PMID: 26138557 PMCID: PMC7086748 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (Co-V) contains a single spike (S) protein, which binds to a receptor molecule, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; also known as CD26), and serves as a neutralizing antigen. Pseudotyped viruses are useful for measuring neutralization titers against highly infectious viruses as well as for studying their mechanism of entry. In this study, we constructed a series of cytoplasmic deletion mutants of MERS-CoV S and compared the efficiency with which they formed pseudotypes with vesicular stomatitis virus. A pseudotype bearing an S protein with the C-terminal 16 amino acids deleted (MERSpv-St16) reached a maximum titer that was approximately tenfold higher than that of a pseudotype bearing a non-truncated full-length S protein. Using MERSpv-St16, we demonstrated the inability of rat DPP4 to serve as a functional receptor for MERS-CoV, suggesting that rats are not susceptible to MERS-CoV infection. This study provides novel information that enhances our understanding of the host range of MERS-CoV.
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15
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Singh H, Shimojima M, Ngoc TC, Quoc Huy NV, Chuong TX, Le Van A, Saijo M, Yang M, Sugamata M. Serological evidence of human infection with Pteropine orthoreovirus in Central Vietnam. J Med Virol 2015; 87:2145-8. [PMID: 26010233 PMCID: PMC5157728 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pteropine orthoreovirus, potentially of bat origin, has been reported to cause respiratory tract infections among human beings in Southeast Asia. Twelve IgG ELISA‐positive cases with antibodies against Pteropine orthoreovirus were detected among 272 human serum samples collected between March and June 2014 from in and around Hue City, Central Vietnam. These 12 cases were IgM ELISA negative. Neutralizing antibodies were also detected among six of these cases with the highest titer of 1:1,280 in 2 cases (both female, 32 and 68 years old, respectively). This is the first report of human infection with Pteropine orthoreovirus in Central Vietnam. These findings indicate the need for surveillance on Pteropine orthoreovirus infections in Southeast Asia to enable prevention and control strategies to be developed should a change in virulence occur. J. Med. Virol. 87:2145–2148, 2015. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Medical Virology Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpal Singh
- Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thanh Cao Ngoc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vu Quoc Huy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Xuan Chuong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - An Le Van
- Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Intelligent Mechanical Systems, Graduate School of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Sugamata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam.,Department of Microbiology, Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue City, Vietnam.,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Bukbuk DN, Fukushi S, Tani H, Yoshikawa T, Taniguchi S, Iha K, Fukuma A, Shimojima M, Morikawa S, Saijo M, Kasolo F, Baba SS. Development and validation of serological assays for viral hemorrhagic fevers and determination of the prevalence of Rift Valley fever in Borno State, Nigeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:768-73. [PMID: 25344695 PMCID: PMC7107251 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rift Valley fever (RVF) is endemic to the tropical regions of eastern and southern Africa. The seroprevalence of RVF was investigated among the human population in Borno State, Nigeria to determine the occurrence of the disease in the study area in comparison with that of Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever. Methods Recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP)-based IgG-ELISAs for the detection of serum antibodies against RVF virus (RVFV), Lassa fever virus (LASV), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) were used to test human sera in Borno State, Nigeria. The presence of neutralizing antibody against the RVFV-glycoprotein-bearing vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype (RVFVpv) was also determined in the human sera. Results Of the 297 serum samples tested, 42 (14.1%) were positive for the presence of RVFV-IgG and 22 (7.4%) and 7 (2.4%) of the serum samples were positive for antibodies against LASV and CCHFV, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the titers of neutralizing antibodies obtained using RVFVpv and those obtained using the conventional neutralization assay with the attenuated RVFV-MP12 strain. Conclusions The seroprevalence of RVF was significantly higher than that of LASV and CCHF in Borno State, Nigeria. The RVFVpv-based neutralization assay developed in this study has the potential to replace the traditional assays based on live viruses for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of RVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nadeba Bukbuk
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Iha
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aiko Fukuma
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimojima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Francis Kasolo
- Disease Prevention and Control Cluster at the WHO Regional Office for Africa, Congo-Brazzaville
| | - Saka Saheed Baba
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
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17
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Lim BN, Tye GJ, Choong YS, Ong EBB, Ismail A, Lim TS. Principles and application of antibody libraries for infectious diseases. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2381-92. [PMID: 25214212 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies have been used efficiently for the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases. Recombinant antibody technology allows the generation of fully human antibodies. Phage display is the gold standard for the production of human antibodies in vitro. To generate monoclonal antibodies by phage display, the generation of antibody libraries is crucial. Antibody libraries are classified according to the source where the antibody gene sequences were obtained. The most useful library for infectious diseases is the immunized library. Immunized libraries would allow better and selective enrichment of antibodies against disease antigens. The antibodies generated from these libraries can be translated for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review focuses on the generation of immunized antibody libraries and the potential applications of the antibodies derived from these libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Nar Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia,
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18
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Shafagati N, Patanarut A, Luchini A, Lundberg L, Bailey C, Petricoin E, Liotta L, Narayanan A, Lepene B, Kehn-Hall K. The use of Nanotrap particles for biodefense and emerging infectious disease diagnostics. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:164-76. [PMID: 24449537 PMCID: PMC7108521 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of early infectious disease may be challenging due to the low copy number of organisms present. To overcome this limitation and rapidly measure low concentrations of the pathogen, we developed a novel technology: Nanotrap particles, which are designed to capture, concentrate, and protect biomarkers from complex biofluids. Nanotrap particles are thermoresponsive hydrogels that are capable of antigen capture through the coupling of affinity baits to the particles. Here, we describe recent findings demonstrating that Nanotrap particles are able to capture live infectious virus, viral RNA, and viral proteins. Capture is possible even in complex mixtures such as serum and allows the concentration and protection of these analytes, providing increased performance of downstream assays. The Nanotrap particles are a versatile sample preparation technology that has far reaching implications for biomarker discovery and diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
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19
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Lihoradova O, Ikegami T. Countermeasure development for Rift Valley fever: deletion, modification or targeting of major virulence factor NSs.. Future Virol 2014; 9:27-39. [PMID: 24910709 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease characterized by a high rate of abortion in ruminants, and febrile illness, hemorrhagic fever, retinitis and encephalitis in humans. RVF is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), belonging to the genus Phlebovirus of the family Bunyaviridae. RVFV encodes a major virulence factor, NSs, which is dispensable for viral replication, yet required for evasion of host innate immune responses. RVFV NSs inhibits host gene upregulation at the transcriptional level, while promoting viral translation in the cytoplasm. In this article, we summarize the virology and pathology of RVF, and countermeasure development for RVF, with emphasis on NSs function and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lihoradova
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, MMNP3.206D, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA
| | - Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, MMNP3.206D, 301 University Blvd. Galveston, TX 77555-0436, USA ; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA ; Center for Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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20
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Jäckel S, Eiden M, Dauber M, Balkema-Buschmann A, Brun A, Groschup MH. Generation and application of monoclonal antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus nucleocapsid protein NP and glycoproteins Gn and Gc. Arch Virol 2013; 159:535-46. [PMID: 24100475 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a vector-borne virus that causes high neonatal mortality in livestock and deadly haemorrhagic fever in humans. In this paper, we describe the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against all three structural proteins of RVFV (glycoproteins Gn and Gc and nucleocapsid protein NP). After immunization of BALB/c mice with individual recombinant proteins, a total of 45 clones secreting ELISA-reactive monoclonal antibodies against NP, Gn and Gc epitopes were obtained. Twelve clones were directed to NP, 28 to Gn, and 5 to Gc. Western blot analysis revealed that most of the mabs were reactive to linearized epitopes on recombinant as well as native virus proteins. Six mabs against NP, 21 against Gn and all mabs against Gc also detected conformational epitopes, as shown by indirect immunofluorescence on RVFV-infected cells. All of the mabs were evaluated for their use in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of a RVFV infection. Several mabs were identified that competed with polyclonal rabbit serum, and one of them - mab Gn123, raised against Gn protein - was selected for a proof-of-principle study with field sera from a recent Rift Valley fever outbreak. The novel Gn-based competition ELISA demonstrated high performance, offering a promising alternative and addition to serological assays based on nucleocapsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäckel
- Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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21
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Development of a Rift Valley fever real-time RT-PCR assay that can detect all three genome segments. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:426-31. [PMID: 23850696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritania, and South Africa had devastating effects on livestock and human health. In addition, this disease is a food security issue for endemic countries. There is growing concern for the potential introduction of RVF into non-endemic countries. A number of single-gene target amplification assays have been developed for the rapid detection of RVF viral RNA. This paper describes the development of an improved amplification assay that includes two confirmatory target RNA segments (L and M) and a third target gene, NSs, which is deleted in the Clone 13 commercial vaccine and other candidate vaccines. The assay also contains an exogenous RNA control added during the PCR setup for detection of amplification inhibitors. The assay was evaluated initially with samples from experimentally infected animals, after which clinical veterinary and human samples from endemic countries were tested for further evaluation. The assay has a sensitivity range of 66.7-100% and a specificity of 92.0-100% depending on the comparison. The assay has an overall sensitivity of 92.5%, specificity of 95% and a positive predictive value of 98.7%. The single-tube assay provides confirmation of the presence of RVFV RNA for improved confidence in diagnostic results and a "differentiate infected from vaccinated animals" (DIVA)--compatible marker for RVFV NSs--deleted vaccines, which is useful for RVF endemic countries, but especially important in non-endemic countries.
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Escadafal C, Paweska JT, Grobbelaar A, le Roux C, Bouloy M, Patel P, Teichmann A, Donoso-Mantke O, Niedrig M. International external quality assessment of molecular detection of Rift Valley fever virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2244. [PMID: 23717706 PMCID: PMC3662703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals resulting in considerable economic losses due to death and abortions among infected livestock. RVF also affects humans with clinical symptoms ranging from an influenza-like illness to a hemorrhagic fever. Over the past years, RVF virus (RVFV) has caused severe outbreaks in livestock and humans throughout Africa and regions of the world previously regarded as free of the virus. This situation prompts the need to evaluate the diagnostic capacity and performance of laboratories worldwide. Diagnostic methods for RVFV detection include virus isolation, antigen and antibody detection methods, and nucleic acid amplification techniques. Molecular methods such as reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and other newly developed techniques allow for a rapid and accurate detection of RVFV. This study aims to assess the efficiency and accurateness of RVFV molecular diagnostic methods used by expert laboratories worldwide. Thirty expert laboratories from 16 countries received a panel of 14 samples which included RVFV preparations representing several genetic lineages, a specificity control and negative controls. In this study we present the results of the first international external quality assessment (EQA) for the molecular diagnosis of RVF. Optimal results were reported by 64% of the analyses, 21% of the analyses achieved acceptable results and 15% of the results revealed that there is need for improvement. Evenly good performances were achieved by specific protocols which can therefore be recommended as an accurate molecular protocol for the diagnosis of RVF. Other protocols showed uneven performances revealing the need for improved optimization and standardization of these protocols. Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic viral disease posing an increasing threat to animals and humans worldwide. Recent severe outbreaks of the disease in animal and human populations in endemic regions and outside the disease's traditional geographic boundaries necessitate the need for evaluating the diagnostic performance of RVF expert laboratories. Molecular methods are increasingly used for a rapid and accurate detection of viral nucleic acid. In this study we present the results of the first international external quality assessment (EQA) for the molecular diagnosis of RVF. Such EQA studies allow participating laboratories to monitor the quality and identify possible weaknesses of current diagnostic methods. Participants to this RVF EQA were 30 expert laboratories from 16 different countries worldwide. The study demonstrated that optimal results could be achieved by the majority of laboratories. Specific protocols showed evenly good performances and can therefore be recommended to all expert laboratories. However, other methods showed uneven performances suggesting the need for improved optimization and standardization of these protocols.
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Serological assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202455 PMCID: PMC3497043 DOI: 10.3390/v4102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae, genus Arenavirus, consists of two phylogenetically independent groups: Old World (OW) and New World (NW) complexes. The Lassa and Lujo viruses in the OW complex and the Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Chapare viruses in the NW complex cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans, leading to serious public health concerns. These viruses are also considered potential bioterrorism agents. Therefore, it is of great importance to detect these pathogens rapidly and specifically in order to minimize the risk and scale of arenavirus outbreaks. However, these arenaviruses are classified as BSL-4 pathogens, thus making it difficult to develop diagnostic techniques for these virus infections in institutes without BSL-4 facilities. To overcome these difficulties, antibody detection systems in the form of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were developed using recombinant nucleoproteins (rNPs) derived from these viruses. Furthermore, several antigen-detection assays were developed. For example, novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the rNPs of Lassa and Junin viruses were generated. Sandwich antigen-capture (Ag-capture) ELISAs using these mAbs as capture antibodies were developed and confirmed to be sensitive and specific for detecting the respective arenavirus NPs. These rNP-based assays were proposed to be useful not only for an etiological diagnosis of VHFs, but also for seroepidemiological studies on VHFs. We recently developed arenavirus neutralization assays using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotypes bearing arenavirus recombinant glycoproteins. The goal of this article is to review the recent advances in developing laboratory diagnostic assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of VHFs and epidemiological studies on the VHFs caused by arenaviruses.
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The dominant-negative inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR increases the efficacy of Rift Valley fever virus MP-12 vaccine. J Virol 2012; 86:7650-61. [PMID: 22573861 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00778-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), belonging to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and causes a high rate of abortion in ruminants and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or blindness in humans. MP-12 is the only RVFV strain excluded from the select-agent rule and handled at a biosafety level 2 (BSL2) laboratory. MP-12 encodes a functional major virulence factor, the NSs protein, which contributes to its residual virulence in pregnant ewes. We found that 100% of mice subcutaneously vaccinated with recombinant MP-12 (rMP12)-murine PKRN167 (mPKRN167), which encodes a dominant-negative form of mouse double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in place of NSs, were protected from wild-type (wt) RVFV challenge, while 72% of mice vaccinated with MP-12 were protected after challenge. rMP12-mPKRN167 induced alpha interferon (IFN-α) in sera, accumulated RVFV antigens in dendritic cells at the local draining lymph nodes, and developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies, while parental MP-12 induced neither IFN-α nor viral-antigen accumulation at the draining lymph node yet induced a high level of neutralizing antibodies. The present study suggests that the expression of a dominant-negative PKR increases the immunogenicity and efficacy of live-attenuated RVFV vaccine, which will lead to rational design of safe and highly immunogenic RVFV vaccines for livestock and humans.
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